Name: ex vivo porcine experimental model for studying and teaching lung mechanics
Uploaded: 2024-04-19T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ex Vivo Porcine Experimental Model for Studying and Teaching Lung Mechanics at JoVE.com

We thank all colleagues and professionals who contributed to and supported the construction of this ex vivo porcine lung model protocol.
This study had no funding sources.

The protocol was approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of our Institution (protocol no. 1610/2021).
1. Anesthesia and animal preparation
<ol>
	<li>Initially, place the animal on a scale and check the weight to adjust the medications and sedation necessary for the procedure.</li>
	<li>Administer ketamine 5 mg/kg and midazolam 0.25 mg/kg intramuscularly.</li>
	<li>Puncture the marginal ear vein with a 20 G venous catheter and administer intravenous propofol (5 mg/kg...

<ol>
	<li>Roberto, C., Carvalho, R., Toufen Jr, C., Franca, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+Ventilation:+Principles,+graphic+analysis+and+ventilation+modalities.">Mechanical Ventilation: Principles, graphic analysis and ventilation modalities.</a> Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 33 (2), 54-55 (2007).</li><li>Barbas, C. S. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brazilian+recommendations+for+mechanical+ventilation+2013.+Part+I.">Brazilian recommendations for mechanical ventilation 2013. Part I.</a> Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. 26 (2), 89-121 (2014).</li><li>Walter, J. M., Corbridge, T. C., Singer, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+mechanical+ventilation.">Invasive mechanical ventilation.</a> Southern Medical Journal. 111 (12), 746-753 (2018).</li><li>Faustino, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concepts+and+monitoring+of+pulmonary+mechanics+in+patients+under+ventilatory+support+in+the+intensive+care+unit.">Concepts and monitoring of pulmonary mechanics in patients under ventilatory support in the intensive care unit.</a> Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva. 19 (2), 161-169 (2007).</li><li>Holanda, M. A., Vasconcelos, R. S., Ferreira, J. C., Pinheiro, B. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-ventilator+asynchrony.">Patient-ventilator asynchrony.</a> Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia. 44 (2), 321-333 (2018).</li><li>Rezoagli, E., Laffey, J. G., Bellani, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+lung+injury+severity+and+ventilation+intensity+during+mechanical+ventilation.">Monitoring lung injury severity and ventilation intensity during mechanical ventilation.</a> Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 43 (3), 346-368 (2022).</li><li>Tallo, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+self-perception+of+mechanical+ventilation+knowledge+among+Brazilian+final-year+medical+students,+residents,+and+emergency+physicians.">Evaluation of self-perception of mechanical ventilation knowledge among Brazilian final-year medical students, residents, and emergency physicians.</a> Clinics. 72 (2), 65-70 (2017).</li><li>Schroedl, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+simulation-based+mastery+learning+on+resident+skill+managing+mechanical+ventilators.">Impact of simulation-based mastery learning on resident skill managing mechanical ventilators.</a> American Thoracic Society Scholar. 2 (1), 34-48 (2021).</li><li>Wilcox, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Academic+emergency+medicine+physicians'+knowledge+of+mechanical+ventilation.">Academic emergency medicine physicians' knowledge of mechanical ventilation.</a> The Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17 (3), 271-279 (2016).</li><li>Cox, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+medical+resident+education+in+mechanical+ventilation.">Effectiveness of medical resident education in mechanical ventilation.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 167 (1), 32-38 (2003).</li><li>Keegan, R., Henderson, T., Brown, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+the+virtual+ventilator,+a+screen-based+computer+simulation,+to+teach+the+principles+of+mechanical+ventilation.">Use of the virtual ventilator, a screen-based computer simulation, to teach the principles of mechanical ventilation.</a> Journal of Veterinary Medical Education. 36 (4), 436-443 (2009).</li><li>Spadaro, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulation+training+for+residents+focused+on+mechanical+ventilation:+A+randomized+trial+using+mannequin-based+versus+computer-based+simulation.">Simulation training for residents focused on mechanical ventilation: A randomized trial using mannequin-based versus computer-based simulation.</a> Simulation in Healthcare. 12 (6), 349-355 (2017).</li><li>Chase, J. G., Yuta, T., Mulligan, K. J., Shaw, G. M., Horn, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+mechanical+lung+model+of+pulmonary+diseases+to+assist+with+teaching+and+training.">A novel mechanical lung model of pulmonary diseases to assist with teaching and training.</a> BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 6 (21), 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Kuebler, W. M., Mertens, M., Pries, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+two-component+simulation+model+to+teach+respiratory+mechanics.">A two-component simulation model to teach respiratory mechanics.</a> Advances in Physiology Education. 31 (2), 218-222 (2007).</li><li>Heili-Frades, S., Peces-Barba, G., Rodr&#237;guez-Nieto, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+a+lung+simulator+for+learning+lung+mechanics+in+mechanical+ventilation.">Design of a lung simulator for learning lung mechanics in mechanical ventilation.</a> Archivos de Bronconeumolog&#237;a. 43 (12), 674-679 (2007).</li><li>Ngo, C., Dahlmanns, S., Vollmer, T., Misgeld, B., Leonhardt, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+object-oriented+computational+model+to+study+cardiopulmonary+hemodynamic+interactions+in+humans.">An object-oriented computational model to study cardiopulmonary hemodynamic interactions in humans.</a> Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 159, 167-183 (2018).</li><li>Lazzari, C. D., Genuini, I., Pisanelli, D. M., D'Ambrosi, A., Fedele, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+simulator+for+e-Learning+environments:+a+teaching+software+for+health+care+professionals.">Interactive simulator for e-Learning environments: a teaching software for health care professionals.</a> Biomedical Engineering Online. 13 (172), 1-18 (2014).</li><li>Perinel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+ex+vivo+human-porcine+respiratory+model+for+preclinical+studies.">Development of an ex vivo human-porcine respiratory model for preclinical studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 1-6 (2017).</li><li>Aboelnazar, N. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+pressure+ventilation+decreases+inflammation+and+lung+edema+during+normothermic+ex-vivo+lung+perfusion.">Negative pressure ventilation decreases inflammation and lung edema during normothermic ex-vivo lung perfusion.</a> The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation. 37 (4), 520-530 (2018).</li><li>Sattari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introducing+a+custom-designed+volume-pressure+machine+for+novel+measurements+of+whole+lung+organ+viscoelasticity+and+direct+comparisons+between+positive-+and+negative-pressure+ventilation.">Introducing a custom-designed volume-pressure machine for novel measurements of whole lung organ viscoelasticity and direct comparisons between positive- and negative-pressure ventilation.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 8, 1-12 (2020).</li><li>Sattari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive-+and+negative-pressure+ventilation+characterized+by+local+and+global+pulmonary+mechanics.">Positive- and negative-pressure ventilation characterized by local and global pulmonary mechanics.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 207 (5), 577-586 (2023).</li><li>Montigaud, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+ex+vivo+preclinical+respiratory+model+of+idiopathic+pulmonary+fibrosis+for+aerosol+regional+studies.">Development of an ex vivo preclinical respiratory model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis for aerosol regional studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 17949 (2019).</li><li>Montigaud, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aerosol+delivery+during+invasive+mechanical+ventilation:+development+of+a+preclinical+ex+vivo+respiratory+model+for+aerosol+regional+deposition.">Aerosol delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation: development of a preclinical ex vivo respiratory model for aerosol regional deposition.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 17930 (2019).</li><li>Montigaud, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+ex+vivo+respiratory+pediatric+model+of+bronchopulmonary+dysplasia+for+aerosol+deposition+studies.">Development of an ex vivo respiratory pediatric model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for aerosol deposition studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 9 (1), 5720 (2019).</li><li>Buchko, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost+perfusate+alternative+for+ex+vivo.+lung+perfusion.">A low-cost perfusate alternative for ex vivo. lung perfusion.</a> transplantation proceedings. 52 (10), 2941-2946 (2020).</li><li>Kondo, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+effective+method+utilizing+fibrin+glue+to+repair+pleural+defects+in+an+ex-vivo+pig+model.">Development of an effective method utilizing fibrin glue to repair pleural defects in an ex-vivo pig model.</a> Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery. 15 (1), 110 (2020).</li><li>Gasek, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+alginate+and+gelatin-based+pleural+and+tracheal+sealants.">Development of alginate and gelatin-based pleural and tracheal sealants.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 131, 222-235 (2021).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+individualized+positive+end-expiratory+pressure+combined+with+recruitment+maneuver+on+intraoperative+ventilation+during+abdominal+surgery:+a+systematic+review+and+network+meta-analysis+of+randomized+controlled+trials.">Effects of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure combined with recruitment maneuver on intraoperative ventilation during abdominal surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.</a> Journal of Anesthesia. 36 (2), 303-315 (2022).</li><li>Hu, M. C., Yang, Y. L., Chen, T. T., Lee, C. I., Tam, K. W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+maneuvers+to+reduce+pulmonary+atelectasis+after+cardiac+surgery:+A+meta-analysis+of+randomized+trials.">Recruitment maneuvers to reduce pulmonary atelectasis after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized trials.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 164 (1), 171-181 (2020).</li><li>Hu, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recruitment+maneuvers+in+patients+undergoing+thoracic+surgery:+a+meta-analysis.">Recruitment maneuvers in patients undergoing thoracic surgery: a meta-analysis.</a> General Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 69 (12), 1553-1559 (2021).</li><li>Zeng, C., Lagier, D., Lee, J. W., Melo, M. F. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perioperative+pulmonary+atelectasis:+Part+I.+Biology+and+mechanisms.">Perioperative pulmonary atelectasis: Part I. Biology and mechanisms.</a> Anesthesiology. 136 (1), 181-205 (2022).</li><li>Niman, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+recruitment+after+cardiac+arrest+during+procurement+of+atelectatic+donor+lungs+is+a+protective+measure+in+lung+transplantation.">Lung recruitment after cardiac arrest during procurement of atelectatic donor lungs is a protective measure in lung transplantation.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 14 (8), 2802-2811 (2022).</li><li>Calvo, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+efficacy+of+two+alveolar+recruitment+maneuvers+in+improving+the+lung+mechanics+and+the+degree+of+atelectasis+in+anesthetized+healthy+sheep.">Comparison of the efficacy of two alveolar recruitment maneuvers in improving the lung mechanics and the degree of atelectasis in anesthetized healthy sheep.</a> Research in Veterinary Science. 150 (5), 164-169 (2022).</li><li>Pensier, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+lung+recruitment+maneuver+on+oxygenation,+physiological+parameters+and+mortality+in+acute+respiratory+distress+syndrome+patients:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Effect of lung recruitment maneuver on oxygenation, physiological parameters and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 45 (12), 1691-1702 (2019).</li><li>Mariano, C. 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The described protocol is useful for producing an ex vivo porcine lung model under positive-pressure MV. It can be used for studying and teaching lung mechanics through visual feedback from the lungs during recruitment and analysis of the curves and values projected on the device screen. To achieve this result, pilot studies are needed to understand the behavior of the lungs outside the rib cage and to identify the need for adaptations.
We identified that the critical point was the fo...

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is widely used in intensive care units (ICUs) and surgical centers. Its monitoring is essential to help recognize asynchronies and prevent injuries for all patients, especially when the patient has serious lung injuries1,2,3,4,5,6. Monitoring respiratory mechanics can also contribute to the clinical understanding of the disease progression and therapeutic applications, such as the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or the alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM). However, the use of these techniques requires a proficient understanding of curves and basic lung mechanics3,4.
Students, residents, and medical professionals feel insecure about MV management, from turning on the ventilator and initial adjustments to monitoring plateau and driving pressures, and this insecurity is associated with a lack of knowledge and adequate prior training7,8,9,10. We observed that professionals who participated in simulations and used a lung model reported greater confidence, understanding of the parameters, and understanding of the components of lung mechanics8,11,12.
Models for studying and training MV with test lungs, bellows, and pistons can simulate different pressures and volumes, as well as different lung mechanics conditions13,14,15. Computational and software models also contribute to the study of cardiopulmonary interaction by generating simulations that can be used to teach the principles of MV11 to health professionals16,17.
While computational models may present difficulties in representing pulmonary hysteresis16, models with test lung and bellows13,14,15can produce pressure-volume curves similar to the physiological curve and demonstrate pulmonary dynamics. As an advantage, the ex vivo porcine lung presents similar anatomy to humans18, also producing MV curves, pulmonary hysteresis, and providing visual feedback of the lungs inside the acrylic box during the lung mechanics analysis. Visual models are important and can help understand difficult-to-imagine components and concepts. Thus, ex vivo lung models represent a practical way of teaching.
Studies with ex vivo porcine lungs, such as those on MV with positive and negative pressure19,20,21, analysis of aerosol distribution22,23, pediatric simulations24, and lung perfusion25 can improve the knowledge on MV. Recent studies analyzing models in positive and negative pressure have shown that positive-pressure ventilation can lead to abrupt recruitment with greater local deformation, greater distension, hysteresis curve differences, and possible tissue lesions compared to negative pressure pressure19,20,21. Nevertheless, positive-pressure models are necessary because patients are under positive pressure during MV pressure19,20,21. The development of a lung model for preclinical studies opens possibilities for new research and applications, including MV teaching and training.
Here, we present an ex vivo porcine lung model for studying and training purposes. Our primary objective is to describe the steps for the generation of this ex vivo porcine lung model under positive-pressure MV. It can be used in the future to study and teach lung mechanics.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Saline solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2500ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine - Primus</td>
			<td>Drager</td>
			<td>REF 8603800-18</td>
			<td>Anesthesia work station used in the procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For blood aspiration from thorax</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bedside Monitor - Life Scope</td>
			<td>Nihon Kohden</td>
			<td>BSM-7363</td>
			<td>Multiparameter monitor used during the procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bonney Tissue Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any tissue forceps is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable scalper, #23</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any scalper is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable syringe needles, 18G x 1 1/2&#34;, 23G x 1&#34;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>302814</td>
			<td>Widely available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable syringes, 10ml</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Widely available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrosurgical unit - SS-501</td>
			<td>WEM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For cutting and coagulation during thorax incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fentanyl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mcg/kg bolus + 10 mcg/kg/hour continuous infusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Finochietto retractor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any finochietto retractor is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heparin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infusion set</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any infusion set is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kelly Forceps Curved</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any kelly forceps is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactated Ringer solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical ventilator - Servo I</td>
			<td>Maquet</td>
			<td>REF 6449701</td>
			<td>Mechanical ventilator used in the procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metzenbaum Scissor (Straight and curved)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any metzenbaum scissor is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midazolam</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orotracheal intubation cannula, #6.5</td>
			<td>Rusch</td>
			<td>112282</td>
			<td>Widely available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexiglass</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made plexiglass box: 30x45x60cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyester suture, 2-0</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Widely available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium choride</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 ml, 19.1% potassium chloride.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>propofol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three way stopcock</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Widely available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venous catheter, G20 x 1&#34;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>38183314</td>
			<td>Widely available</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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ex vivo porcine experimental model for studying and teaching lung mechanics

Mechanical ventilation is widely used and requires specific knowledge for understanding and management. Health professionals in this field may feel insecure and lack knowledge because of inadequate training and teaching methods. Therefore, the objective of this article is to outline the steps involved in generating an ex vivo porcine lung model to be used in the future, to study and teach lung mechanics. To generate the model, five porcine lungs were carefully removed from the thorax following the guidelines of the Animal Research Ethics Committee with adequate care and were connected to the mechanical ventilator through a tracheal cannula. These lungs were then subjected to the alveolar recruitment maneuver. Respiratory mechanics parameters were recorded, and video cameras were used to obtain videos of the lungs during this process. This process was repeated for five consecutive days. When not used, the lungs were kept refrigerated. The model showed different lung mechanics after the alveolar recruitment maneuver every day; not being influenced by the days, only by the maneuver. Therefore, we conclude that the ex vivo lung model can provide a better understanding of lung mechanics and its effects, and even of the alveolar recruitment maneuver through visual feedback during all stages of the process.

We used five female pigs weighing between 23.4-26.9 kg and followed the described protocol for cardiopulmonary extraction and lung mechanics analysis. Our intention is that the model is useful for the study of lung mechanics by analyzing peak pressure, plateau pressure, resistance, driving pressure, and dynamic compliance variables collected directly from the mechanical ventilator screen. The model flowchart is shown in Figure 1.
The lungs were analyzed for five c...

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Ex Vivo Porcine Experimental Model for Studying and Teaching Lung Mechanics

We present an ex vivo pig lung model for the demonstration of pulmonary mechanics and alveolar recruitment maneuvers for teaching purposes. The lungs can be used for more than one day (up to five days) with minimal changes in pulmonary mechanics variables.

Ex Vivo Porcine Experimental Model for Studying and Teaching Lung Mechanics

Mechanical ventilation is widely used and requires specific knowledge for understanding and management. Health professionals in this field may feel ...

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Medicine

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