The authors thank Drs. Jennifer Yang and Alexander (Sasha) Kauffman for technical assistance with this technique as well as numerous helpful and critical discussions. Serum hormone assays were performed by Yang et al., 2017 at The University of Virginia Center for Research in Reproduction Ligand Assay and Analysis Core, supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD/NIH (NCTRI) Grant P50-HD28934.
Sources of Research Support: R01 NICHD 86100 (KMB), RBM was supported by T32 NICHD 007203.

The method described here is in agreement with the National Institutes of Health Animal Care and Use Guidelines and have been authorized by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, San Diego.
1. Acclimatization to Handling
<ol>
	<li>Handling procedure
	<ol>
		<li>Place mouse cages in the biosafety cabinet. Remove the first mouse from the cage and place on a suitable surface (e.g. a clean cage lid) within the biosafety cabinet.</li>
		<li>Gently restrain the mouse on the work surface by holding the base of the tail with the forefinger and thumb of one hand. Then, firmly stroke the ventral surface of the tail, from the base to the tip of the tail, with the forefinger and thumb of the other hand. Repeat this stroking 6 times (i.e. 1 set) and return the mouse to its cage.</li>
		<li>Wait 6 min and repeat step 1.1.2. 
		NOTE: In total, step 1.1.2 will be repeated 4 times per mouse (i.e. 4 sets of 6 strokes), so that each mouse will receive a total of 24 tail strokes on each day of handling.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>The frequency of daily handling
	<ol>
		<li>From five until two weeks before the planned blood collection day, handle mice as described in step 1.1, five days per week (mice are not handled on Saturday or Sunday until the final two weeks of acclimatization).</li>
		<li>If experimental treatment during the sampling period will include any additional handling (e.g. scruffing or intraperitoneal injection), acclimatize the mice to this handling activity during each handling session. 
		Note: For acclimatization to injection procedures, use a blunted needle to perform a sham injection.</li>
		<li>During the two weeks before the planned blood collection day, handle mice as described in 1.1, seven days per week.</li>
		<li>At least two weeks before the planned blood collection day, house mice in pairs to minimize disruptions to the mice during sampling.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Blood Collection Tubes
<ol>
	<li>Prepare ultrasensitive LH assay buffer in a glass bottle: 0.2% bovine serum albumin and 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS [0.2 g KCl, 8 g NaCl, 1.44 g Na2HPO4 (anhydrous), 0.24 g KH2PO4, ultrapure water to 1 L, pH 7.4, filter and autoclave], store at 4&#176;C.1 
	NOTE: Volume of ultrasensitive LH assay buffer to be prepared can be calculated based on the number of samples and the volume per sample as indicated below (2.2 &#38; discussion)</li>
	<li>Prepare blood collection tubes (0.6mL microcentrifuge tubes). Label tubes and aliquot assay buffer (57 &#181;L of buffer per tube; note, this volume may vary depending on the volume of blood collected or the ratio of the blood to the buffer desired). Tubes can be prepared days ahead of sampling, store at 4&#176;C.</li>
</ol>
3. Blood Collection
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of blood collection materials.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare biosafety cabinet for use, and arrange the following materials in the hood or on a cart nearby: 10 &#181;L pipette (set to 3 &#181;L or desired blood collection volume), pipette tips, waste bin for used pipette tips, timer, printout with animal numbers and sample numbers (for notes regarding sampling or animal issues), ice bucket with blood collection tubes, scissors, and small gauze (2&#34; x 2&#34;). 
		NOTE: The &#34;count up&#34; function on a laboratory timer is useful because it does not have an audible alarm that could disturb the mice</li>
		<li>Use a permanent marker to mark the tail of each mouse (near the base) to assist with rapid identification of the correct mouse during sampling.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Clipping of the tail and pre-blood collection preparation.
	<ol>
		<li>At 45 min before the start of the blood collection, remove the first mouse from its cage and place on a suitable surface (a clean cage lid works well) within the biosafety cabinet.</li>
		<li>Use sharp, sterile scissors to remove 1-2 mm of the tip of the mouse tail, following aseptic preparation (i.e. scrub with alcohol and betadine). 
		NOTE: This can be accomplished in awake animals with gentle restraint or under isoflurane anesthesia.&#160; Additionally, analgesia may be provided following the recommendation of the local IACUC.</li>
		<li>Carefully stroke the tail of the mouse as described above (1.1.2; 1-2 strokes are generally sufficient) until the droplet of blood forms on the tail tip.</li>
		<li>Use a pipette with a clean tip to collect 3 &#181;L of blood from the tail tip and discard the pipette tip with blood.</li>
		<li>Before returning the mouse to its cage, ensure that blood flow has stopped. If necessary, apply gentle pressure with sterile gauze.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 3.2.1 - 3.2.5 for all mice. Subsequent blood samples can be collected by firmly stroking the mouse&#39;s tail until a droplet of blood forms at the tip of the tail. 
		NOTE: If a blood droplet does not form after firm strokes, the tail can be dabbed with a gauze pad soaked in saline. Clots are more likely to form during less frequent sampling (i.e. &#62;15 min intervals). Once the clot is cleared from the vein, sampling can continue.</li>
		<li>Continue to collect 3 &#181;L of blood from each mouse as described above every 6 min for approximately 45 min during this pre-blood collection preparation period. Discard the blood and pipette tip.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Blood sampling
	<ol>
		<li>Collect 3 &#181;L of blood from the tail tip as described above. Take caution to ensure that the entire 3 &#181;L sample is taken into the pipette tip (without bubbles or bedding contamination). Eject the blood sample into the assay buffer in a labeled tube. Mix by inversion and return the tube to ice.</li>
		<li>Before returning the mouse to its cage, ensure that the blood flow has stopped. If necessary, apply gentle pressure with sterile gauze.</li>
		<li>Repeat steps 3.3.1 - 3.3.2 for each mouse, every 6 min, for the predetermined sampling duration. Monitor each animal for signs of distress (e.g. partially closed eyelids, hunched position [not caused by other treatment] or lack of response to handling) and terminate sampling, if necessary. 
		NOTE: Behavioral distress or other complications that require termination of sampling occur extremely rarely in our laboratory.</li>
		<li>If animals are not euthanized following blood sampling, ensure that the blood flow from the tail-tip has completely stopped. Wipe any spilled blood from the inside of each animal&#39;s cage (or change cages) and return the animal cages to the housing rack.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Sample Processing and Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Store blood samples at -20 &#176;C until analysis. 
	NOTE: LH is assayed in whole blood samples diluted in assay buffer; no separation of sera or plasma is required prior to storage or analysis.</li>
	<li>Assay blood samples by ultrasensitive ELISA as described previously1 and report values in ng/mL of whole blood following correction for dilution of the sample volume in the assay buffer.</li>
	<li>Identify LH pulses in the data set. Calculate and compare mean pulse amplitude and pulse frequency (or inter-pulse interval) as appropriate for the data set. 
	NOTE: Published criteria13,14&#160;and programs,15,16&#160;for detecting LH pulses are available.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Steyn, F. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+a+methodology+for+and+assessment+of+pulsatile+luteinizing+hormone+secretion+in+juvenile+and+adult+male+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of a methodology for and assessment of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in juvenile and adult male mice.</a> Endocrinology. 154 (12), 4939-4945 (2013).</li>
<li>McArdle, C. A., Roberson, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aMcArdle%2C+CA+%22Knobil+and+Neill%27s+Physiology+of+Reproduction%22">Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction</a>. Plant, T. M., Zeleznik, A. J. , (2015).</li>
<li>Parasuraman, S., Raveendran, R., Kesavan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Blood+sample+collection+in+small+laboratory+animals%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Pharmacotherapy%22%5BJournal%5D)">Blood sample collection in small laboratory animals.</a> Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy. 1 (2), 87-93 (2010).</li>
<li>Steiner, R. A., Bremner, W. J., Clifton, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Regulation+of+luteinizing+hormone+pulse+frequency+and+amplitude+by+testosterone+in+the+adult+male+rat%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Regulation of luteinizing hormone pulse frequency and amplitude by testosterone in the adult male rat.</a> Endocrinology. 111 (6), 2055-2061 (1982).</li>
<li>Moore, A. M., Prescott, M., Marshall, C. J., Yip, S. H., Campbell, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Enhancement+of+a+robust+arcuate+GABAergic+input+to+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+in+a+model+of+polycystic+ovarian+syndrome%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+National+Academy+of+Science+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Enhancement of a robust arcuate GABAergic input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in a model of polycystic ovarian syndrome.</a> Proceedings of National Academy of Science U S A. 112 (2), 596-601 (2015).</li>
<li>Czieselsky, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pulse+and+Surge+Profiles+of+Luteinizing+Hormone+Secretion+in+the+Mouse%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pulse and Surge Profiles of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Mouse.</a> Endocrinology. 157 (12), 4794-4802 (2016).</li>
<li>Campos, P., Herbison, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Optogenetic+activation+of+GnRH+neurons+reveals+minimal+requirements+for+pulsatile+luteinizing+hormone+secretion%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+National+Academy+of+Science+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Optogenetic activation of GnRH neurons reveals minimal requirements for pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion.</a> Proceedings of National Academy of Science U S A. 111 (51), 18387-18392 (2014).</li>
<li>Yang, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Acute+Psychosocial+Stress+Inhibits+LH+Pulsatility+and+Kiss1+Neuronal+Activation+in+Female+Mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Acute Psychosocial Stress Inhibits LH Pulsatility and Kiss1 Neuronal Activation in Female Mice.</a> Endocrinology. 158 (11), 3716-3723 (2017).</li>
<li>Clarkson, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Definition+of+the+hypothalamic+GnRH+pulse+generator+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+National+Academy+of+Science+U+S+A%22%5BJournal%5D)">Definition of the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator in mice.</a> Proceedings of National Academy of Science U S A. 114 (47), E10216-E10223 (2017).</li>
<li>Lewis, V. J., Thacker, W. L., Mitchell, S. H., Baer, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+new+technic+for+obtaining+blood+from+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Laboratory+Animal+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">A new technic for obtaining blood from mice.</a> Laboratory Animal Science. 26 (2 Pt 1), 211-213 (1976).</li>
<li>Abatan, O. I., Welch, K. B., Nemzek, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+saphenous+venipuncture+and+modified+tail-clip+blood+collection+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+Association+of+Laboratory+Animal+Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of saphenous venipuncture and modified tail-clip blood collection in mice.</a> Journal of the American Association of Laboratory Animal Science. 47 (3), 8-15 (2008).</li>
<li>Durschlag, M., Wurbel, H., Stauffacher, M., Von Holst, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Repeated+blood+collection+in+the+laboratory+mouse+by+tail+incision--modification+of+an+old+technique%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Physiology+and+Behavior%22%5BJournal%5D)">Repeated blood collection in the laboratory mouse by tail incision--modification of an old technique.</a> Physiology and Behavior. 60 (6), 1565-1568 (1996).</li>
<li>Goodman, R. L., Karsch, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pulsatile+secretion+of+luteinizing+hormone%3A+differential+suppression+by+ovarian+steroids%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone: differential suppression by ovarian steroids.</a> Endocrinology. 107 (5), 1286-1290 (1980).</li>
<li>Clarke, I. J., Cummins, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Increased+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+pulse+frequency+associated+with+estrogen-induced+luteinizing+hormone+surges+in+ovariectomized+ewes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Increased gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency associated with estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surges in ovariectomized ewes.</a> Endocrinology. 116 (6), 2376-2383 (1985).</li>
<li>Vidal, A., Zhang, Q., Medigue, C., Fabre, S., Clement, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((DynPeak%3A+an+algorithm+for+pulse+detection+and+frequency+analysis+in+hormonal+time+series%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+One%22%5BJournal%5D)">DynPeak: an algorithm for pulse detection and frequency analysis in hormonal time series.</a> PLoS One. 7 (7), e39001(2012).</li>
<li>Merriam, G. R., Wachter, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Algorithms+for+the+study+of+episodic+hormone+secretion%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22American+Journal+of+Physiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Algorithms for the study of episodic hormone secretion.</a> American Journal of Physiology. 243 (4), E310-E318 (1982).</li>
<li>Xie, T. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Effect+of+Deletion+of+Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase+on+the+Pulsatile+Release+of+Growth+Hormone+in+Mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Neuroendocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Effect of Deletion of Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase on the Pulsatile Release of Growth Hormone in Mice.</a> Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 27 (12), 872-886 (2015).</li>
<li>Koch, C. E., Leinweber, B., Drengberg, B. C., Blaum, C., Oster, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Interaction+between+circadian+rhythms+and+stress%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neurobiology+of+Stress%22%5BJournal%5D)">Interaction between circadian rhythms and stress.</a> Neurobiology of Stress. 6, 57-67 (2017).</li>
<li>Tuli, J. S., Smith, J. A., Morton, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Corticosterone%2C+adrenal+and+spleen+weight+in+mice+after+tail+bleeding%2C+and+its+effect+on+nearby+animals%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Laboratory+Animal%22%5BJournal%5D)">Corticosterone, adrenal and spleen weight in mice after tail bleeding, and its effect on nearby animals.</a> Laboratory Animal. 29 (1), 90-95 (1995).</li>
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<li>Steyn, F. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Development+of+a+method+for+the+determination+of+pulsatile+growth+hormone+secretion+in+mice%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Endocrinology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Development of a method for the determination of pulsatile growth hormone secretion in mice.</a> Endocrinology. 152 (8), 3165-3171 (2011).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here we describe a protocol for frequent blood collection of whole blood tail-tip samples for assessment of pulsatile LH secretion in mice. This protocol enables the collection of samples for detection of acute changes in pulsatile LH secretion following exposure to psychosocial stress and is well-suited for assessment of LH pulses under other acute or chronic manipulations.
A critical component of this protocol for achieving reliable and robust profiles of LH pulses is the handling acclimatiz...

Gonad function in mammals is dependent upon gonadotropin secretion, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone, from the pituitary gland. The gonadotropins are secreted in either a pulsatile or surge pattern in response to hypothalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The synthesis and secretion of both LH and FSH are regulated via endocrine, paracrine and autocrine action from a variety of molecules including hypothalamic GnRH, gonadal steroid hormones, and the activin-inhibin-follistatin system, as well as a myriad of physiological conditions including stress and energy balance.2
The pulsatile pattern of LH in blood arises from a rather abrupt discharge of LH into peripheral blood, followed by approximately exponential elimination. Important features of the pattern include the frequency of each LH discharge and the amplitude of the LH response, both of which are dictated, in part, by the release of GnRH. Due to the difficulty in collecting hypothalamic-pituitary portal blood for measurement of pulsatile GnRH, the sampling and measurement of LH is&#160;used as a proxy for GnRH regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Therefore, critical information is encoded in the frequency and amplitude of LH pulses, which cannot be determined from a single sample.
Analysis of pulsatile LH secretion has historically been limited to large mammals (humans, primates, and sheep) due to their large blood volume and tolerance for frequent blood sample collection. In rodents, frequent blood sampling was limited to the rat and achieved via indwelling atrial catheter.3,4 The relatively low cost and availability of genetic (e.g. cre-lox, CRISPR) and complex neural circuit (e.g. optogenetics, chemogenetics) manipulations make mice an attractive model organism; however, attainment of frequent blood samples and subsequent analysis of LH concentrations has until recently, proven elusive. This monumental task was pioneered by Steyn and co-workers.1 Since then, several labs have begun to utilize frequent blood sampling and ultra-sensitive LH assays to assess pulsatile LH secretion in a variety of experimental paradigms.5,6,7,8,9 It should be noted that the pursuit of a practical method of collecting multiple blood samples from mice has been in progress for at least 40 years10&#160;with multiple refinements made along the way.11,12
Assessment of LH pulse patterns (i.e. frequency and amplitude) represents a major refinement in monitoring basal gonadotropin secretion in this genetically tractable animal model. Traditionally, LH concentrations in mice were determined in a single blood sample. One weakness of single-point samples is a highly variable data set because LH concentrations are naturally fluctuating during each pulse. Another weakness is that isolated measurements inherently miss critical information conveyed by the patterns of LH pulse secretion. Thus, a method for collecting frequent blood samples in freely behaving, unrestrained mice (except for gentle handling during sampling) will provide enhanced information and prove useful to many laboratories investigating pulsatile hormone regulation.
Here, we describe a protocol for the collection of frequent (every 6 min) blood samples from awake, unrestrained mice. Importantly, we include a handling acclimatization protocol that allows for&#160;robust and continuous detection of&#160;pulsatile LH secretion in whole blood samples collected over a length of time in which pre- and post-assessment to an acute challenge can be determined, such as the response to the psychosocial stress of immobilization and restraint. An effective assay for LH concentrations from whole blood samples has been described previously;1 this protocol is focused on a method for collecting the blood samples for LH pulse measurement.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Biosaftey cabinet</td><td>Lab Products Inc</td><td>L/F-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A5403</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P2287</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na2HPO4 (anhydrous)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S7907</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH2PO4</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P5655</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrapure water</td><td>Millipore</td><td></td><td>Purified and filtered water</td></tr><tr><td>Broome Rodent Restraint Device</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>52-0460</td><td>Not necessary for blood collection, but were used in the collection of representative data.</td></tr><tr><td>DynPeak</td><td>n/a</td><td>n/a</td><td>http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0039001</td></tr></tbody></table>

frequent tail-tip blood sampling in mice for the assessment of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion

In many endocrine systems, circulating factors or hormones are not released continuously, but are secreted as a discrete pulse in response to a releasing factor. Single-point sampling measures are inadequate to fully understand the biological significance of the secretory pattern of pulsatile hormones either under normal physiologic conditions or during conditions of dysregulation. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is synthesized by the anterior pituitary gonadotrope&#160;cells and secreted in a pulsatile pattern which requires frequent collection of blood samples for pulse assessment. This has not been possible in mice until recently, due to the development of a high-sensitivity LH assay and advancement in a technique for frequent low-volume sample collection, initially described by Steyn and colleagues.1 Here we describe a protocol for the frequent peripheral blood sample collection from mice with sufficient handling acclimatization to detect pulsatile secretion of LH. The current protocol details an expanded acclimatization period that allows assessment of robust and continuous pulses of LH over multiple hours. In this protocol, the tip of the tail is clipped&#160;and blood is collected from the tail using a hand-held pipette. For assessment of pulsatile LH in gonadectomized mice, serial samples are collected every 5-6 min for 90-180 min. Importantly, the collection of blood and measurement of robust pulses of LH can be accomplished in awake, freely behaving mice, given adequate handling acclimatization and effort to minimize environmental stressors. Sufficient acclimatization can be achieved within 4-5 weeks prior to blood collection. This protocol highlights advances in the methodology to ensure collection of whole blood samples for assessment of pulsatile LH secretion patterns over multiple hours in the mouse, a powerful animal model for neuroendocrine research.

Representative LH pulse patterns from 4 mice are shown in Figure 1 (data reprinted from Yang et al., 2017). LH was measured in frequent blood samples to determine the response to an acute psychosocial stress challenge. Adult female C57/Bl6 mice were ovariectomized and handled as detailed in this protocol for frequent blood collection. Blood samples were collected for the first 90 min in all animals to establish a pre-treatment baseline of LH pulsatil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frequent Tail-tip Blood Sampling in Mice for the Assessment of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion at JoVE.com

Frequent Tail-tip Blood Sampling in Mice for the Assessment of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

Here we present a tail-tip blood sampling protocol for frequent sample collection in unrestrained mice. This method is useful for assessing patterns of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion and could be adapted for analysis of other circulating factors.

In many endocrine systems, circulating factors or hormones are not released continuously, but are secreted as a discrete pulse in response to a releasing ...

frequent-tail-tip-blood-sampling-mice-for-assessment-pulsatile

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

14.8K Views.  University of California, San Diego School of Medicine. Hier presenteren we een staart-tip bloed bemonstering protocol voor frequente sample collectie in ongebreidelde muizen. Deze methode is nuttig voor het beoordelen van patronen van Pulsatiele luteïniserend hormoon afscheiding en voor analyse van andere circulerende factoren zou kunnen worden aangepast.

Video: Frequent Tail-tip Blood Sampling in Mice for the Assessment of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis in SJL Mice

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse models allow us to study how diseases unfold, often providing a good replica of the same processes occurring in humans. For some autoimmune diseases, like type 1A diabetes, there are models (the NOD mouse) that spontaneously develop a disease similar to the human counterpart. For many other autoimmune diseases, however, the model needs to be induced experimentally. A common approach in this regard is to inject the mouse with a dominant antigen derived from the organ being studied. For example, investigators interested in autoimmune thyroiditis inject mice with thyroglobulin2, and those interested in myasthenia gravis inject them with the acetylcholine receptor3. If the autoantigen for a particular autoimmune disease is not known, investigators inject a crude protein extract from the organ targeted by the autoimmune reaction. For autoimmune hypophysitis, the pathogenic autoantigen(s) remain to be identified4, and thus a crude pituitary protein preparation is used. In this video article we demonstrate how to induce experimental autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice.

This video shows how to induce autoimmune hypophysitis in SJL mice and how to assess its severity by histopathology.

Autoimmune hypophysitis can be reproduced experimentally by the injection of pituitary proteins mixed with an adjuvant into susceptible mice1. Mouse ...

Immunology and Infection

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

Behavior

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a lean PCOS-like mouse model that mimics women with PCOS is clinically meaningful. In this protocol, we describe such a model. By inserting a 4 mm length of DHT (dihydrotestosterone) crystal powder pellet (total length of pellet is 8 mm), and replacing it monthly, we are able to produce a PCOS-like mouse model with serum DHT levels 2 fold higher than mice not implanted with DHT (no-DHT). We observed reproductive and metabolic dysfunction without changing body weight and body composition. While exhibiting a high degree of infertility, a small subset of these PCOS-like female mice can get pregnant and their offspring show delayed puberty and increased testosterone as adults. This PCOS-like lean mouse model is a useful tool to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

We describe the development of a lean PCOS-like mouse model with&#160;dihydrotestosterone pellet to study the pathophysiology of PCOS and the offspring from these PCOS-like dams.

Hyperandrogenemia plays a critical role in reproductive and metabolic function in females and is the hallmark of polycystic ovary syndrome. Developing a ...

Developmental Biology

Handling Techniques to Reduce Stress in Mice

Laboratory animals are subjected to multiple manipulations by scientists or animal care providers. The stress this causes can have profound effects on&#160;animal well-being and can also be a confounding factor for experimental variables such as anxiety measures. Over the years, handling techniques that minimize handling-related stress have been developed with a particular focus on rats, and little attention to mice. However, it has been shown that mice can be habituated to manipulations using handling techniques. Habituating mice to handling reduces stress, facilitates routine handling, improves animal wellbeing, decreases data variability, and improves experimental reliability. Despite beneficial effects of handling, the tail-pick up approach, which is particularly stressful, is still widely used. This paper provides a detailed description and demonstration of a newly developed mouse-handling technique intended to minimize the stress experienced by the animal during human interaction. This manual technique is performed over 3 days (3D-handling technique) and focuses on the animal&#39;s capacity to habituate to the experimenter. This study also shows the effect of previously established tunnel handling techniques (using a polycarbonate tunnel) and the tail-pick up technique. Specifically studied are their effects on anxiety-like behaviors, using behavioral tests (Elevated-Plus Maze and Novelty Suppressed Feeding), voluntary interaction with experimenters and physiological measurement (corticosterone levels). The 3D-handling technique and the tunnel handling technique reduced anxiety-like phenotypes. In the first experiment, using 6-month-old male mice, the 3D-handling technique significantly improved experimenter interaction. In the second experiment, using 2.5-month-old female, it reduced corticosterone levels. As such, the 3D-handling is a useful approach in scenarios where interaction with the experimenter is required or preferred, or where tunnel handling may not be possible during the experiment.

This paper describes a handling technique in mice, the 3D-handling technique, which facilitates routine handling by reducing anxiety-like behaviors and presents details on two existing related techniques (tunnel and tail handling).

Laboratory animals are subjected to multiple manipulations by scientists or animal care providers. The stress this causes can have profound effects ...

Blood Collection Through Subclavian Vein Puncture in Mice

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in research work. Tail blood collection is a popular method when a small amount of blood sample is needed. Orbital artery could be considered if a large amount of blood is needed but this blood collection method has ethical issues. Formerly, we demonstrated the feasibility and safety of blood sample collection through subclavian vein puncture in rats, and here we investigate whether this method could be used in mice. We report that this method is safe and practical for blood collection in mice. Blood collection through the subclavian vein puncture in mice can be a convenient method in daily research works.

Here, we present a protocol to take blood samples from the subclavian vein of mice.

The mouse is the foremost mammalian model for studying human disease and human health. However, blood sample collection from mice is challenging in ...

Medicine

Assessing Whole-Body Lipid-Handling Capacity in Mice

Assessing lipid metabolism is a cornerstone of evaluating metabolic function, and it is considered essential for in vivo metabolism studies. Lipids are a class of many different molecules with many pathways involved in their synthesis and metabolism. A starting point for evaluating lipid hemostasis for nutrition and obesity research is needed. This paper describes three easy and accessible methods that require little expertise or practice to master, and that can be adapted by most labs to screen for lipid-metabolism abnormalities in mice. These methods are (1) measuring several fasting serum lipid molecules using commercial kits (2) assaying for dietary lipid-handling capability through an oral intralipid tolerance test, and (3) evaluating the response to a pharmaceutical compound, CL 316,243, in mice. Together, these methods will provide a high-level overview of lipid handling capability in mice.

This paper provides three easy and accessible assays for assessing lipid metabolism in mice.

Assessing lipid metabolism is a cornerstone of evaluating metabolic function, and it is considered essential for in vivo metabolism studies. Lipids are a ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Biology

Evaluation of Hepatic Glucose Production in a Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mouse Model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that results in disorders of glucose metabolism, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Dysregulated glucose metabolism is an important manifestation of the disease and is the key to its pathogenesis. Therefore, studies involving evaluation of glucose metabolism in PCOS are of utmost importance. Very few studies have quantified hepatic glucose production directly in PCOS models using non-radioactive glucose tracers. In this study, we discuss step-by-step instructions for the quantification of the rate of hepatic glucose production in a PCOS mouse model by measuring M+2 enrichment of [6,6-2H2]glucose, a stable isotopic glucose tracer, via gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GCMS). This procedure involves creation of stable isotopic glucose tracer solution, use of tail vein catheter placement and infusion of the glucose tracer in both fasting and glucose-rich states in the same mouse in tandem. The enrichment of [6,6-2H2]glucose is measured using pentaacetate derivative in GCMS. This technique can be applied to a wide variety of studies involving direct measurement of the rate of hepatic glucose production.

This study describes the direct measurement of hepatic glucose production in a polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model by using a stable isotopic glucose tracer via tail vein in both fasting and glucose-rich states in tandem.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that results in disorders of glucose metabolism, such as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. ...

DREADDs Technology and Automated Blood Sampling

Remote Neuronal Activation Coupled with Automated Blood Sampling to Induce and Measure Circulating Luteinizing Hormone in Mice

Circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels are an essential index of the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary control of reproduction. The role of numerous inputs and neuronal populations in the modulation of LH release is still unknown. Measuring changes in LH levels in mice is often a challenge since they are easily disrupted by environmental stress. Current techniques to measure LH release and pulsatility require long-term training for mice to adapt to manipulation stress, certain restraint, the presence of the investigator, and working on individual animals, reducing its usefulness for many research questions.
This paper presents a technique to remotely activate specific neuronal populations using Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) technology coupled with automated sequential blood sampling in conscious, freely moving, and undisturbed mice. We first describe the stereotaxic surgery protocol to deliver adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing DREADDs to specific neuronal populations. Next, we describe the protocol for carotid artery and jugular vein cannulation and postsurgical connection to the CULEX automated blood sampling system. Finally, we describe the protocol for clozapine-N-oxide intravenous injection for remote neuronal activation and automated blood collection. This technique allows for programmed automated sampling every 5 min or longer for a given period, coupled with intravenous substance injection at a desired time point or duration. Overall, we found this technique to be a powerful approach for research on neuroendocrine control.

Author Spotlight: Automated Infusion and Blood Sampling for Precise Hormonal Analysis in Conscious Mice

Luteinizing hormone (LH) pulsatility is a hallmark of reproductive function. We describe a protocol for remote activation of specific neuronal populations linked to serial automated blood collection. This technique allows timed hormonal modulation, multiplexing, and minimizing manipulation effects on LH levels in conscious freely moving, and undisturbed animals.

Circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) levels are an essential index of the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary control of reproduction. The role of ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for research studies that involve mice and rats. The method of blood withdrawal in mice and rats is dependent upon the volume of blood needed, the frequency of the sampling, the health status of the animal to be bled, and the skill level of the technician.1 All methods discussed-retro-orbital sinus bleeds, initial tail snip bleeds, and intracardiac bleeds-require the use of a general anesthesia.

Frequent Tail-tip Blood Sampling in Mice for the Assessment of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

Samenvatting

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