Name: generation of integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using episomal vectors
Uploaded: 2017-01-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2015CB964902, 2013CB966902 and 2012CB966601), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81500148, 81570164 and 81421002), the Loma Linda University School of Medicine GCAT grant (2015), and Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center (W81XWH-08-1-0697).

All of the human PB samples were obtained from anonymous adult donors with no identification information available from Tianjin Blood Center with approval of the local research ethics committee.
1. Endo-free Plasmid Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Use a commercial Plasmid Purification Maxi Kit to extract episomal vectors from E. coli according to manufacturer&#39;s protocol. For the final step, substitute TE buffer with endotoxin-free sterile water to dissolve the DNA pellet.</li>
	<li>Measur...

<ol>
	<li>Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+mouse+embryonic+and+adult+fibroblast+cultures+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.</a> Cell. 126, 663-676 (2006).</li><li>Takahashi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+adult+human+fibroblasts+by+defined+factors.">Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.</a> Cell. 131, 861-872 (2007).</li><li>Trounson, A., McDonald, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+Cell+Therapies+in+Clinical+Trials:+Progress+and+Challenges.">Stem Cell Therapies in Clinical Trials: Progress and Challenges.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 17, 11-22 (2015).</li><li>Hayes, M., Zavazava, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+to+generate+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Strategies to generate induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1029, 77-92 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, X. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+reprogramming+of+human+peripheral+blood+cells.">Cellular reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells.</a> Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 11, 264-274 (2013).</li><li>Schlaeger, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+non-integrating+reprogramming+methods.">A comparison of non-integrating reprogramming methods.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 33, 58-63 (2015).</li><li>Okita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+nonviral+method+to+generate+integration-free+human-induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+cord+blood+and+peripheral+blood+cells.">An efficient nonviral method to generate integration-free human-induced pluripotent stem cells from cord blood and peripheral blood cells.</a> Stem Cells. 31, 458-466 (2013).</li><li>Carey, B. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+factor+stoichiometry+influences+the+epigenetic+state+and+biological+properties+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Reprogramming factor stoichiometry influences the epigenetic state and biological properties of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9, 588-598 (2011).</li><li>Dorigo, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+novel+helper-dependent+adenovirus-Epstein-Barr+virus+hybrid+system+for+the+stable+transformation+of+mammalian+cells.">Development of a novel helper-dependent adenovirus-Epstein-Barr virus hybrid system for the stable transformation of mammalian cells.</a> J Virol. 78, 6556-6566 (2004).</li><li>Dowey, S. N., Huang, X., Chou, B. K., Ye, Z., Cheng, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+integration-free+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+postnatal+blood+mononuclear+cells+by+plasmid+vector+expression.">Generation of integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells from postnatal blood mononuclear cells by plasmid vector expression.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 2013-2021 (2012).</li><li>Harms, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next+generation+sequencing+of+Cytokeratin+20-negative+Merkel+cell+carcinoma+reveals+ultraviolet-signature+mutations+and+recurrent+TP53+and+RB1+inactivation.">Next generation sequencing of Cytokeratin 20-negative Merkel cell carcinoma reveals ultraviolet-signature mutations and recurrent TP53 and RB1 inactivation.</a> Mod Pathol. 29, 240-248 (2016).</li><li>Abyzov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+copy+number+mosaicism+in+human+skin+revealed+by+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Somatic copy number mosaicism in human skin revealed by induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Nature. 492, 438-442 (2012).</li><li>Martincorena, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+evolution.+High+burden+and+pervasive+positive+selection+of+somatic+mutations+in+normal+human+skin.">Tumor evolution. High burden and pervasive positive selection of somatic mutations in normal human skin.</a> Science. 348, 880-886 (2015).</li><li>Su, R. J., Neises, A., Zhang, X. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+iPS+Cells+from+Human+Peripheral+Blood+Mononuclear+Cells+Using+Episomal+Vectors.">Generation of iPS Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1357, 57-69 (2016).</li><li>Seki, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+human+terminally+differentiated+circulating+T+cells.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human terminally differentiated circulating T cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 7, 11-14 (2010).</li><li>Loh, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+T+cells+from+human+peripheral+blood.">Reprogramming of T cells from human peripheral blood.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 7, 15-19 (2010).</li><li>Kishino, Y., Seki, T., Yuasa, S., Fujita, J., Fukuda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+from+Human+Peripheral+T+Cells+Using+Sendai+Virus+in+Feeder-free+Conditions.">Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2015).</li><li>Seki, T., Yuasa, S., Fukuda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+a+small+amount+of+human+peripheral+blood+using+a+combination+of+activated+T+cells+and+Sendai+virus.">Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from a small amount of human peripheral blood using a combination of activated T cells and Sendai virus.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 718-728 (2012).</li><li>Gill, S., June, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Going+viral:+chimeric+antigen+receptor+T-cell+therapy+for+hematological+malignancies.">Going viral: chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for hematological malignancies.</a> Immunological reviews. 263, 68-89 (2015).</li><li>Su, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+generation+of+integration-free+ips+cells+from+human+adult+peripheral+blood+using+BCL-XL+together+with+Yamanaka+factors.">Efficient generation of integration-free ips cells from human adult peripheral blood using BCL-XL together with Yamanaka factors.</a> PLoS One. 8, e64496 (2013).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+p53-PUMA+axis+suppresses+iPSC+generation.">The p53-PUMA axis suppresses iPSC generation.</a> Nat Commun. 4, 2174 (2013).</li><li>Hardwick, J. M., Youle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SnapShot:+BCL-2+proteins.">SnapShot: BCL-2 proteins.</a> Cell. 138, 404 (2009).</li><li>Wen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Generation+of+Integration-free+iPSCs+from+Human+Adult+Peripheral+Blood+Mononuclear+Cells+with+an+Optimal+Combination+of+Episomal+Vectors.">Enhanced Generation of Integration-free iPSCs from Human Adult Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with an Optimal Combination of Episomal Vectors.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 6, 873-884 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, X. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trehalose+ameliorates+the+cryopreservation+of+cord+blood+in+a+preclinical+system+and+increases+the+recovery+of+CFUs,+long-term+culture-initiating+cells,+and+nonobese+diabetic-SCID+repopulating+cells.">Trehalose ameliorates the cryopreservation of cord blood in a preclinical system and increases the recovery of CFUs, long-term culture-initiating cells, and nonobese diabetic-SCID repopulating cells.</a> Transfusion. 43, 265-272 (2003).</li><li>Watanabe, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+ROCK+inhibitor+permits+survival+of+dissociated+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">A ROCK inhibitor permits survival of dissociated human embryonic stem cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 25, 681-686 (2007).</li><li>Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+specific+cell+population+by+fluorescence+activated+cell+sorting+(FACS).">Purification of specific cell population by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).</a> J Vis Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Castiel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+death+associated+with+abnormal+mitosis+observed+by+confocal+imaging+in+live+cancer+cells.">Cell death associated with abnormal mitosis observed by confocal imaging in live cancer cells.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50568 (2013).</li><li>Peterson, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teratoma+generation+in+the+testis+capsule.">Teratoma generation in the testis capsule.</a> J Vis Exp. , e3177 (2011).</li><li>Ritner, C., Bernstein, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+mapping+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+by+teratoma+formation.">Fate mapping of human embryonic stem cells by teratoma formation.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Wen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Generation+of+Integration-free+iPSCs+from+Human+Adult+Peripheral+Blood+Mononuclear+Cells+with+an+Optimal+Combination+of+Episomal+Vectors.">Enhanced Generation of Integration-free iPSCs from Human Adult Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with an Optimal Combination of Episomal Vectors.</a> Stem Cell Reports. , (2016).</li><li>Lo, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+Protein+Levels+in+Single+Living+Cells.">Quantification of Protein Levels in Single Living Cells.</a> Cell Rep. 13, 2634-2644 (2015).</li><li>Liu, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+generating+integration-free+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">An improved method for generating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 22, 580-587 (2014).</li><li>Luni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-efficiency+cellular+reprogramming+with+microfluidics.">High-efficiency cellular reprogramming with microfluidics.</a> Nat Methods. 13, 446-452 (2016).</li><li>Chou, B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+facile+method+to+establish+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+adult+blood+cells+under+feeder-free+and+xeno-free+culture+conditions:+a+clinically+compliant+approach.">A facile method to establish human induced pluripotent stem cells from adult blood cells under feeder-free and xeno-free culture conditions: a clinically compliant approach.</a> Stem Cells Transl Med. 4, 320-332 (2015).</li><li>Nakagawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+efficient+feeder-free+culture+system+for+the+derivation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">A novel efficient feeder-free culture system for the derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Sci Rep. 4, 3594 (2014).</li><li>Howden, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+Reprogramming+and+Gene+Correction+of+Patient+Fibroblasts.">Simultaneous Reprogramming and Gene Correction of Patient Fibroblasts.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 5, 1109-1118 (2015).</li><li>Meng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+efficient+reprogramming+of+human+fetal+and+adult+blood+CD34++cells+into+mesenchymal+stem+cells+with+a+single+factor.">Rapid and efficient reprogramming of human fetal and adult blood CD34+ cells into mesenchymal stem cells with a single factor.</a> Cell research. 23, 658-672 (2013).</li><li>Liao, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Conversion+of+Cord+Blood+CD34++Cells+Into+Neural+Stem+Cells+by+OCT4.">Direct Conversion of Cord Blood CD34+ Cells Into Neural Stem Cells by OCT4.</a> Stem cells translational medicine. 4, 755-763 (2015).</li></ol>

Acquiring blood samples from healthy donors or patients is convenient and noninvasive, making it an attractive cell source for basic research and clinical cell therapy. Here we have described a protocol for highly efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood samples. This reproducible and affordable approach should benefit the iPSC field.
We have reported that there are two critical factors responsible for the highly efficient PB reprogramming30. One is equim...

After forced expression of several transcription factors (i.e. OCT4, SOX2, MYC and KLF4), somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), which hold great promise for applications in regenerative medicine and cell replacement therapy1-3. To date, diverse methods have been developed to increase the success rate of reprogramming4-7. Viral vectors-induced reprogramming is widely used for efficient generation of iPSCs, because viral integration leads to a high-level, stable expression of the reprogramming factors. However, permanent integration of the vector DNA into the cell genome may induce insertional mutagenesis5. In addition, insufficient inactivation of reprogramming factors may disturb iPSCs differentiation8. As such, the use of iPSCs without integration of reprogramming factors is imperative, especially for use in cell therapy applications.
Episomal Vectors (EVs) are widely used in the generation of integration-free iPSCs. The most commonly used EV is a plasmid containing two elements, origin of viral replication (oriP) and EB Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1), from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus9. The oriP element promotes plasmid replication in mammalian cells, while the EBNA1 element tethers the oriP-containing plasmid DNA to the chromosomal DNA that allows for the partitioning of the episome during division of the host cell. In comparison to other integration-free approaches, including Sendai Virus (SV) and RNA transfection, EVs possess multiple advantages5,6,10. As plasmid DNA, EVs can be readily produced and modified in house, making them extremely affordable. In addition, reprogramming with EV is a less labor-intensive process since a single transfection with EVs is sufficient for iPSC generation, whereas several RNA transfections are necessary for successful reprogramming.
Dermal fibroblasts have been used in many reprogramming studies. However, skin biopsy is not only an invasive and painful process, but also time-consuming for expanding cells to sufficient quantities for reprogramming. Of greater concern, skin cells of adult donors have often been exposed to long-term UV light radiation, which may lead to mutations associated with tumors, thus limiting the applications for iPSCs derived from skin fibroblasts11,12. Recently, it has been reported that normal human skin cells accumulate somatic mutations and multiple cancer genes, including most of the key drivers of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas, are under strong positive selection13.
In contrast to skin fibroblasts, peripheral blood (PB) cells are a preferable source of cells for reprogramming&#160;because 1) blood cells can be easily obtained through a minimally invasive process, 2) peripheral blood cells are the progeny of hematopoietic stem cells residing in bone marrow, thus protected from harmful radiation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs) can be collected in an hour from the buffy coat layer following a simple gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Hypaque (1.077 g/mL). The obtained PB MNCs are composed of lymphocytes, monocytes and a few Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells (HPCs) 14. Although human T lymphocytes are one of the major cell types in PB, mature T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and lack an intact genome thus limiting their potential for applications15,16. However, rejuvenation of T cells via iPSC generation may have potential applications in Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy 17-19. In comparison, HPCs have an intact genome and are readily reprogrammable. Although only 0.01 - 0.1% cells in peripheral circulation are HPCs, these cells can be&#160;expanded ex vivo&#160;in erythroid medium that favors proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells14.
In our previous study, we used the factor BCL-XL in addition to the Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, MYC and KLF4), which resulted&#160;in a 10x increase in PB reprogramming efficency20. BCL-XL, also known as BCL2L1, is a potent inhibitor of cell death, by inhibiting activation of caspases21,22. But, BCL-XL may also play an important role in maintaining pluripotency21,22. Recently, we have further optimized our EV reprogramming system by separately expressing MYC and KLF4 with two vectors, which leads to an approximately 100x increase in reprogramming efficiency23. Using this method, the reprogramming efficiency, defined by colony number divided by starting cell number at transfection, is 0.2&#160;- 0.5% from healthy donors. As follows, we describe the detailed experimental procedure for generating integration-free iPSCs from PB.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1666">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion Medium</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S0192</td>
			<td style="width:723px;">Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Human stem cell factor (SCF)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">300-07</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Interleukin-3 (IL-3)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AF-200-03</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Eryrthropoietin (EPO)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">100-64</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">100-11</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">D4902</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">1-thioglycerol (MTG)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">M6145</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">DMEM/F12 medium</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">112660-012</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">L-glutamine (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">25030-081</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Non-essential amino acids solution (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11140-050</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">100-18B</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">ITS (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">41400-045</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">49752</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">DMEM (high glucose) medium</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Thermo</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SH30243.01B</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SV30087.01</td>
			<td>Store at -40 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Ficoll</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">GE Healthcare, SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">17-5442-02</td>
			<td>Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Trehalose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">T9531</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">D2650</td>
			<td>Store at RT, protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Endofree Plasmid Maxi Kit(10)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12362</td>
			<td>Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">IMDM</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">21056-023</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Human CD34+ Cell Nucleofection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">VPA-1003</td>
			<td>Store at RT, nucleofection buffer and supplement buffer should be stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Sodium butyrate</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">B5887</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">ROCK inhibitor Y27632</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">STEMGENT</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">04-0012-10</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Essential 8 basal medium (E8)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A15169-01</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C, the supplement should be stored at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">354277</td>
			<td>Store at -20 or -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">2x EasyTaq PCR SuperMix(+dye)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">TransGen Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AS111</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Cell detachment solution</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">STEMGENT</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">01-0006</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#176;C, Accutase as a cell detachment solution to obtain a single cell suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">D9542-1MG</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C or -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Anti-nanog-AF488</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">560791</td>
			<td style="width:723px;">Store at 4 &#176;C, primary antibody used for Immunofluorescence, dilute 1/100 when use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Anti-OCT4</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">abcam</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">ab19857</td>
			<td style="width:723px;">Store at 4 &#176;C, primary antibody used for Immunofluorescence, dilute 1/100 when use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">AF488 donkey anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A21202</td>
			<td style="width:723px;">Store at 4 &#176;C, secondary antibody used for Immunofluorescence,&#160; dilute 1/500 when use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">PE anti-human TRA-1-60-R Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">330610</td>
			<td style="width:723px;">Store at 4 &#176;C, antibody used for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">eFluor 570-conjugated anti-SSEA4</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">41-8843</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C, antibody used for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Isotype antibody</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11-4011</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C, antibody used for flow cytometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Alkaline Phosphatase Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">SiDanSai</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1102-100</td>
			<td>Store at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Genomic DNA Extraction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">TIANGEN</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DP304-02</td>
			<td>Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Trypan Blue solution</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">T8154</td>
			<td>Store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Flow cytometry cell analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">LSRII</td>
			<td>for flow cytometry analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Spinning disk confocal microscope (SDC)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">UltraVIEW VOX</td>
			<td>for confocal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">Nucleofection device</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Nucleofector 2b</td>
			<td>for the nucleofection of PB MNC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:545px;">ImageQuant LAS-4010</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>take photo of AP staining in bulk</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of integration-free induced pluripotent stem cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using episomal vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

Using this protocol, we can obtain hundreds of colonies from 1 x 105 nucleofected PB MNCs (Figures 1A and 1B). The reprogramming efficiency is approximately 0.2 - 0.5% and the colonies express pluripotency markers (Figures 1C and 1D). iPSCs generated using the described protocol are integration-free and have the ability to form teratoma composing the 3 germ layers (Figures 1E and 1F</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors at JoVE.com

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to generate iPS cells from adult human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using non-integrating episomal vectors. This protocol can help scientists in the stem cell field who wish to generate iPS cells for disease monitoring, drug screening, and regular radio medicine. Our reprogramming protocol is very simple, yet highly efficient.Following this procedure, one can easily master the technique of blood cell reprogramming. The quality of the plasma is as important for successful reprogramming. Contaminants may decrease reprogramming efficiency, therefore we recommend using Endofree kits to purify episomal plasmids.iPS cells are more fragile than other cells. Preparing cells for more than one during passing gene may induce massive cell deaths, in particular at early passages. To begin this procedure, prepare all the required culture media according to the accompanying manuscript.Then combine 10 mLs of fresh PB sample and ten mLs of PBS buffer into a 50 mL tube and mix well. Bring PBS to room temperature or 37 degrees Celsius prior to use. Next, add 10 mL of ficoll to the bottom of the tube.This process should be carried out slowly to ensure that the ficoll layer does not mix with the PB.Centrifuge the mixture at 400 x g for 30 minutes with low acceleration and deceleration. After centrifugation, the PB MNCs are in the white layer located between the PB plasma and ficoll. Slowly aspirate 10 mL of PB plasma without disturbing the buff ficoll layer.Then carefully harvest the white layer into a new 50 mL tube. The total volume of the collected cells from the white layer should be about three to six mL. After that, add PBS to bring the total volume to 30 mL and mix well.Then centrifuge the sample at 400 x g for ten minutes. After ten minutes, remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 20 mL of culture medium. Mix well and centrifuge the sample at 400 x g for five minutes to remove the majority of the platelets.Subsequently, remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in one to two mL of IMDM. The cells may be used for immediate culture or frozen down for later use. For cryopreservation, add an equal amount of cryopreservation medium.Aliquot the cells into cryovials and transfer them to a 80 degrees Celsius freezer immediately. In this procedure, prepare five mL of IMDM medium in a 15 mL tube. Quickly thaw the frozen PB MNCs in a 37 degrees Celsius water bath before transferring them to the tube with IMDM medium.Centrifuge the sample at 400 x g for five to ten minutes. Afterward, remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in erythroid medium. Then count the cells under a microscope using a hemocytometer.Subsequently, culture PB MNCs in a non-tissue culture treated six well plate with two mL of medium per well at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%Carbon Dioxide, humidified incubator. One day three and day five, add one mL of fresh erythroid medium directly in each well without changing the medium. On day six, harvest PB MNCs for nucleofection.One day before nucleofection, precoat the tissue culture treated six well plate with 0.1%gelatin at 37 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Thaw the inactivated MEF feeder cells in a 37 degrees Celsius water bath and immediately transfer them to a 15 mL tube containing five mL of MEF medium. Next, centrifuge them at 400 x g for five minutes and remove the supernatant.Then remove the gelatin from the six well plate and resuspend the cell pellet in MEF medium. Afterward, seed the inactivated MEF cells in two mL of MEF medium in each well of a gelatin pre-treated six well plate and culture them at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%carbon dioxide humidified incubator. On the day of nucleofection, aspirate the MEF medium and replace it with one mL of erythroid medium.Then pre-equilibrate the culture plate for 10-30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius in a 5%carbon dioxide humidified incubator. Add two micrograms PEV OCT4 to Sox2, one microgram PEV MYC, one microgram PEV KLF4, and 0.5 micrograms PEV Bcl-XL in a 1.5 mL sterile tube. Heat the tube at 50 degrees Celsius for five minutes to prevent contamination and then cool it down to room temperature.Afterward, add 57 microliters of nucleofection buffer and 13 microliters of supplement buffer to the sample. Harvest two times ten to the sixth cultured PBMNCs to a five mL tube by centrifugation at 200 x g for seven minutes. After that, remove the supernatant and add the plasmid and nucleofection buffer mix to the cell pellet.Then mix well by flicking the tube with a finger. Next, transfer the DNA in cell suspension to the cuvette provided by the kit and cap the cuvette. Select program U-008 on the nucleofection device.Subsequently, insert the cuvette into the holder and press OK.Afterward, take the cuvette out of the holder. Add 0.5-1 mL of prewarmed erythroid medium to each cuvette and transfer the cells to the pre-equilibrated MEF plate immediately. For some samples, you may get thousands of colonies from one mil of blood.If you wish to pick single colony for further culture you may need to seed one extra well with only 1 million cells. Right before placing the hypoxia chamber into the incubator, gently rock the chamber several times to create an even distribution of cells in the culture wells. Then transfer the plate to a hypoxia chamber.Flush the chamber with a mixed gas for one to two minutes at a rate of 20 Liters per minute. Afterward, seal the chamber and culture the sample at 37 degrees Celsius. On day two post-nucleofection, add two mL of iPSC medium directly into each well.On day four post-nucleofection, remove three mL of medium and add two mL of fresh iPSC medium. At this stage, most of the live cells have attached to the feeder layer. After day six post nucleofection, change the medium every two days by leaving 500 microliters of spent medium and adding two mL of fresh E8 medium supplemented with 0.25 millimolars sodium butyrate until days 14-18.Shown here is a schematic of the protocol for reprogramming peripheral blood cells. This image shows the AP standing in bowl, and this one shows a typical ESC-like iPSC colony on day 14 after PB MNCs nucleofection. Here are representative FACS diagrams of iPSCs at passage five expressing TRA-1-60 or SSEA4.Here are the representative confocal images of iPSC colonies expressing NANOG and OCT4. The images here show the H&E staining of terratoma, comprising all three germ layers. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to generate integration free iPS cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Once mastered, one can generate large quantities of iPS cells in three weeks, so hands on time will be less than three hours. We have developed a simple, episomal vector system for efficient blood cell reprogramming. We believe this affordable system can be easily adopted, in particular in small labs with limited resources.Don't forget that working with human blood and plasmas can be hazardous, and precautions must be taken such as wearing gloves and lab coats while performing this procedure.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation from Blood Cells Using Sendai Virus and Centrifugation

The recent development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) proved that mature somatic cells can return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent ...

Defined and Scalable Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess great value for biomedical research. hPSCs can be scaled and differentiated to all cell types found in the ...

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

Integration Free Derivation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Laminin 521 Matrix

Xeno-free and fully defined conditions are key parameters for robust and reproducible generation of homogenous human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...