Extraction and Analysis of Taiwanese Green Propolis

Podsumowanie

We present a protocol for using ethanol as a solvent to extract and characterize Taiwanese green propolis that exhibits antibacterial activity.

Streszczenie

Taiwanese green propolis is rich in prenylated flavonoids and exhibits a broad range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer ones. The bioactive compounds of Taiwanese green propolis are propolins, namely C, D, F, and G. The concentration of propolins in Taiwanese green propolis varies depending on the season and geographic location. Thus, it is critical to establish a standard and repeatable procedure for determining the quality of Taiwanese green propolis. Here, we present a protocol that uses ethanol-based extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, and an antibacterial activity analysis to characterize Taiwanese green propolis quality. This method indicates that 95% and 99.5% ethanol extractions achieve the maximum dry matter yields from Taiwanese green propolis, thereby yielding the highest concentrations of propolins that have antibacterial properties. According to these findings, the present protocol is deemed reliable and repeatable for determining the quality of Taiwanese green propolis.

Wprowadzenie

Propolis is a natural resinous mixture produced by the bee species Apis mellifera. Propolis has been widely used since ancient times in folk medicines. A study recently reported that propolis is beneficial for preventing microbial infections and inflammation¹. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the main bioactive compounds in propolis are flavonoids, phenolic acid esters, prenylated p-coumaric acids, and diterpenic acids^2,3. To date, 10 prenylated flavanone derivatives from Taiwanese green propolis have been identified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)^4,5,6,7. The most abundant among these are propolins C, D, F, and G^5,7. The considerable biological effects of Taiwanese green propolis are correlated with its high content of propolins⁸.

The concentrations of bioactive compounds in propolis vary greatly depending on the season and geographic location from which the propolis is obtained. European propolis mainly contains the flavonoid aglycone and phenolic acids⁹. The major bioactive compounds in propolis from Brazil are prenylated p-coumaric acids, such as artepillin C¹⁰. A study demonstrated that the season is a critical factor for determining the total propolin content in Taiwanese green propolis¹¹. The propolin content in Taiwanese green propolis is highest in summer (May - July) and lowest in winter¹¹. The antibacterial property of propolis has been widely considered to be an indicator of biological activity. Generally, the samples of propolis collected from various regions have exhibited a similar antibacterial property; for example, it is generally effective against almost all gram-positive bacteria and exhibits a limited antibacterial effect against gram-negative bacteria^10,12,13. Synergistic interactions between the flavonoids in propolis were demonstrated to have an antibacterial effect¹⁴. Similarly, Taiwanese green propolis was reported to have an antimicrobial effect against gram-positive bacteria¹⁵. Furthermore, a study also identified an antimicrobial effect from the interactions of propolins in Taiwanese green propolis⁸.

The characterization of the bioactive compounds in propolis is difficult because its chemical composition can vary according to its source of origin. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a feasible and repeatable method for determining the quality of the Taiwanese green propolis. However, no standard procedure has been established for Taiwanese green propolis extraction and subsequent functional analysis. Several methods that variously apply organic and inorganic solvents have been proposed for propolis extraction^{16,17,18,19,20}. Because propolis is a lipophilic mixture, studies have demonstrated that organic extraction is better than inorganic extraction^8,18,19. The total propolin concentration in Taiwanese green propolis and its antibacterial properties are key indicators of the quality of Taiwanese green propolis. Thus, the purpose of this study is to present a protocol for using ethanol as a solvent to extract and characterize the antibacterial properties of Taiwanese green propolis.

Protokół

1. Preparation of Ethanol-extracted Compounds

1. Weigh 10 g of frozen Taiwanese green propolis, which was collected from beehives in Taiwan from May to July, and grind it using the spice grinder. Confirm that whole pieces of Taiwanese green propolis are ground into a fine powder without any large particles.
2. Add 100 mL of various concentrations of ethanol (60%, 70%, 80%, 95%, and 99.5%) and water to separate flasks and mix each concentration with 10 g of ground propolis.
3. Incubate at 25 °C and shake the flask at 250 rpm for 48 h.
4. Filter the ethanol extracts through filter paper with a 25 μm pore size.
5. Reconstitute the filtrates to their original volume (100 mL) with 95% ethanol using a volumetric flask.
6. Store the ethanol extracts at -20 °C.
   NOTE: The protocol can be paused here.

2. Preparation of Ethanol Extracts for HPLC

1. Concentrate 10 mL of ethanol extracts by vacuum evaporation at 40 °C for 15 min.
2. Bake the dry matter at 45 °C for 24 h.
3. Reconstitute the dry matter with 10 mL of 95% ethanol.
4. Filter 1 mL of ethanol extracts using a sterile syringe filter with a 0.45 µm pore size.
5. Refilter the ethanol extracts using a sterile syringe filter with a 0.22 µm pore size. The filtrate is collected and can be directly analyzed using HPLC.

3. Analysis of the Propolin Content Using HPLC

1. Establishment of standard curves of propolins
   1. Prepare 1 L of the mobile phase of 88.8:11.2 (v/v) methanol:water solution.
   2. Prepare serial dilutions of propolin standard (C, D, F, and G) concentrations (15.625 mg/mL, 31.25 mg/mL, 62.5 mg/mL, and 125 mg/mL, respectively) using the mobile phase solution as a solvent.
   3. Inject 20 µL of propolin standard concentrations into the reverse-phase column, sequentially from the low concentration to the high concentration.
   4. Set the HPLC column at 30 °C and the flow rate to 1 mL/min.
   5. Set the wavelength of the UV detector to 280 nm and the recorder time to 20 min.
   6. Analyze the standards at least 3x.
   7. Plot the measurement response (y-axis) against the concentration (x-axis) using calculation sheet software, and create a standard curve with the equation and R-square value.
2. Analysis of ethanol extracts
   1. Inject 20 µL of the ethanol extracts obtained from step 2.5 into the reverse-phase column.
   2. Set the HPLC column at 30 °C and the flow rate to 1 mL/min.
   3. Set the wavelength of the UV detector to 280 nm and the recorder time to 20 min.
   4. Analyze the standards at least 3x.
   5. Calculate the concentration of propolin in the ethanol extract, using the equation for the standard curve obtained from step 3.1.7 that uses the peak area for each propolin.

4. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration Analysis

NOTE: The microdilution method is used to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of ethanol-extracted propolins from Taiwanese green propolis.

1. Preparation of test organisms
   1. Thaw the bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and then, culture them in tryptic soy broth and nutrient broth, respectively, at 37 °C for 24 h.
   2. Passage the S. aureus using tryptic soy broth and E. coli using nutrient broth for two generations and, then, calculate colony-forming units by counting individual colonies on an agar plate.
2. Preparation of ethanol extracts for antibacterial activity testing
   1. Concentrate the ethanol extracts obtained from step 1.5 by vacuum evaporation at 40 °C for 15 min.
   2. Reconstitute the dry matter with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and adjust the concentration of the extract to 12.8 mg/mL.
   3. Make a serial dilution (concentrations: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, and 640 µg/mL) of ethanol extracts using the broth.
3. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests
   1. Add 10 µL of diluted ethanol extracts ranging from 0.156 to 640.0 µg/mL into a 96-well plate.
   2. Using broth, adjust the volume to 100 µL, and maintain 5% DMSO in all the dilutions.
   3. Inoculate 100 µL of bacterial culture (1 x 10⁶/mL) into the 96-well plate.
   4. Culture inoculum containing various concentrations of ethanol extracts at 37 °C for 48 h.
   5. Analyze the bacterial growth according to turbidity and using optical density (microplate reader) at 590 nm to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
4. Minimum bactericidal concentration tests
   1. Inoculate 10 µL of liquid culture from each well of the MIC test that exhibited no growth onto an agar plate.
   2. Incubate at 37 °C for 24 h.
   3. Determine the bactericidal activity by identifying the lowest concentration that revealed no visible bacterial growth. The concentration that completely eliminates cell growth is considered to be the minimum bacterial concentration (MBC).

Wyniki

Positive representative data for the ethanol extraction are presented in Table 1. The dry matter yield from Taiwanese green propolis was positively associated with the concentration of ethanol. The 95% and 99.5% ethanol extracts had the highest dry matter yield from Taiwanese green propolis. The lowest dry matter yield from Taiwanese green propolis occurred when water was used as the extraction solvent. These results indicate that an organic solvent, such as ethanol, perf...

Dyskusje

A study reported that maceration, using various concentrations of ethanol, could be used for Brazilian propolis extraction¹⁷; however, the process was time-consuming¹⁷. It took at least 10 days to extract the bioactive compounds, such as phenolic content, from Brazilian propolis¹⁷. Alternatively, ethanol extraction in combination with heating at 37 °C, 50 °C, or 70 °C for 30 min has been proposed for extracting Brazilian propolis

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
ethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	E7023
Whatman no. 4 filter paper	Sigma-Aldrich	WHA1004125
methanol	Sigma-Aldrich	34860
reverse phase RP-18 column	Phenomenex Inc.	00G-0234-E0
Staphylococcus aureus	ATCC	BCRC 10780
Escherichia coli	ATCC	BCRC 10675
tryptic soy broth	Sigma-Aldrich	22092
nutrient broth	Sigma-Aldrich	70122
dimethyl sulfoxide	Sigma-Aldrich	D2650
spice grinder	Waring	WSG60K
microplate Reader	Molecular Devices	EMAX PLUS
HPLC system	Agilent	1200 Series
vacuum evaporation	BÜCHI	Rotavapor R-215