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  • Podsumowanie
  • Streszczenie
  • Wprowadzenie
  • Protokół
  • Wyniki
  • Dyskusje
  • Ujawnienia
  • Podziękowania
  • Materiały
  • Odniesienia
  • Przedruki i uprawnienia

Podsumowanie

This protocol provides a combination strategy of two herbs to treat injured PC12 cells. The protocol provides a reference for optimizing the best application mode of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Streszczenie

In view of the advantages of the combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of cerebral ischemia, we studied the differences in the efficacy and mechanism between the preparation combination and the component combination in order to explore the two herb combination strategy to treat injured PC12 cells. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) combined with a glucose-free medium was employed to induce oxidative damage of PC12 cells. Then, the optimal combination of Astragalus mongholicus (Ast) and Erigeron breviscapus (Eri) injection was selected and combined following uniform design methods after screening their safe and effective concentration on PC12 cells. Further, the component combination screened comprises 10 µM astragaloside A, 40 µM scutellarin, and 75 µM chlorogenic acid in two herbs. Then, MTT, Annexin V-FITC/PI, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of the preparation combination and the component combination on injured PC12 cells. The results showed that the optimal preparation combination for cell pro-survival was Ast injection and Eri capsule with a concentration of 6:1.8 (µM). The component combination (10 µM astragaloside A, 40 µM scutellarin, and 75 µM chlorogenic acid) was more effective than the preparation combination. Both combinations remarkably reduced apoptotic rate, the fluorescence intensity of caspase-3, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level; meanwhile, they upregulated the expression levels of p-Akt/Akt, Bcl-2/Bax, and Nrf2. These effects were more evident in the component combination. In conclusion, both combinations can inhibit the injury induced by CoCl2 combined with a glucose-free medium on PC12 cells, thus promoting cell survival. However, the efficiency of the component combination over the preparation combination may be due to its stronger regulation of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway related to oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Wprowadzenie

Chronic cerebral ischemia, caused by cerebral hypoperfusion, is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly people1. As a long-term occult ischemia disease, it can lead to progressive or persistent neurological dysfunction. The main pathological mechanisms include cell apoptosis and oxidative damage, leading to progressive or persistent neurological dysfunction; this is the pathological basis of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and other diseases, and seriously affects the quality of life of patients. However, there is still a lack of ideal drugs in modern medicine to treat chronic cerebral ischemia2. At the same time, the combination of Astragalus mongholicus (Ast) and Erigeron breviscapus (Eri) has been widely used in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)4. The combination strategy has remarkably improved in promoting the recovery of nerve function after cerebral ischemia, which is better than that of a single drug; however, there are large differences in the dosage ratio in the combination of the two drugs4. The effective components and mechanism of action are not well defined, which is the key issue restricting its clinical application.

Previous studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of the preparation combination of Ast injection and Eri injection in treating cerebral ischemia in rats. It can upregulate the expression of p-Akt protein and downregulate the expression of Bcl-2 associated death promoter (BAD) protein5,6, which is one of the B-lymphoblastoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins and has the effect of promoting apoptosis. However, the material basis and mechanism of its synergistic effect are not clear. Further, the injury model of PC12 cells was established with CoCl2 combined glucose-free medium, and the optimal component combination in Ast and Eri has been screened and defined7.

In this study, the effective doses of Ast and Eri are screened by using the injured PC12 cell model. The optimal combination of the two drugs is screened using this model combined with the homogeneous design method. The cell model is used to further evaluate the difference in the effects and mechanisms of the preparation combination and the component combination in injured PC12 cells. This strategy aims to explore the protective effect and regulatory mechanism of the two types of combinations on injured PC12 cells through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signal pathway to determine the best combination mode. This study provides a reference for optimizing the best application mode of TCM.

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Protokół

1. Preparation of reagent

  1. Prepare the complete medium by adding 90 mL of DMEM high sugar medium, 10 mL of fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 1 mL of penicillin-streptomycin solution in a 125 mL sterile culture flask. Mix the complete medium, and store at 4 °C under closed conditions.
  2. Prepare CoCl2 solution by adding 0.02 g of CoCl2 powder (accurately weighed) in 10 mL of DMEM sugar-free medium (dissolved completely) to obtain a 8.4 mM stock solution. Filter the solution with a 0.22 µm bacterial filter, seal it, and store it at 4 °C away from light.
    NOTE: CoCl2 is unstable and should be stored in an airtight container, protected from light; the validity period of the CoCl2 solution is 7 days.
  3. Prepare Tris-Hcl buffered salt solution (TBST).
    1. Accurately weigh 8 g of sodium chloride, 0.2 g of potassium chloride, and 3 g of Tris-base. Add them into a 1 L beaker, and then add 1,000 mL of RO water to dissolve the mixture.
    2. Adjust the pH to 7.4, add 1 mL of Tween 20, and thoroughly mix to obtain the TBST solution.
      NOTE: Tween 20 acts as a surfactant to reduce the nonspecific binding of antibodies to antigens and works best at 0.1% concentration.
  4. Prepare MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt) solution by weighing 0.1 g of MTT powder in 20 mL of PBS solution to obtain a 5 mg/mL stock solution. Filter the solution with a 0.22 µm bacterial filter, seal it, and store it at 4 °C away from light, placed on standby.
    NOTE: MTT powder is unstable and easily absorbs moisture, so it should be stored in a closed and dry place away from light. The MTT solution expires after 7 days. MTT has a carcinogenic effect, so avoid direct contact with the skin.
  5. Prepare the Eri capsule solution by removing the capsule shell and accurately weighing 0.18 g of the content in 10 mL of DMEM sugar-free medium to prepare a 100 µM stock solution (based on the concentration of scutellarin). Filter the solution with a 0.2 µm bacterial filter, seal it, and store it in an airtight container at 4 °C.
    NOTE: Scutellarin is the main active ingredient in Erigeron breviscapus. The concentration of scutellarin in the capsules has been determined by HPLC-UV to be 2.56 mg/g, i.e., 5.54 µmol/g8. The concentration of the preparation is calculated based on the scutellarin concentration. This is convenient for evaluating the pharmacological activity of the preparation and the component.
  6. Prepare the solution of the Ast injection by adding 5 mL of injection and 5 mL of sugar-free DMEM media in a 15 mL sterile centrifuge tube to prepare a 60 µM stock solution (based on the concentration of astragaloside A). Filter the solution through a 0.2 µm bacterial filter, and store it in an airtight container at 4 °C.
    NOTE: The volume of injection is 10 mL each, and the concentration of astragaloside A in the injection has been determined by HPLC-ELSD to be 0.094 mg/mL (i.e., 120 µM)9. The preparation should be carried out in a biosafety cabinet and operated in a light-proof manner throughout. The volume of the injection solution and sugar-free medium should be measured accurately and mixed well.
  7. Prepare astragaloside A solution by accurately weighing 7.85 mg of astragaloside A standard and dissolving it completely in 2 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a 5,000 µM stock solution. Filter it with a 0.22 µm bacterial filter and store it airtight at 4 °C.
    NOTE: Astragaloside A powder is insoluble in the sugar-free medium. When preparing the solution, dissolve it with the appropriate amount of DMSO to keep the final experimental concentration of DMSO below 0.1% to ensure no cytotoxicity.
  8. Prepare the scutellarin solution by weighing 11.56 mg of scutellarin standard accurately and completely dissolving it with 5 mL of sugar-free DMEM medium to prepare a 5,000 µM stock solution. Filter it with a 0.22 µm bacterial filter and store it airtight at 4 ˚C.
  9. Prepare the chlorogenic acid solution by weighing 8.86 mg of chlorogenic acid standard accurately and completely dissolving it with 5 mL of sugar-free DMEM medium to prepare a 5,000 µM stock solution. Filter it with a 0.22 µm bacterial filter and store it airtight at 4 ˚C.
    ​NOTE: Chlorogenic acid powder is unstable and easily absorbs water. It should be sealed and stored at 4 °C away from light; the exposure time should be minimized during weighing.

2. Cell viability assay

  1. Obtain PC12 cells and culture them in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin.
    NOTE: In this study, the cells are obtained from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. PC12 cells are adherent cells that have the general characteristics of neuroendocrine cells and are widely used in neurophysiology and neuropharmacology.
  2. Culture the cells at 37 °C in an incubator supplemented with 5% CO2 and sub-culture them every 2-3 days. Use cells at passages 4-8 for all experiments.
  3. Cell culture
    1. Treat PC12 cells in the logarithmic growth phase (70%-80% cell confluency) with 1 mL of trypsin (0.25%) and observe the cells under a microscope. When the cells become round, stop the trypsin digestion by adding 3 mL of the complete medium.
    2. Transfer the cells to a sterile 15 mL centrifuge tube and centrifuge the cells at 840 x g for 5 min. Discard the supernatant, resuspend with the complete medium, and transfer the cell suspension to a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Then count the number of cells using a flow cytometer.
      1. Start the flow cytometry software, select the corresponding dilution multiple of the cell solution in the counting setting, and click on Density Chart after loading the cell sample from the 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube.
      2. Circle the cell population away from the X-axis and Y-axis, right-click the data table below the figure, and select X, Y, Count, and Abs Count. The data under Abs Count in the data table gives the cell counting result.
    3. Adjust the cell concentration to 1 x 105 cells/mL, inoculate 100 µL/well in 96-well plates, and culture at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in an incubator for 24 h.
  4. Screening of safe concentrations of two drugs on normal PC12 cells
    1. Culture the cells as described in steps 2.1-2.2. Discard the supernatant, and treat the normal cells with different final concentrations of Ast injection (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 µM) and Eri capsule (0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 µM). Treat six replicate wells of each group for 24 h.
      NOTE: The drugs are added to the media to achieve the final concentration of the drug (mentioned in step 2.4.1), and then an equal volume of media is added to each well. When aspirating the supernatant, the pipette tip should be placed gently against the well wall to avoid contacting the cells at the bottom of the well. When adding different solutions, add them gently and quickly along the edges of the wells, and pay attention when changing the pipette gun head to avoid affecting the experimental results.
    2. Discard the supernatant, add 120 µL of MTT solution (1 mg/mL) to each well, and incubate the cells for 4 h at 37 °C.
    3. After the incubation, discard the supernatant again and add 150 µL of DMSO to each well. Shake the plate for 10 min at a speed of 240 times/min (number of horizontal vibrations per minute) using a vortex oscillator.
    4. Measure the absorbance of each sample at 490 nm by using a microplate reader. Calculate the cell viability (%), which is the absorbance of the treated group/absorbance of normal the group (control) x 100.
      NOTE: Ensure that the MTT solution is within the validity period; if the color has changed (to dark green), it cannot be used. When testing the absorbance of cells, a blank well (culture medium and MTT, without cells or drugs) should be set to eliminate the interference of other reagents. A volume of 150 µL of DMSO is added to each well and shaken for 10 min to dissolve the blue-purple crystals better. The absorbance should be detected as soon as possible to ensure the accuracy of the results.
  5. Screening of effective concentrations of two drugs on injured PC12 cells
    1. Culture the cells for 24 h as mentioned in steps 2.1-2.2, discard the supernatant, and then treat the cells with 20 µL/well of CoCl2 (0.4 mM) combined with the sugar-free medium.
    2. Simultaneously treat the cells with 100 µL/well of Ast injection (final concentrations are 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12 µM) or 100 µL of Eri capsule (final concentrations are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 µM) at 37 °C for another 24 h. Add 120 µL/well of complete medium to the control group.
      NOTE: CoCl2 induces hypoxic conditions in the cells.
    3. Measure the absorbance of each sample by the MTT method and calculate the cell viability as described previously in steps 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
  6. Screening of the optimal combination of two drugs based on the homogeneous design method
    NOTE: After obtaining the effective concentration range of the Astragalus injection and breviscapus capsule, the uniform design method U7 (74) table was used to obtain six different combinations of the two drugs. Ast injection:Eri capsule: 1) 2:2.6 µM, 2) 4:5 µM, 3) 6:1.8 µM, 4) 8:4.2 µM, 5) 10:1 µM, and 6)12:3.4 µM.
    1. Culture the cells as described above in step 2.3.1, and treat the injured PC12 cells with six proportion concentrations of Ast injection:Eri capsule as mentioned above.
    2. Treat the cells for 24 h and calculate the cell viability as described previously in steps 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
  7. Evaluation of the protective effect of two optimal combinations on injured PC12 cells
    NOTE: After obtaining the optimal preparation combination (Ast injection:Eri capsule of 6:1.8 µM) and the optimal component combination7 (10 µM astragaloside A, 40 µM scutellarin, and 75 µM chlorogenic acid), further evaluation is performed to check their protective effects on injured PC12 cells.
    1. Culture the cells as described above in step 2.3.1, and treat the injured PC12 cells with the two types of combinations of drugs as discussed in the NOTE above.
    2. Treat the cells for 24 h and calculate the cell viability as described previously in steps 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.

3. Annexin V-FITC/PI assay for apoptosis rate

  1. Seed the PC12 cells in a 12-well plate at a concentration of 1.3 x 105 cells/well and culture them at 37 °C for 24 h.
  2. Group the cells: control group, model group, and two combinations of drugs. Add 1.2 mL/well of complete medium to the control group, add 1.2 mL/well of media containing 0.4 mM CoCl2 to the model group, and add 1.2 mL/well of each of the two combinations containing 0.4 mM CoCl2. Incubate the cells at 37 °C for another 24 h.
  3. Following drug treatment, treat the cells with 250 µL/well of trypsin, transfer the cells in a 15 mL centrifuge tube, and centrifuge at 840 xg for 5 min at room temperature (RT). Discard the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 500 µL of the binding buffer.
    1. Incubate the cells in the dark with 5 µL of Annexin V-FITC and 10 µL of propidium iodide (PI) for 15 min at RT, and then check for apoptosis by flow cytometry. Set three replicate wells in each group.
      NOTE: The trypsin used in this test cannot contain EDTA because EDTA is a metal ion chelating agent that competes with annexin V to bind calcium ions and affects the affinity of annexin for PI. When apoptosis occurs, phosphoserine, originally on the inner side of the cell membrane, turns outward to the cell surface, and Annexin V-FITC selectively binds to phosphoserine outside the membrane to show green fluorescence.
    2. Click Automatic Compensation in the Start menu, select FITC, PE, PerCP, and APC in the Select channel, and select Compensation at: Height. Click OK in the Statistical Item: Median. With the same cell counting method mentioned in step 2.3.2, collect the cell samples, click the Density Map, and circle the effective cell population.
    3. With FITC fluorescence as the X-axis parameter, and other fluorescence parameters as the Y-axis parameter, create a density map. Click on Compensation Matrix in the Start menu and Coefficient in the overflow matrix. The density map information is displayed for the analysis of the apoptosis rate.

4. Immunofluorescence detection of caspase-3 generation

  1. Seed the PC12 cells onto coverslips at a density of 8 x 104 cells/coverslip and place them into 24-well plates at 37 °C for 24 h. Group the cells as mentioned above in step 3.2; set up three replicate coverslips for each group.
  2. Following drug treatment, rinse the coverslips twice with PBS (37 °C) for 5 min each, fix them with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, and permeabilize with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 20 min at RT.
  3. Rinse the cells again and block them with 10% goat serum for 1 h at RT.
  4. Incubate each coverslip with 200 µL of primary antibody caspase-3 (a key executive protein of apoptosis) diluted at a concentration of 1:250 in 1x TBST, overnight at 4 °C. Wash with 1x TBST (three times for 3 min each), and incubate with 200 µL of secondary antibody (1:300 dilution in 1x TBST) for 1 h at RT in the dark.
    NOTE: The fluorescence is easily quenched; thus, after incubation of the secondary antibody, the slides should be kept away from light. The primary and secondary antibodies should be stored at 4 °C away from light.
  5. Add 300 µL of DAPI (0.5 µg/mL) to the coverslips (to detect the nuclei) for 10 min and wash the cells three times with 1x TBST for 5 min each.
  6. Observe the coverslips under the fluorescence microscope and capture images10. Perform statistical analysis of the fluorescence intensity using the imaging software.
    ​NOTE: The slides and coverslips used should be clean and sterile. When staining, pay attention to the pH, concentration, and temperature of the dyeing solution, and avoid fluorescence quenching. The fluorescent microscope should be turned on at least 15 min in advance to preheat the mercury lamp and turned off for 30 min before being turned on again. When acquiring images, the exposure parameters of the same dye in the same batch of experiments should be consistent to ensure the accuracy of the results.

5. Immunofluorescence assay of ROS level

  1. Culture and treat the cells as discussed in step 4.1.
  2. Following drug treatment, wash each coverslip three times with PBS for 3 min, and incubate with 400 µL of DCFH-DA (10 µM) at 37 °C for 20 min.
    NOTE: DCFH-DA is a universal indicator of oxidative stress. It has cell membrane permeability and no fluorescence. Once it enters the cell, it is hydrolyzed by esterase to produce 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) and then rapidly oxidized to produce a strong fluorescent product.
  3. Wash the cells again with serum-free DMEM (twice for 3 min each) and immediately observe the coverslip after adding the fluorescence quenching agent under the fluorescence microscope. Calculate the relative fluorescence intensity by the imaging software.
    ​NOTE: After loading the DCFH-DA probe, be sure to clean the residual probe that does not enter the cell, otherwise the background will become high.

6. Western blot detection of protein expression of Nrf2, p-Akt, Akt, Bcl-2, and Bax11,12

  1. Inoculate PC12 cells in 6-well plates at a concentration of 1 x 106 cells/well and culture at 37 °C for 24 h. Group and treat the cells as aforementioned in step 4.1, and set three replicate wells in each group.
  2. After drug treatment for 24 h, wash the cells three times with PBS for 5 min each and incubate on ice for 30 min in prepared lysis buffer. Following lysis, centrifuge the cells for 20 min at 16,000 x g and 4 °C and collect the supernatants.
  3. Detect the protein concentration and adjust according to the instructions through the Bradford assay. Dilute the samples and denature at 100 °C for 10 min.
    NOTE: The lysis buffer is composed of phosphatase inhibitor, protease inhibitor, and RIPA lysate in a volume ratio of 1:1:50. In the control group, 200 µL/well of lysis buffer is required, and 100 µL/well of lysis buffer is required in the other groups. Generally, the protein concentrations of control, model, and two types of combinations groups are 0.45 mg/mL, 0.25 mg/mL, and 0.32-0.39 mg/mL respectively; their protein concentrations after dilution with the loading buffer are 0.36, 0.2, and 0.256-0.312 mg/mL, respectively.
  4. To detect proteins with different molecular weights, load 25 µg of protein in each lane, run a 12% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and transfer the gel to PVDF membranes.
    NOTE: During the preparation of SDS gel, it must be fully mixed without bubbles or insoluble particles; otherwise, uneven or irregular bands may occur. When transferring the membranes, ensure there are no bubbles between the PVDF membrane and the gel; otherwise, white spots will appear in the strip. In addition, this step must be performed at low temperatures, and the ice bag should be changed every 30 min.
  5. Block the membranes with 5% nonfat milk for 1.5 h at RT and incubate with 5 mL of the corresponding primary antibodies (Nrf2 1:1,000, Akt 1:2,000, p-Akt 1:2,000, Bcl-2 1:5,000, and Bax 1:1,000) for 24 h at 4 °C. Use β-actin (1:5,000) antibody as an internal control.
  6. Wash the membranes with TBST (three times for 10 min each), then incubate with 5 mL of secondary HPR-conjugated antibodies (1:5,000) at RT for 2 h.
    NOTE: The dilution ratio of the antibodies should not be arbitrarily changed, and the membranes should be washed with TBST sufficiently in strict accordance with the requirements to avoid the background color of the band being too black.
  7. Finally, wash the membrane with TBST again, and treat it with chemiluminescent HRP substrate (as per the manufacturer's instructions) for protein band detection. Capture the images using the chemiluminescence imaging system and quantify the gray values of the proteins using the imaging software, with β-actin as the comparative internal control.

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Wyniki

The screening of the optimal combination of Ast injection and Eri capsule is shown in Figure 1. The cell survival rate of Ast injection and Eri capsule on the normal PC12 cells is shown in Figure 1A. The cell viability was lower than 95% with Ast injection at concentrations greater than 12 µM (Figure 1A) and Eri capsule at concentrations greater than 5 µM (Figure 1A), indicating that the ...

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Dyskusje

There is still a lack of ideal drugs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia in modern clinical practice2. Under the guidance of supplementing qi and activating the blood circulation method, Ast, Eri, and other preparations have been used in combination in the clinical practice of TCM and have achieved good comprehensive advantages13,14,15. A large number of studies have shown that Ast can improve the perm...

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Ujawnienia

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Podziękowania

This research was funded by Key R & D projects of the Sichuan Provincial Department of science and technology (2020YFS0325).

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Materiały

NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
1300 series class II biosafety cabinetThermo Fisher Scientific Instruments Company1374
3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromideGuangzhou saiguo biotech Company1334GR001MTT
ACEA NovoExpress 1.4.0ACEA Biosciences, Inc-
AktWuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc10176-2-AP
Analytical flow cytometryThermo Fisher Scientific Instruments Company62-2-1810-1027-0
Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kitBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyC1062L
Astragalus injectionHeilongjiang Zhenbao Island Pharmaceutical CompanyA03190612144Ast injection
Astragaloside AChongqing Gao Ren Biotechnology Company84687-43-4
BaxWuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc60267-1-Ig
BCA protein quantification kitBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyP0012
Bcl-2Wuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc26593-1-AP
Carbon dioxide incubatorsThermo Fisher Scientific Instruments Company0816-2014
Caspase-3Wuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc19677-1-AP
Chlorogenic acidChongqing Gao Ren Biotechnology Company327-97-9
Cobalt chloride hexahydrateMerck Biotechnology, Inc.7791-13-1CoCl2
Dimethyl sulfoxideGuangzhou saiguo biotech Company2020112701DMSO
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrateChengdu Kolon Chemical Company2020090101
DMEM high sugar mediumThermo scientific Hyclone2110050
DMEM sugar free mediumBeijing Solarbio life sciences Company2029548
ECL luminous fluidLianshuo Biological CompanyWBKLS0500
Electronic balanceHaozhuang Hengping Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., Shanghai, ChinaFA1204
Electrophoresis instrumentBio-Rad Laboratories (Shanghai) Co., Ltd1658026
Erigeron breviscapus capsuleYunnan Biogu Pharmaceutical CompanyZ53021671Eri capsule
Fetal bovine serumFour Seasons Institute of Biological Engineering20210402FBS
Fluorescent microscopeOlympms CorporationIX71-F32PH
Gel imagerBio-Rad Laboratories (Shanghai) Co., Ltd1708265
Goat anti-mouse secondary antibodyWuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, IncSA00001-1
Goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodyWuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, IncSA00001- 2
IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0International Business Machines Corporation, USA-
ImageJ 1.8.0National Institutes of Health, USA-imaging software
Immunol fluorescence staining kitBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyP0196
KClChengdu Kolon Chemical Company2021070901
MarkerThermo Fisher Scientific Instruments Company26616
Microplate readerPerkin Elmer Corporate Management (Shanghai) Co.HH35L2018296
Motic Inverted microscopeNanda Scientific Instruments Co.AE2000LED
NaClChengdu Kolon Chemical Company2014081301
Nonfat milkBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyP0216
Nrf2Wuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc16396-1-AP
P-AktWuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc66444-1-Ig
PC12 cellsChinese Academy of SciencesCBP60430
Penicillin-Streptomycin solutionThermo scientific HycloneSV30010
Phosphatase protease inhibitor mixtureBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyP1045
Potassium dihydrogen phosphateChengdu Kolon Chemical Company2015082901
Reactive oxygen species assay kitBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyS0033S
RI-PA lysis solutionBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyP0013B
ScutellarinChongqing Gao Ren Biotechnology Company27740-01-8
SDS-PAGE sample loading buffer, 5xBeyotime Biotechnology CompanyP0015L
Sterile filter tips (0.22 µm)Merck Biotechnology, Inc.SLGP033RB
Tris-baseGuangzhou saiguo biotech Company1115GR500 TBS
TrypsinThermo scientific HycloneJ190013
Tween-20Chengdu Kolon Chemical Company2021051301
Vortex oscillatorOHAUS International Co., Ltd., Shanghai, ChinaVXMNAL
β-actinWuhan Three Eagles Proteintech Group, Inc66009-1-Ig

Odniesienia

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