The authors have no acknowledgements.

All methods described here have been approved by ethics committee of Beijing Hospital. Indications for surgery are according to the European Association of Urology guidelines for nonneurogenic male LUTS. Contraindications include suspected prostate cancer or detrusor dysfunction.
1. Instruments for Operation
<ol>
	<li>Ensure the availability of a LBO crystal laser with a maximum power of 160 W.</li>
	<li>Employ an endfiring laser fiber and saline solution for intraoperative bladder irrigating.</li>
	<li>Use a 26F laser resectoscope to acquire good vision and to enhance the resection efficiency.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation for Operation
<ol>
	<li>Provide an intravenous antibiotic preoperatively (intravenous administration of cefuroxime sodium 1.5 g with 100 mL 0.9%sodium chloride solution 30 min before the operation) to all the patients.</li>
	<li>Before the anesthesia, make the patient lay down on the operation table. 
	Note: General anesthesia is effective and appropriate for this operation, Anesthetist will finally determine the mode of anesthesia depending on patient&#39;s general condition.</li>
	<li>Drape the patients in a sterile fashion in the dorsa lithotomy position.Do not perform any skin preparation.</li>
</ol>
3. Procedure Steps
<ol>
	<li>Vaporesection of the Median Lobe
	<ol>
		<li>Examine the whole bladder cavity and prostatic urethra carefully through the resectoscope after the bladder is distended. 
		Note: This step helps urologist to locate some key anatomic sings including bilateral ureteral orifice and verumontanum.</li>
		<li>Mark two lines initially. Ensure that these lines originate at 5 o&#39;clock and 7 o&#39;clock at the bladder neck and continue along the boundaries between the median and lateral lobes, finally terminating at the proximal margin of the verumontanum.</li>
		<li>Set laser power at 80 W. Vaporize the prostate tissue via a fiber by the laser vaporization along these lines until the white cyclic fibers are seen. 
		Note: This is the sign of prostatic capsule. The two lines are merged into single line adjacent to the verumontanum.</li>
		<li>Set laser power at 80 to 100 W. Mark several lines on surface of the middle lobe via laser fiber. Then divide the wedgeshaped middle lobe into several chunks according to these lines through vaporization technique. Then split each chunk from the middle lobe. Finally, remove the whole middle lobe.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Vaporesection of the Lateral Lobes
	<ol>
		<li>Vaporize the tissue at 12 o&#39;clock from the apex of the prostate to the bladder neck by rotating the cystoscope 180&#176;. Do not let the laser fiber go too close to the apex at 12 o&#39;clock which can cause postoperative urine incontinence. 
		Note: This technique enhances the resection rate of the tissue around the prostate roof.</li>
		<li>Identify the lower margin of both the lateral lobes clearly once vaporesection is complete.</li>
		<li>Before removing the lateral lobes, set another 2 similar grooves that originate from the bladder neck at 3 o&#39;clock and 9 o&#39;clock to the proximal end of the verumontanum.</li>
		<li>Remove the tissue of the lateral gland. Set the laser power at 80 to 100 W and mark several lines on the surface of the left lobe via laser fiber that divides the left lobe into several chunks according to these lines through vaporization technique. Then split each chunk from the lobe and finally remove the whole left lobe. Repeat this procedure to remove right lobe.</li>
		<li>Remove the remnant gland tissue along the existing boundary of the capsule.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Channel Trimming
	<ol>
		<li>Remember to trim some protruding tissues around the apex of the gland, to enhance the integrity of the cavity.</li>
		<li>To avoid intraoperative complications (i.e., capsule perforation or sphincter injury), use vaporization technique rather than resection to trim the tissue near the external urethral sphincter and lower the power to less than 80 Watt.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Hemostasis and Catheterization
	<ol>
		<li>Employ a glass syringe that matches the interface of the resectoscope to remove tissue chunk by water flow. Make sure there is no evidence of the residual tissue in the bladder and prostatic fossa through resectoscope, and identify the intact of the ureteral orifices.</li>
		<li>Employ a lower laser power (30 to 50 W) to stop bleeding around the surgical site. Keep an appropriate distance usually 3 to 5 mm between fiber and vessels to acquire a satisfying hemostasis effect.</li>
		<li>Remove the resectoscope from the urethra. Place a 22 French Foley catheter from urethral orifice to bladder cavity gently with 30 mL water in the balloon after sufficiently lubricating urethra by lidocaine gel.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Postoperative Care
	<ol>
		<li>Let the patient lay down on the bed for around 3 h postoperatively in the care unit until they completely wake up from anesthesia. Meanwhile, make sure patient monitors and medical oxygen are available during this time.</li>
		<li>Upon completely waking up, return the patient to the ward. Let the patient begin to drink some water and take some food. Record the urine output and pay attention to the color of the urine.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Capit&#225;n, C., Bl&#225;zquez, C., Martin, M. D., Hern&#225;ndez, V., de la Pe&#241;a, E., Llorente, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GreenLight+HPS+120W+laser+vaporization+versus+transurethral+resection+of+the+prostate+for+the+treatment+of+lower+urinary+tract+symptoms+due+to+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia:+A+randomized+clinical+trial+with+2-year+follow-up.">GreenLight HPS 120W laser vaporization versus transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: A randomized clinical trial with 2-year follow-up.</a> Eur Urol. 60 (4), 734-739 (2011).</li><li>Cornu, J. N., Ahyai, S., Bachmann, A., de la Rosette, J., Gilling, P., Gratzke, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+functional+outcomes+and+complications+following+transurethral+procedures+for+lower+urinary+tract+symptoms+resulting+from+benign+prostatic+obstruction:+An+update.">A systematic review and meta-analysis of functional outcomes and complications following transurethral procedures for lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic obstruction: An update.</a> Eur Urol. 67 (6), (2014).</li><li>Kang, H. W., Jebens, D., Malek, R. S., Mitchell, G., Koullick, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+vaporization+of+bovine+prostate:+A+quantitative+comparison+of+potassium-titanyl-phosphate+and+lithium+triborate+lasers.">Laser vaporization of bovine prostate: A quantitative comparison of potassium-titanyl-phosphate and lithium triborate lasers.</a> J Urol. 180 (6), 2675-2680 (2008).</li><li>Herrmann, T. R., Liatsikos, E. N., Nagele, U., Traxer, O., Merseburger, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EAU+Guidelines+Panel+on+Lasers,+Technologies.+EAU+guidelines+on+laser+technologies.">EAU Guidelines Panel on Lasers, Technologies. EAU guidelines on laser technologies.</a> Eur Urol. 61 (4), 783-795 (2012).</li><li>Braeckman, J., Denis, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+BPH+then+2000+and+now+2016+-+From+BPH+to+BPO.">Management of BPH then 2000 and now 2016 - From BPH to BPO.</a> Asian J Urol. 4 (3), 138-147 (2017).</li><li>Bachmann, A., Tubaro, A., Barber, N., d'Ancona, F., Muir, G., Witzsch, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+European+multicenter+randomized+noninferiority+trial+comparing+180+W+GreenLight+XPS+laser+vaporization+and+transurethral+resection+of+the+prostate+for+the+treatment+of+benign+prostatic+obstruction:+12-month+results+of+the+GOLIATH+study.">A European multicenter randomized noninferiority trial comparing 180 W GreenLight XPS laser vaporization and transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction: 12-month results of the GOLIATH study.</a> J Urol. 193 (2), 570-578 (2015).</li><li>Peyronnet, B., Pradere, B., Brichart, N., Bodin, T., Bertrand, P., Members of French Group of GreenLight Users, ., Bruy&#232;re, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+associated+with+photoselective+vaporization+of+the+prostate:+Categorization+by+a+panel+of+GreenLight+users+according+to+Clavien+score+and+report+of+a+single-center+experience.">Complications associated with photoselective vaporization of the prostate: Categorization by a panel of GreenLight users according to Clavien score and report of a single-center experience.</a> Urology. 84 (3), 657-664 (2014).</li><li>Cho, S. Y., Park, S., Jeong, M. Y., Ro, Y. K., Son, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=120W+GreenLight+high+performance+system+laser+for+benign+prostate+hyperplasia:+68+patients+with+3-year+follow-up+and+analysis+of+predictors+of+response.">120W GreenLight high performance system laser for benign prostate hyperplasia: 68 patients with 3-year follow-up and analysis of predictors of response.</a> Urology. 80 (2), 396-401 (2012).</li><li>Elmansy, H. M., Elzayat, E., Elhilali, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Holmium+laser+ablation+versus+photoselective+vaporization+of+prostate+less+than+60+cc:+Long-term+results+of+a+randomized+trial.">Holmium laser ablation versus photoselective vaporization of prostate less than 60 cc: Long-term results of a randomized trial.</a> J Urol. 184 (5), 2023-2028 (2010).</li><li>Hong, K., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, J., Xiao, C. L., Huang, Y., Ma, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+safety+of+120W+thulium:+Yttrium-aluminum-garnet+vapoenucleation+of+prostates+compared+with+holmium+laser+enucleation+of+prostates+for+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia.">Efficacy and safety of 120W thulium: Yttrium-aluminum-garnet vapoenucleation of prostates compared with holmium laser enucleation of prostates for benign prostatic hyperplasia.</a> Chin Med J (Engl). 128 (7), 884-889 (2015).</li><li>Hermanns, T., Sulser, T., Fatzer, M., Baumgartner, M. K., Rey, J. M., Sigrist, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+fiber+deterioration+and+loss+of+power+output+during+photo-selective+80-W+potassiumtitanyl-phosphate+laser+vaporization+of+the+prostate.">Laser fiber deterioration and loss of power output during photo-selective 80-W potassiumtitanyl-phosphate laser vaporization of the prostate.</a> Eur Urol. 55 (3), 679-686 (2009).</li><li>Hermanns, T., Strebel, D. D., Hefermehl, L. J., Gross, O., Mortezavi, A., M&#252;ller, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium+triborate+laser+vaporization+of+the+prostate+using+the+120+W,+high+performance+system+laser:+High+performance+all+the+way?.">Lithium triborate laser vaporization of the prostate using the 120 W, high performance system laser: High performance all the way?.</a> J Urol. 185 (6), 2241-2247 (2011).</li><li>Schwartz, J., Renard, J., Wolf, J. P., Moret, M., Iselin, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-power+potassium-titanyl-phosphate+laser+fibres+for+endovaporization+of+benign+prostatic+hyperplasia:+How+much+do+they+deteriorate+during+the+procedure?.">High-power potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser fibres for endovaporization of benign prostatic hyperplasia: How much do they deteriorate during the procedure?.</a> BJU Int. 107 (12), 1938-1942 (2011).</li><li>Son, H., Ro, Y. K., Min, S. H., Choo, M. S., Kim, J. K., Lee, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+vaporization-resection+for+photoselective+vaporization+of+the+prostate+using+a+GreenLight+high+-performance+system+120-W+Laser:+the+Seoul+technique.">Modified vaporization-resection for photoselective vaporization of the prostate using a GreenLight high -performance system 120-W Laser: the Seoul technique.</a> Urology. 77 (2), 427-432 (2011).</li><li>Mandal, S., Sankhwar, S. N., Kathpalia, R., Singh, M. K., Kumar, M., Goel, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grading+complications+after+transurethral+resection+of+prostate+using+modified+Clavien+classification+system+and+predicting+complications+using+the+Charlson+comorbidity+index.">Grading complications after transurethral resection of prostate using modified Clavien classification system and predicting complications using the Charlson comorbidity index.</a> Int Urol Nephrol. 45 (2), 347-354 (2013).</li><li>Gong, Y. G., Liu, R. M., Gao, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoselective+vaporesection+of+the+prostate+with+a+front-firing+lithium+triborate+laser:+Surgical+technique+and+experience+after+215+procedures.">Photoselective vaporesection of the prostate with a front-firing lithium triborate laser: Surgical technique and experience after 215 procedures.</a> Eur Urol. 67 (6), 1142-1159 (2015).</li></ol>

This study was sponsored by National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2017YFC0840100 and 2017YFC0840102).

Here, we share our experiences with PVRP. First, PVRP enabled better exposure of the prostate capsule with proper demarcation and reduced the risk of capsule perforation. Second, the tissue removal should be carried out along the surgical capsule, especially with the groove at 12 o&#39;clock, which facilitates tissue resection around the roof of the prostatic urethra and provides a satisfactory tissue removal rate. Third, it is essential to remove the middle lobe initially to acquire a wider channel in the prostatic uret...

Although transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still accepted as the gold standard in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) surgical treatment, laser surgeries have gradually become more popular due to the better patient tolerance, less intraoperative blood loss, satisfactory efficacy, and shorter postoperative recovery1,2,3. Currently, the most commonly used lasers for the BPH treatment worldwide are generated by lithium potassium titanyl phosphate or lithium triborate (LBO) crystals4,5. Traditionally, these are classified as sidefiring lasers compared to other types of laser, such as holmium laser and thulium laser.
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) surgery could considerably decline TURP syndrome due to saline irrigation6,7, and compared to other types of lasers, the reliable efficacy of lower urinary tract syndrome (LUTS) by PVP was verified by a series of studies8,9,10. However, PVP associated with side-firing laser emission also has some disadvantages, including an energy loss of nearly 20% and a short lifespan of the laser fiber11,12,13. Moreover, PVP increases the possibility of missed diagnosis of prostate cancer due to complete tissue vaporization.
The introduction of Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate (PVRP) with an end-firing fiber successfully overcame most of the disadvantages of PVP mentioned above. First, the tip is capable of transmitting laser to the tissues with almost no energy loss intraoperatively. Second, when fiber debris collects on the tip, it is straightforward to maintain the ideal output power by simply removing the affected parts. Finally, laser resection enables the collection of specimens for postoperative pathologic examination. Hence, using this protocol in treating BPH could enhance the tissue removal rate, save the operative time and improve the intraoperative safety.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1026">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="124">
			<td height="124" style="height:124px;width:279px;">FLARE surgical Laser Fiber</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">REALTON</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:477px;">The FLARE Surgical laser Fiber is a 600 micron fiber with an straight tip that transmits the laser energy directly. this product is packaged sterile for disposable use and should not be re-sterilized or reused. Dispose of properly after use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="213">
			<td height="213" style="height:213px;width:279px;">AURORA Surgical Green Laser System</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">REALTON</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">pvp-160-021</td>
			<td style="width:477px;">The AURORA Surgical green laser system is a diode-pumped, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG solid state laser. The AURORA Surgical green laser system features a &#8220;Plug and Play&#8221; capability that self-adjusts to the facility&#8217;s individual voltage requirements, eliminating the need for electrical modifications. The laser system also includes an air-cooled internal mechanism, ensuring safe operating temperatures with no external water connections. Laser energy emission and system status selection is activated through a surgeon-controlled, color-coded footswitch or system touch screen feature located in the laser console.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

photoselective vaporesection of the prostate via an end-firing lithium triborate crystal laser

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging male population. Although it is not a life-threatening disease, BPH causes problems that seriously impact the quality of life. Here, we introduce a new technique called photoselective vaporesection of the prostate (PVRP) in treating BPH, which can be seen as a variation of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP). This procedure presents several advantages compared to the PVP technique including less laser energy loss, less intraoperative complications as well as more tissue resection rate.

A total of 35 patients who underwent PVRP were included in one of our studies. The mean patient age was 72.1 &#177; 7.1 years (range 53-85 years).
Perioperative data are listed in Table 1. The mean laser emission time accounted for nearly 50% of the mean operative time. The blood loss in most patients was &#60; 200 mL. However, the average deviated due to some moderate bleeding cases. Almost 90% of the patients ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser at JoVE.com

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

Here we present a protocol to perform Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate (PVRP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

The occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem with a high incidence in the aging ...

photoselective-vaporesection-prostate-via-an-end-firing-lithium

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.9K Views.  Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology. Here we present a protocol to perform Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate (PVRP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment.

Video: Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

Evaluation of Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumors in Real Time Using Intravital Imaging

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle uptake in tumors at the microscopic level1,2,3, highlighting the utility of a suitable xenograft model in which to perform detailed uptake analyses. Here, we use high-resolution intravital imaging to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in human tumor xenografts in a modified, shell-less chicken embryo model. The chicken embryo model is particularly well-suited for these in vivo analyses because it supports the growth of human tumors, is relatively inexpensive and does not require anesthetization or surgery 4,5. Tumor cells form fully vascularized xenografts within 7 days when implanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) 6. The resulting tumors are visualized by non-invasive real-time, high-resolution imaging that can be maintained for up to 72 hours with little impact on either the host or tumor systems. Nanoparticles with a wide range of sizes and formulations administered distal to the tumor can be visualized and quantified as they flow through the bloodstream, extravasate from leaky tumor vasculature, and accumulate at the tumor site. We describe here the analysis of nanoparticles derived from Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) decorated with near-infrared fluorescent dyes and/or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG) 7, 8, 9,10,11. Upon intravenous administration, these viral nanoparticles are rapidly internalized by endothelial cells, resulting in global labeling of the vasculature both outside and within the tumor7,12. PEGylation of the viral nanoparticles increases their plasma half-life, extends their time in the circulation, and ultimately enhances their accumulation in tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect 7, 10,11. The rate and extent of accumulation of nanoparticles in a tumor is measured over time using image analysis software. This technique provides a method to both visualize and quantify nanoparticle dynamics in human tumors.

We present a novel approach to quantify nanoparticle localization in the vasculature of human xenografted tumors using dynamic, real-time intravital imaging in an avian embryo model.

Current technologies for tumor imaging, such as ultrasound, MRI, PET and CT, are unable to yield high-resolution images for the assessment of nanoparticle ...

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces during standard endoscopy. With applications currently in the respiratory1 and gastrointestinal tracts,2-6 CLE has also been explored in the urinary tract for bladder cancer diagnosis.7-10 Cellular morphology and tissue microarchitecture can be resolved with micron scale resolution in real time, in addition to dynamic imaging of the normal and pathological vasculature.7
The probe-based CLE system (Cellvizio, Mauna Kea Technologies, France) consists of a reusable fiberoptic imaging probe coupled to a 488 nm laser scanning unit. The imaging probe is inserted in the working channels of standard flexible and rigid endoscopes. An endoscope-based CLE system (Optiscan, Australia), in which the confocal endomicroscopy functionality is integrated onto the endoscope, is also used in the gastrointestinal tract. Given the larger scope diameter, however, application in the urinary tract is currently limited to ex vivo use.11 Confocal image acquisition is done through direct contact of the imaging probe with the target tissue and recorded as video sequences. As in the gastrointestinal tract, endomicroscopy of the urinary tract requires an exogenenous contrast agent&mdash;most commonly fluorescein, which can be administered intravenously or intravesically. Intravesical administration is a well-established method to introduce pharmacological agents locally with minimal systemic toxicity that is unique to the urinary tract. Fluorescein rapidly stains the extracellular matrix and has an established safety profile.12 Imaging probes of various diameters enable compatibility with different caliber endoscopes. To date, 1.4 and 2.6 mm probes have been evaluated with flexible and rigid cystoscopy.10 Recent availability of a &lt; 1 mm imaging probe13 opens up the possibility of CLE in the upper urinary tract during ureteroscopy. Fluorescence cystoscopy (i.e. photodynamic diagnosis) and narrow band imaging are additional endoscope-based optical imaging modalities14 that can be combined with CLE to achieve multimodal imaging of the urinary tract. In the future, CLE may be coupled with molecular contrast agents such as fluorescently labeled peptides15 and antibodies for endoscopic imaging of disease processes with molecular specificity.

Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy enables real-time microscopy of the human urinary tract during cystoscopy, providing dynamic, intravital imaging of pathological states such as bladder cancer with cellular resolution. Endomicroscopy may augment the diagnostic accuracy of standard white light endoscopy and provide intraoperative image guidance to improve surgical resection.

Probe-based  confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is an emerging optical imaging technology  that enables real-time in vivo microscopy of mucosal surfaces ...

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are necessary for whole animal experiments that require surgery under deep anesthesia or measurements of lung function. Tracheostomy has been the standard for intubating the airway in these mice to allow mechanical ventilation. Orotracheal intubation has been reported but has not been successfully used in many studies because of the substantial technical difficulty or a requirement for highly specialized and expensive equipment. Here we report a technique of direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope fitted with a 2.0 mm speculum and using a 20 G&#160;intravenous catheter as an endotracheal tube. We have used this technique extensively and reliably to intubate and conduct accurate assessments of lung function in mice. This technique has proven safe, with essentially no animal loss in experienced hands. Moreover, this technique can be used for repeated studies of mice in chronic models.

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

We have developed a simple, reliable, and relatively inexpensive method for endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope with a 2.0 mm speculum. This technique is atraumatic and can be used for repeated measurements in chronic experiments. We find it superior to tracheostomy or previously reported nonsurgical techniques.

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow (ischemia) 1. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) delivers a great majority of blood to the lateral surface of the cortex 2, is the most common site of human stroke 3, and ischemia within its territory can result in extensive dysfunction or death 1,4,5. Survivors of ischemic stroke often suffer loss or disruption of motor capabilities, sensory deficits, and infarct. In an effort to capture these key characteristics of stroke, and thereby develop effective treatment, a great deal of emphasis is placed upon animal models of ischemia in MCA.
Here we present a method of permanently occluding a cortical surface blood vessel. We will present this method using an example of a relevant vessel occlusion that models the most common type, location, and outcome of human stroke, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). In this model, we surgically expose MCA in the adult rat and subsequently occlude via double ligature and transection of the vessel. This pMCAO blocks the proximal cortical branch of MCA, causing ischemia in all of MCA cortical territory, a large portion of the cortex. This method of occlusion can also be used to occlude more distal portions of cortical vessels in order to achieve more focal ischemia targeting a smaller region of cortex. The primary disadvantages of pMCAO are that the surgical procedure is somewhat invasive as a small craniotomy is required to access MCA, though this results in minimal tissue damage. The primary advantages of this model, however, are: the site of occlusion is well defined, the degree of blood flow reduction is consistent, functional and neurological impairment occurs rapidly, infarct size is consistent, and the high rate of survival allows for long-term chronic assessment.

Permanent Cerebral Vessel Occlusion via Double Ligature and Transection

We describe a highly reproducible method for the permanent occlusion of a rodent major cerebral blood vessel. This technique can be accomplished with very little peripheral damage, minimal blood loss, a high rate of long-term survival, and consistent infarct volume commensurate with the human clinical population.

Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and socioeconomic loss worldwide. The majority of all strokes result from an interruption in blood flow ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

An &#8220;All-laser&#8221; Endothelial Transplant

The &#8220;all laser&#8221; assisted endothelial keratoplasty is a procedure that is performed with a femtosecond laser used to cut the donor tissue at an intended depth, and a near infrared diode laser to weld the corneal tissue. The proposed technique enables to reach the three main goals in endothelial keratoplasty: a precise control in the thickness of the donor tissue; its easy insertion in the recipient bed and a reduced risk of donor lenticule dislocation. The donor cornea thickness is measured in the surgery room with optical coherence tomography (OCT), in order to correctly design the donor tissue dimensions. A femtosecond laser is used to cut the donor cornea. The recipient eye is prepared by manual stripping of the descemetic membrane. The donor endothelium is inserted into a Busin-injector, the peripheral inner side is stained with a proper chromophore (a water solution of Indocyanine Green) and then it is pulled in the anterior chamber. The transplanted tissue is placed in the final and correct location and then diode laser welding is induced from outside the eyeball. The procedure has been performed on more than 15 patients evidencing an improvement in surgery performances, with a good recovery of visual acuity and a reduced donor lenticule dislocation event.

An all laser procedure is proposed in the endothelial transplant. The surgical technique is based on the use of a femtosecond laser to prepare the donor tissue. Laser welding technique is then used to secure the donor endothelium in the correct position.

The &#8220;all laser&#8221; assisted endothelial keratoplasty is a procedure that is performed with a femtosecond laser used to cut the donor tissue at an ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP).

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the quality of life. BPH includes 2 major treatments: medication and surgery. Surgical treatment is often the most effective and final intervention. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), one of the most efficient surgical procedures for BPH, is conducted transurethrally. During surgery, the most important and most difficult part is to locate the surgical capsule of the prostate, which is consistent to the idea of anatomic surgery. Different skills may be needed in treating different parts of the prostate. HoLEP tends to be efficient and safe with good hemostatic properties, and able to treat bladder calculus, which may be the complications of BPH. The technique is particularly suitable for prostate of varying volumes and sizes. Indeed, HoLEP also presents certain disadvantages, such as a long learning curve and costly equipment. Regardless, this method may be the "new standard" and the excellent method for the surgical treatment of BPH.

Surgical Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate HoLEP.

Here we present a safe and efficient protocol, holmium laser enucleation of the prostate, to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) commonly occurs among elderly males. The condition causes symptoms in the lower urinary tract, thereby reducing the ...

Enucleation of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using a 980 nm Diode Laser

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. Here, we introduce a new technique called 980 nm diode laser enucleation (DiLEP) to treat BPH1. Diode lasers can absorb both water and hemoglobin at the same time, so they are good for cutting and hemostasis2. The diode laser was approved by the FDA in 2007, and has been used in the treatment of BPH because of its effective cutting and hemostasis effect3. DiLEP presents several advantages over other techniques, such as TURP, HoLEP, and PVP. During the procedure, we define the boundary of a high-volume prostate and separate it into three lobes with a diode laser by burning two rings and one groove (like a Cupid&#39;s arrow). Compared to other procedures, mDiLEP has fewer intraoperative complications, a shorter learning curve, and achieves more tissue resection.

Here, we present a protocol for modified 980 nm diode laser enucleation to treat large volume benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In the aging male population, the occurrence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common problem. ...

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

Acute liver injury (ALI) plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic failure, which is characterized by severe liver dysfunction including complications such as hepatic encephalopathy and impaired protein synthesis. Appropriate animal models are vital to test the mechanism and pathophysiology of ALI and investigate different hepatoprotective strategies. Due to its ability to perform chemical transformations, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is widely used in the liver to induce ALI through the formation of reactive oxygen species. CCl4 exposure can be performed intraperitoneally, by inhalation, or through a nasogastric or orogastric tube. Here, we describe a rodent model, in which ALI is induced by CCl4 exposure through an orogastric tube. This method is inexpensive, easily performed, and has minimal hazard risk. The model is highly reproducible and can be widely used to determine the efficacy of potential hepatoprotective strategies and assess markers of liver injury.

Inducing Acute Liver Injury in Rats via Carbon Tetrachloride CCl4 Exposure Through an Orogastric Tube

This protocol describes a common and feasible method of inducing acute liver injury (ALI) via CCl4 exposure through an orogastric tube. CCl4 exposure induces ALI through the formation of reactive oxygen species during its biotransformation in the liver. This method is used to analyze the pathophysiology of ALI and examine different hepatoprotective strategies.

Photoselective Vaporesection of the Prostate via an End-firing Lithium Triborate Crystal Laser

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