We would like to acknowledge the work of Gemma Charlesworth and Mandie Prior at the University of Liverpool, who acquired the &#181;CT images used in this publication. Work was funded by Versus Arthritis (grants 20199 and 22483). Lynette Dunning was funded by Versus Arthritis (grant 20199). Kendal McCulloch was funded by a UWS PhD scholarship. Carmen Huesa was funded by Versus Arthritis (grants 20199 and 22483).

All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethical Review Panel of the University of Glasgow and the University of the West of Scotland, and carried out following the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK) guidelines. 10-week-old C57Bl6/J male mice, weighing around 25 g, were used for the present study. The mice were obtained from commercial sources (see Table of Materials).
1. Animal preparation
NOTE: Consider mouse gender in regards to the purpose of the study as post-traumatic OA models display important differences depending on gender8,9,10.
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that the anesthetic reagent (2% isoflurane) is ready. 
	NOTE: Injectable anesthesia can also be used11. Given the quick duration of the surgery, the use of inhalant anesthesia is recommended.</li>
	<li>Use a separate sham-operated age-matched group as surgical control. 
	NOTE: The contralateral knee must not be used as a surgical control (sham operation on the contralateral leg). This may have issues in terms of animal welfare, and it will likely affect gait and gait measurements. The contralateral knee normalizes intrinsic bone parameters12 and acts as a paired comparison on evoked pain tests13.</li>
	<li>Use skeletally mature mice. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Most literature induces OA at 8-12 weeks of age. In the present study, the mice are 10 weeks old.</li>
</ol>
2. Pre-operative care (carried out by a surgical assistant)
<ol>
	<li>If transported from a different facility, allow at least 1 week prior to surgical intervention for mice to adjust to their new environment.</li>
	<li>Carry out surgery in an appropriately designated sterile room, ensuring all surfaces are sterile (e.g., use sterile drapes to cover areas of surgery). 
	NOTE: The surgery is aseptic.</li>
	<li>Arrange and place sterile instruments on sterile drapes.</li>
	<li>Weigh the mouse.</li>
	<li>Induce anesthesia by introducing the mouse in an anesthetic cage and then introducing 2% isofluorane for upto 15 min using a standard anesthetic rig (see Table of Materials). 
	NOTE: The cage must not have &#34;residual&#34; anesthesia prior to introducing the mouse.</li>
	<li>Once anesthetized, take the mouse out of the anesthetic chamber and clip the fur over the knee, front and lateral sides from the mid-shin to the mid-thigh with small hair clippers. 
	NOTE: The choice of hindlimb knee is up to the operator&#39;s preference on which side they find easier to conduct the surgery. This protocol operated on the left leg.</li>
	<li>Ensure the mouse is fully anesthetized (non-responsive to pinching the foot).</li>
	<li>Disinfect skin by applying antibacterial skin cleanser (e.g., containing chlorhexidine or iodophor, see Table of Materials) on shaved exposed skin.</li>
	<li>For analgesia, administer 0.05 mg/kg of buprenorphine subcutaneously.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse on the dorsal side, leaving the knee to be operated on upwards, and place the mouse nose in the nozzle connected to the anesthetic rig.</li>
	<li>Cover the mouse with a sterile drape with a small keyhole opening.</li>
	<li>Position the leg to be operated on with the knee flexed at less than 90&#176;, with the patellar ligament facing upwards and the foot immobilized with surgical tape.</li>
</ol>
3. Destabilization of the medial meniscus procedure followed by cartilage scratch
<ol>
	<li>Adjust the microscope to focus on the patellar ligament.</li>
	<li>Pinch the skin of the knee on the lateral side with serrated forceps (see Table of Materials), make a small cut parallel to the distal patellar tendon using surgical scissors, introduce the scissors and expand the cut to about 1 cm. Move the skin over to the medial side, exposing the patellar ligament and the proximal tibial plateau (Figure 1).</li>
	<li>With a number 11 blade, make an incision along the medial side of the patellar ligament, from the top to the bottom of the ligament (Figure 1A). When reaching the bottom of the patellar ligament, turn the blade 90&#176; and extend the incision away from the patellar ligament toward the medial side to gain access to the joint capsule. 
	NOTE: Bleeding may occur in this or the subsequent steps. If bleeding occurs use a sterile cotton bud and apply pressure a few seconds (5 to 30 s).</li>
	<li>Pinch the patellar ligament with blunt tip forceps and rotate the wrist to move the patellar ligament to the lateral side, just enough to expose the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP). 
	NOTE: To minimize damage to the patellar ligament, do not hold the tweezers too tight, just sufficient to keep the ligament to the side.</li>
	<li>While still holding the patellar ligament lightly, pinch the IFP with micro-tweezers (see Table of Materials) to raise it and move it slightly upward. This allows visualizing the medial meniscus ligament.</li>
	<li>Identify the medial meniscotibial ligament (MMTL) of the medial meniscus, which anchors the cranial horn of the medial meniscus to the anterior tibial plateau (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Avoid damage and prolonged cartilage exposure at the tibial plateau or femoral condyle.</li>
	<li>Carefully sever the MMTL with small 2 mm blade Vannas spring scissors, leaving the medial meniscus and other ligaments intact. At this point, the surgical procedure for the DMM model is completed (Figure 1C).</li>
	<li>With a 3 mm microsurgical knife, mark three evenly spaced indentations on the tibial articular cartilage in a direction from the posterior to the anterior part. 
	NOTE: The scores are about 1 mm in length and only damage the surface of the cartilage (Figure 2D).
	<ol>
		<li>Do not use excessive force with the blade onto the cartilage (i.e., ensure the scratches are superficial). This additional step inflicts cartilage damage, inducing the DCS model.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Close the skin with two or three small 7 mm wound closure metal clips or absorbable 6-0 subdermal surgical sutures (see Table of Materials). 
	NOTE: Subdermal surgical sutures are better as they avoid further intervention, but they extend the surgery duration. External sutures increase the risk of wound opening by the gnawing of the mice.</li>
	<li>Identify the medial meniscotibial ligament of the medial meniscus for sham surgery, but do not sever.</li>
	<li>For mice only receiving cartilage scratches, make the three superficial scratches without severing the ligament. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Between each mouse, change gloves and sterilize instruments via autoclave. Remember to check the instruments have cooled before re-use.</li>
</ol>
4. Post-operative care
<ol>
	<li>If bleeding has occurred (&#62;50 uL), inject 500 &#181;L of warm sterile saline subcutaneously (on the back of the mouse). 
	NOTE: In our experience, although mice have minor bleeds, it never is more than a small drop, and thus fluids do not need to be replenished.</li>
	<li>After surgery, place the mouse in a recovery cage on a clean paper tissue and allow recovery from anesthesia (5-10 min).</li>
	<li>Transfer the fully conscious mice into a clean cage with fresh bedding after surgery.</li>
	<li>In the 72 h after surgical intervention, monitor for any signs of pain or distress. Pay attention to:
	<ol>
		<li>Changes in body weight. Although body weight may decrease on the first and second day, this is usually no more than 5% of the pre-surgical body weight.</li>
		<li>General lack of grooming or over-grooming around the incision.</li>
		<li>Signs of general health deterioration, such as hunched posture, facial grimacing, and/or abnormal respiration.</li>
		<li>Wound infection as indicated by any swelling, discharge, or opening of the wound. 
		NOTE: Infection may occur if the surgical wound opens. As surgical wound repair (e.g., replacing missing metal clips or re-suturing) is a regulated procedure, ensure relevant approval is obtained prior to performing repairs.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Remove metal clips between 5-7 days post-surgery.</li>
	<li>Maintain mice typically 2-52 weeks post-operatively depending on the study design.</li>
	<li>Evaluate pain/gait at any point during the study. 
	NOTE: The present study uses dynamic weight-bearing as described in step 5.1.</li>
	<li>Euthanize the animal by an approved method, according to the national licensing agreements, local guidelines, and experimental approval. 
	&#8203;NOTE: In the present study, the animals were euthanized via exsanguination (cardiac puncture) under terminal anesthesia followed by cervical dislocation14.</li>
</ol>
5. Evaluation of osteoarthritic disease
<ol>
	<li>Measure dynamic weight bearing as a surrogate measurement of&#160;pain following the steps below. 
	NOTE: As mice are prey animals, they tend to hide pain behaviors. This makes the measurement of pain difficult. There are many ways to measure evoked pain, such as Von Frey15 and gait analysis16. The present study measured the differential load between the operated osteoarthritic leg and the unoperated control leg on a pressure mat while the mouse was in a cage (see Table of Materials, Figure 2A).
	<ol>
		<li>Weigh the mouse. Tare and calibrate the pressure mat according to manufacturer&#39;s specific instructions (see Dynamic weight-bearing equipment in Table of Materials). Introduce the mouse in the cage.</li>
		<li>Record movement and paw pressure of the mouse in the cage for 5 min. Analyze acquired data to validate 1 min, following manufacturer&#39;s instructions. 
		NOTE: The manufacturer&#39;s automated analysis on DWB software (see dynamic weight-bearing equipment in Table of materials) provides measurements on each paw in proportion to the total body weight, the amount of the validated time that each paw remained on the mat, and an estimation of the mat area occupied by each paw. This allows the calculation of the differential load between the two rear paws, the differential load between the front and rear paws, an increase of front paw loading (if the same mouse has been measured over a period of time), the time spent lifting the OA leg in comparison to the contralateral leg and the paw surface.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Quantify calcified tissue through microcomputed tomography (&#181;CT). 
	NOTE: Although subchondral bone osteosclerosis and osteophyte formation can be measured in histological sections, &#181;CT offers the opportunity to quantify three-dimensionally. The resolution of image capture in &#181;CT at 5 &#181;m is sufficient, as this allows visualization of smaller structures such as the osteophytes, although the higher the resolution, the better.
	<ol>
		<li>Fix knee joints in 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 24 h, then transfer to 70% EtOH.</li>
		<li>Scan knee joints in a &#181;CT scanner. 
		NOTE: In the present study, the samples were scanned on a &#181;CT scanner (see Table of Materials) with a 0.5 aluminum filter set at 50 kV and 200 &#181;A. Samples were examined at a voxel size of 4.5 &#181;m; 2 &#181;m, 0.2&#176; rotation angle for imaging, and 0.5&#176; rotation angle for quantification.</li>
		<li>Reconstruct scans to allow 3D visualization. The scans presented here were reconstructed using compatible software (see Table of Materials).</li>
		<li>Analyze subchondral bone sclerosis (Figure 2B) following the steps below.
		<ol>
			<li>Select a volume of interest (VOI) of 0.5 mm &#215; 0.9 mm &#215; 0.9 mm in the center of the load of the medial tibial plateau17.</li>
			<li>Normalize against the intrinsic bone phenotype of the mouse by analyzing the unoperated leg.</li>
			<li>Determine the subchondral bone density and micro-architecture by selecting a region of interest (ROI) delineating the trabecular structure within the tibial epiphysis, the subchondral plate, or the total subchondral bone in the two-dimensional coronal view of the stack using CTan software (see Table of Materials). 
			NOTE: As the disease progresses, the separation between the subchondral plate and subchondral trabecular region becomes more difficult to distinguish. It is then recommended to analyze the area of subchondral bone selected from the joint space to the growth plate.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Quantify osteophytes (Figure 2C) following the steps below.
		<ol>
			<li>Identify osteophytes in the reconstructed three-dimensional image stacks using CTvol software (see Table of Materials). 
			NOTE: Mineralized osteophytes are protrusions similar to woven bone visible on the medial side of the subchondral bone18. An example of these is indicated with yellow arrows in Figure 2C.</li>
			<li>Manually count the number of identified osteophytes in the medial side of the knee joint.</li>
			<li>Measure osteophyte volume in 2D sequential image analysis (using the CT analyzer) by delineating the edge of osteophytes manually, protruding from the subchondral plate as the region of interest (ROI) for analysis.</li>
			<li>Calculate osteophyte bone density as the ratio of bone volume over osteophyte volume using the CT analyzer software (see Table of Materials).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Evaluate cartilage damage and synovitis (Figure 2D) according to the OARSI cartilage damage score19 and synovitis score20 on paraffin-embedded 6 &#181;m sections.
	<ol>
		<li>After scanning, decalcify knee joints in 10% EDTA at 4 &#176;C for a minimum of 2 weeks, changing solution twice a week.</li>
		<li>Embed samples in paraffin. For treatments and incubation periods, see Supplementary File 1.</li>
		<li>Cut 5 &#181;m coronal sections of paraffin-embedded samples on a rotary microtome (see Table of Materials).</li>
		<li>Select sections in the area where the tibial and femoral condyles meet (Figure 2D). Select two sections in three equally distanced areas of the joint. 
		NOTE: Sections scored in the present study were selected in areas 80-100 &#181;m apart.</li>
		<li>Stain sections with Safranin-O and Fast green (see Table of Materials) following the steps below.
		<ol>
			<li>Deparaffinize sections by submerging them (in the mentioned sequence) in Xylene for 5 min (2x), 100% ethanol for 2 min, 95% ethanol for 2 min, 80% ethanol for 2 min, and 70% ethanol for 2 min.</li>
			<li>Stain with filtered Haematoxylin (see Table of Materials) for 30 s. Then rinse in tap water for 5 min (three times).</li>
			<li>Wash with Scott&#39;s buffer (2 g of sodium bicarbonate and 10 g of magnesium sulfate in 1 L of distilled water) for 2 min. Rinse in &#39;tap water&#39; for 5 min (three times).</li>
			<li>Stain for 4 min with 0.2% Fast green. Dip in 1% glacial acetic acid, five times (freshly made each session). Rinse quickly in tap water.</li>
			<li>Stain for 5 min with 0.5% Safranin-O. Rinse in 95% ethanol. Dehydrate sections in 100% ethanol for 3 min followed by 3 min in Xylene.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Score sections as stated in Glasson et al. for cartilage19 and Jackson et al. for synovitis20. 
		NOTE: Other methods of quantification exist, such as the computer-based quantification by Pinamont et al.21.</li>
		<li>Validate the scoring system with two different scorers, blinded to the experiment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

To perform surgical induction of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), support from an assistant is strongly recommended (e.g., to prepare the mice while the operator focuses on the surgery). This facilitates aseptic surgery, thereby reducing the risks of infections and making the intervention more efficient in large experiments. It is easy to lose the plane of focus during the surgery, so a microscope that includes pedals for focusing is a valuable feature in helping to maintain sterility throughout the surgery. The position of the mouse and the knee is crucial. The knee must be facing upward and sufficiently bent to maximize the opening of the knee joint space, facilitating easier access to the ligament for introducing the microblade to scratch the condyle surface. Identifying the MMTL can be challenging, especially when the fat pad is larger than usual or there is a small bleed. To avoid bleeds, push the fat pad upward to prevent tears and subsequent bleeding. If the fat pad is large, this might take a little longer, but patiently continue to push it upwards.
The MMTL is quite close to the tibial condyle, so one must take care not to injure the cartilage when positioning the lower blade of the curved spring scissors under the MMTL. The curved blades should point toward the medial side and slightly upward, parallel to the condyle. For best sectioning of the MMTL, ensure the scissors are sharp. Check that the meniscus can move medially after cutting the ligament, as sometimes a small attachment remains that needs further cutting. When introducing the microblade to scratch the condyle, it must be perpendicular to the condyle. Make the first scratch closer to the middle of the joint but take care not to damage the anterior cruciate ligament. Then move toward the medial side and then behind the meniscus. The scratches might be visible as faint white lines on the cartilage. Because we usually use clips, the initial incision is performed on the lateral side, so the clips are positioned on the side of the leg after closing the wound. This avoids the clips rubbing the knee as the mouse regains movement. When using sutures, the use of subdermal stitches is strongly recommended. If using external stitches, the mice are likely to gnaw at the stitches and open their wound, which will increase the chances of infection. When done right, this surgery must not take more than 5-10 min, from incision to wound closure, thus minimizing the exposure of the cartilage and any additional uncontrolled damage that may occur. After the surgery, the mice recover very quickly and almost immediately can climb into the cage and move around normally. If the mice are not active, the appropriate expert in the unit should be consulted.
For the behavioral evaluation of pain, dynamic weight-bearing was assessed. However, this method may be considered less sensitive than other evoked pain tests, such as von Frey testing15. It is recommended that more than one method is used to monitor and assess pain. The changes observed 2 weeks after intervention in DCS, even though transient, indicate a generally decreased loading of the OA leg compared to the healthy leg. Therefore, 2 weeks after DCS intervention may be used to evaluate early osteoarthritic or injury pain in mouse models. Visualization of mineralized osteophytes by &#181;CT allows for three-dimensional quantification, which can also be matched to the histological sections12, adding another dimension to the study of osteophyte emergence and evolution. In our group, osteophyte presence was variable in the DMM model between and within operators (2.3 &#177; 1 vs. 1.2 &#177; 1, n &#62; 7, P = 0.0183), whereas induction of DCS robustly led to osteophyte generation in all cases irrespective of the operator (2.6 &#177; 0.7 vs. 2.4 &#177; 0.5, n &#62; 7, P = 0.711). Also, there are significantly more and larger osteophytes in the DCS model compared to DMM. Thus, DCS is an ideal model for the study of osteophyte formation. Quantification of osteosclerosis limited to the loading area of the subchondral bone is also an improvement in detecting small changes. Comparing the medial compartment of the operated leg to the contralateral leg also offers a way to normalize against the intrinsic bone phenotype of that particular mouse12. The addition of the cartilage scratches in the DCS model is a controlled means of inducing focused cartilage damage during surgery that accelerates many of the aspects of the disease. One of the consequences of the experimental procedure involving intentional damage to the cartilage itself is that this artefactual damage needs to be excluded or adjusted for in the cartilage grading system. Because of this limitation, we do not recommend this model if the study&#39;s main aim is to understand the effect of osteoarthritis on the cartilage itself. Finally, it is also strongly recommended to have at least two blinded scorers grade the cartilage damage and synovitis scores. This validates and enhances the standardization of the scoring systems.
A limitation of this study is that the extent of variability across all the parameters comparing the DCS and DMM models was not fully evaluated. This will be addressed in the future with more extensive studies, which could also include an assessment of the variability between operators from different institutions.
In conclusion, the accelerated OA pathogenesis in the current DCS model allows representation of post-traumatic OA and provides a powerful and robust research tool to investigate and elucidate underlying OA pathophysiological mechanisms driving this chronic debilitating joint disease. Additionally, it enables OA to be explored in a shorter time window, focusing on osteophytogenesis, OA pain, and the effect of cartilage damage on the whole joint.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in people over 45, with over 8.75 million seeking treatment in the UK1. The growing prevalence of the disease has led to an increased economic and societal cost, is a major contributor to disability, and reduces the quality of life for patients1. Without treatments available, there is an urgent need to accelerate research to understand the development and progression of the disease. The disease is complex and also multifactorial in its nature. The main clinical measurements of the disease are pain and joint mobility2, and OA affects all the tissues in the joint, not just the cartilage3. One of the main challenges in understanding OA is that it can take years, sometimes decades, from initial presentation/injury to symptomatic disease progression with pain and immobility. 
Modeling osteoarthritis in rodents has enhanced our knowledge of OA pathophysiology by allowing us to understand the initiation and progression in a much shorter time frame and with a detailed examination of the tissues involved. There are numerous murine models of osteoarthritis, from genetically modified animals to surgical intervention models. The most widely used murine model of post-traumatic OA is the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)4,5. A caveat of the model is the variability between different operators. Experienced surgeons can perform the procedure with minimal joint damage, while inexperienced operators expose the joint capsule for longer periods of time and inflict damage on the cartilage. This variability in the process influences the severity of the model, with more initial damage leading to increased cartilage damage scores and osteophyte formation. Intending to reduce the variability between operators and mimic cartilage damage from clinical intervention, a modified version of this model is developed, whereby controlled additional damage onto the cartilage surface in the form of three superficial scratches are inflicted6. This also allows modeling the OA progression resulting from cartilage damage caused by some clinical interventions. Compared to the standard DMM model, the directly induced cartilage damage results in consistently accelerated protruding osteophyte formation, increased cartilage damage and inflammation, and measurable surrogate pain in male mice. 
This model is particularly suitable for the study of early-stage post-traumatic OA, focusing on osteophyte formation, pain presentation (in male mice), synovitis, and early changes to bone parameters. The consistency of osteophyte formation in this model makes it pertinent to study bone repair and endochondral ossification since osteophyte formation is a process of repair via endochondral ossification7. The model also mimics damage introduced directly to the cartilage during clinical interventions, such as arthroscopic surgical procedures, and thus it is also suitable for the study of the effect of cartilage damage on the whole joint.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>#11 scalpel blade (and scalpel handle).</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>500240</td>
			<td>access the joint capsule</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15&#176; Cutting Angle microsurgical stab knife</td>
			<td>MSP</td>
			<td>REF7503</td>
			<td>scratch the cartilage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 vicryl rapide</td>
			<td>Any medical supplies provider</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>alternative method to close wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaesthetic rig</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibacterial skin clenser (Hibiscrub)</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To sterilise surgical skin area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Applicator for 7 mm clips</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>500343</td>
			<td>close the wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Balance</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To weigh mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>500232</td>
			<td>move the patellar ligament to the side</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (Vetergesic)</td>
			<td>Supplied by unit as it is a prescription drug</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CT analyser</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>3D.SUITE software</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ctvol</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>3D.SUITE software</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data viewer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>3D.SUITE software</td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic weight bearing equipment</td>
			<td>Bioseb</td>
			<td>BIO-DWB-DUAL</td>
			<td>Measure limb loading and has cage, pressure matt and software for analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>E9884</td>
			<td>10% solution in PBS (or water) to decalcify bone pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>for embedding decalcified bones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Green FCF</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>F7252</td>
			<td>For staining sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1005706</td>
			<td>For stianing sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Haematoxylin solution</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>GHS132</td>
			<td>Nuclear staining in paraffin sections.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoskins #21 micro-tweezers.</td>
			<td>Cameron surgical limited</td>
			<td>PHF1085</td>
			<td>move the fat pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isofluorane</td>
			<td>Supplied by unit as it is a prescription drug</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mice</td>
			<td>Charles river</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>C57Bl6/J male 8 weeks old (to allow acclimatisation in the unit)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcomputed tomography scanner</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>SKYSCAN 1272 CMOS</td>
			<td>&#181;CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropore surgical paper tape</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>12787597</td>
			<td>hold leg in position</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin wax</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>for embedding decalcified bones</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex 7 mm stainless steel wound clips or</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>12032-07</td>
			<td>close the wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Remover for 7 mm clips</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>500347</td>
			<td>remove wound clips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary Microtome</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To cut section of Paraffin embedded tissue.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safranin-O</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>S2255</td>
			<td>For staining sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serrated curved forceps</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>15915</td>
			<td>hold the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Drape</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To ensure sterility of surgical area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Drape with key hole</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>To cover mouse and expose leg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile saline</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical drape</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>maintain sterile environment for surgical tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical drape with key hole</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>cover the mouse and keep leg through key hole</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Scissors</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>14393</td>
			<td>open the wound</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical microscope.</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Adjustable focus.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring scissors with 2 mm blades.</td>
			<td>Fine science tools</td>
			<td>15000-04</td>
			<td>cut the MMTL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylene</td>
			<td>Generic (many different suppliers)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>for embedding decalcified bones</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

destabilization of the medial meniscus and cartilage scratch murine model of accelerated osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in people over 45, leading to an increasing economic and societal cost. Animal models are used to mimic many aspects of the disease. The present protocol describes the destabilization and cartilage scratch model (DCS) of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Based on the widely used destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model, DCS introduces three scratches on the cartilage surface. The current article highlights the steps to destabilize the knee by transecting the medial meniscotibial ligament followed by three intentional superficial scratches on the articular cartilage. The possible analysis methods by dynamic weight-bearing, microcomputed tomography, and histology are also demonstrated. While the DCS model is not recommended for studies that focus on the effect of osteoarthritis on the cartilage, it enables the study of osteoarthritis development in a shorter time window, with special focus on (1) osteophyte formation, (2) osteoarthritic and injury pain, and (3) the effect of cartilage damage in the whole joint.

The percentage load per total body weight of the rear operated/OA leg was compared to the contralateral/control leg. Although other parameters may also give significant differences, like the increase in front paw load after surgical intervention, a consistent change in rear paw load indicates a preference to use one leg over the other and is a more direct indicator of significant discomfort for the mouse due to OA development. There were no significant changes in rear leg load in the DMM model within 8 weeks post-induction, while DCS mice favor the contralateral/control leg significantly 2 weeks after intervention (Figure 3A).
Subchondral bone was analyzed by focusing on the volume under the medial loaded region of the tibial condyle. Here we assessed the bone density of this area by determining the percentage of mineralized bone within the region of interest and calculated the ratio between the contralateral and the ipsilateral leg. The ratio indicates that both models have increased bone density in the affected limb (ratio above 1) 4 weeks after induction (Figure 3B). The emergence of osteophytes is more prominent in the DCS model, where there is a significant increase in the number and volume compared to the DMM model 2 weeks after intervention (Figure 3C,D). DCS presents elevated cartilage damage in the medial tibial and femoral compartments and synovitis (Figure 3E,F) 4 weeks after induction.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Surgical intervention to induce post-traumatic OA in the mouse. Sequential images represent the different stages of the procedure. (A) Exposure of joint capsule cutting the superficial membrane around the knee by inserting a number 11 scalpel blade on the medial side of the patellar ligament and away from the ligament. This will expose the infrapatellar fat pad. (B) Identification and transection of the medial meniscotibial ligament. To identify the ligament, move the patellar ligament toward the lateral side and then push the fat pad upward. This allows for the visualization of the ligament as a small horizontal white line just above the tibial condyle (indicated here with a black arrow). To cut the ligament, the lower blade of the spring scissors is placed under the ligament, taking care not to damage the cartilage. Move the meniscus towards the medial side to visualize the tibial condyle. (C) Scratching the surface of the exposed cartilage and closure of the wound. To scratch the cartilage, the microblade is inserted toward the posterior side, where it contacts the cartilage and then moves forward toward the anterior part of the joint. Once the scratches are done, pull the skin over the knee and close the wound either by subdermal suturing or with wound clips. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Evaluation of osteoarthritis in the mouse. (A) Dynamic weight-bearing consists of matching the load on a pressure mat to the corresponding paw. The load is then expressed as a percentage of the total weight. (B) Subchondral bone is measured by selecting a volume of interest in the loading region of the medial tibial condyle and selecting the subchondral plate or trabecular bone. These images are at a resolution of 4.5 &#181;m. (C) Osteophytes are identified and quantified in a three-dimensional view of the acquired &#181;CT images. The volume of osteophytes is measured by selecting an ROI delineating the edge of the osteophyte. The bone density is calculated as the bone volume per osteophyte volume. The images presented here were taken at a resolution of 2 &#181;m, but quantification is usually done with a 4.5 &#181;m resolution. (D) Cartilage and synovitis scores are taken from 6 &#181;m sections stained with Safranin-O and Fast green. A coronal section of the mouse knee where all quadrants, marked with a black box, are visible for scoring and a magnification of the medial side is shown. The synovitis surrounding the medial side of the knee joint is also visible, especially above and below the displaced meniscus. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159fig03.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Representative evaluation of OA in the DMM and the DCS models. (A) DWB measured up to 8 weeks post-induction on experiments carried out by the same expert operator. Load is expressed as a ratio between the operated/OA load versus the contralateral/control load. Paired t-tests of both legs are also shown in the Sham (grey), DMM (blue), and DCS (pink) models. &#181;CT analysis 4 weeks after surgical intervention. (B) Subchondral bone was analyzed 4 weeks after surgical intervention and expressed as the ratio of the ipsilateral over the contralateral %BV/TV. (C) Osteophyte number and (D) osteophyte volume was analyzed 2 weeks after induction. Histological evaluation 4 weeks after induction of (E) cartilage damage of the medial tibial and femoral articular cartilage and (F) synovitis were scored with standardized methods19,20. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, n &#8805; 5. Data were compared by repeated-measures ANOVA with a &#352;&#237;d&#225;k test correction (A), paired t-test (A), or standard Student&#39;s t-test (B-F). *P &#60; 0.05, **P &#60; 0.01, ***P &#60; 0.001, ns = not significant. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Supplementary File 1: Treatment and incubation condition for paraffin embedding. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/64159/64159_Supplementary File 1.zip" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis at JoVE.com

Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

The present protocol describes the controlled microblade scratches on the surface of the articular cartilage after destabilizing the mouse knee by cutting the medial miniscotibial ligament. This animal model presents an accelerated form of osteoarthritis (OA) suitable for studying osteophyte formation, osteosclerosis, and early-stage pain.

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease in people over 45, leading to an increasing economic and societal cost. Animal models are ...

destabilization-medial-meniscus-cartilage-scratch-murine-model

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.0K Views.  University of the West of Scotland. The present protocol describes the controlled microblade scratches on the surface of the articular cartilage after destabilizing the mouse knee by cutting the medial miniscotibial ligament. This animal model presents an accelerated form of osteoarthritis (OA) suitable for studying osteophyte formation, osteosclerosis, and early-stage pain.

Video: Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus and Cartilage Scratch Murine Model of Accelerated Osteoarthritis

The Monoiodoacetate Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in the Mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The current treatments for OA pain such as NSAIDS or opiates are neither sufficiently effective nor devoid of detrimental side effects. Animal models of OA are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms and define novel pharmacological targets for therapy. Currently available models of OA in rodents include surgical and chemical interventions into one knee joint. The monoiodoacetate (MIA) model has become a standard for modelling joint disruption in OA in both rats and mice. The model, which is easier to perform in the rat, involves injection of MIA into a knee joint that induces rapid pain-like responses in the ipsilateral limb, the level of which can be controlled by injection of different doses. Intra-articular injection of MIA disrupts chondrocyte glycolysis by inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase and results in chondrocyte death, neovascularization, subchondral bone necrosis and collapse, as well as inflammation. The morphological changes of the articular cartilage and bone disruption are reflective of some aspects of patient pathology. Along with joint damage, MIA injection induces referred mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw and weight bearing deficits that are measurable and quantifiable. These behavioral changes resemble some of the symptoms reported by the patient population, thereby validating the MIA injection in the knee as a useful and relevant pre-clinical model of OA pain.
The aim of this article is to describe the methodology of intra-articular injections of MIA and the behavioral recordings of the associated development of hypersensitivity with a mind to highlight the necessary steps to give consistent and reliable recordings.

Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is a debilitating condition associated with pain that remains only partially controlled by available analgesics. Animal models are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms. Here we describe the methodology for the monoiodoacetate model of OA pain in the mouse.

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

The Rabbit Model of Accelerated Atherosclerosis: A Methodological Perspective of the Iliac Artery Balloon Injury

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are widely used as an animal model for the study of atherosclerosis. They develop spontaneous lesions when fed with atherogenic diet; however, this requires long time of 4 - 8 months. To further enhance and accelerate atherogenesis, a combination of atherogenic diet and mechanical endothelial injury is often employed. The presented procedure for inducing atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits uses a balloon catheter to disrupt the endothelium in the left iliac artery of NZW rabbits fed with atherogenic diet. Such mechanical damage caused by the balloon catheter induces a chain of inflammatory reactions initiating neointimal lipid accumulation in a time dependent fashion. Atherosclerotic plaque following balloon injury show neointimal thickening with extensive lipid infiltration, high smooth muscle cell content and presence of macrophage derived foam cells. This technique is simple, reproducible and produces plaque of controlled length within the iliac artery. The whole procedure is completed within 20 - 30 min. The procedure is safe with low mortality and also offers high success in obtaining substantial intimal lesions. The procedure of balloon catheter induced arterial injury results in atherosclerosis within two weeks. This model can be used for investigating the disease pathology, diagnostic imaging and to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.

Animal models of atherosclerosis are essential to understand the mechanism and to investigate newer approaches to prevent plaque development or rupture, a leading cause of death in the industrialized world. This protocol uses a combination of balloon injury and cholesterol rich diet to induce atherosclerotic plaques in rabbit iliac artery.

Acute coronary syndrome resulting from coronary occlusion following atherosclerotic plaque development and rupture is the leading cause of death in the ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation

Here, based on a clinician&rsquo;s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in addition to a clinical, functional assessment methodology, including details for further encouragement of the development of non-drug surgical intervention strategies in knee osteoarthritis patients. However, we only present the effect of LBPP training in improvement of pain and knee function in one patient through three-dimensional gait analysis. The exact, long-term effects of this approach should be explored in future studies.

Here, based on a clinician&#8217;s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in addition to a clinical, functional assessment methodology, including details for further encouragement of the development of non-drug surgical intervention strategies in knee osteoarthritis patients. However, we only present the effect of LBPP training in improvement of pain and knee function in one patient through three-dimensional gait analysis. The exact, long-term effects of this approach should be explored in future studies.

Here, based on a clinician&rsquo;s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in ...

Osteoarthritis Pain Model Induced by Intra-Articular Injection of Mono-Iodoacetate in Rats

The current animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) can be divided into spontaneous models and induced models, both of which aim to simulate the pathophysiological changes of human OA. However, as the main symptom in the late stage of OA, pain affects the patients&#39; daily life, and there are not many available models. The mono-iodoacetate (MIA)-induced model is the most widely used OA pain model, mainly used in rodents. MIA is an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, which causes chondrocyte death, cartilage degeneration, osteophyte, and measurable changes in animal behavior. Besides, expression changes of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1 &#946; and TNF &#945;) can be detected in the MIA-induced model. Those changes are consistent with OA pathophysiological conditions in humans, indicating that MIA can induce a measurable and successful OA pain model. This study aims to describe the methodology of intra-articular injection of MIA in rats and discuss the resulting pain-related behaviors and histopathological changes.

This study describes the method of intra-articular injection of mono-iodoacetate in rats and discusses the resulting pain-related behaviors and histopathological changes, which provide references for future applications.

The current animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) can be divided into spontaneous models and induced models, both of which aim to simulate the ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent ...

Development and Evaluation of a Rat Model of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects

Cartilage defects of the knee joint caused by trauma are a common sports joint injury in the clinic, and these defects result in joint pain, impaired movement, and eventually, knee osteoarthritis (kOA). However, there is little effective treatment for cartilage defects or even kOA. Animal models are important for developing therapeutic drugs, but the existing models for cartilage defects are unsatisfactory. This work established a full-thickness cartilage defects (FTCD) model by drilling holes in the femoral trochlear groove of rats, and the subsequent pain behavior and histopathological changes were used as readout experiments. After surgery, the mechanical withdrawal threshold was decreased, chondrocytes at the injured site were lost, matrix metalloproteinase MMP13 expression was increased, and type II collagen expression decreased, consistent with the pathological changes observed in human cartilage defects. This methodology is easy and simple to perform and enables gross observation immediately after the injury. Furthermore, this model can successfully mimic clinical cartilage defects, thus providing a platform for studying the pathological process of cartilage defects and developing corresponding therapeutic drugs.

This protocol establishes a full-thickness cartilage defects (FTCD) model by drilling holes in the femoral trochlear groove of rats and measuring the subsequent pain behavior and histopathological changes.

Cartilage defects of the knee joint caused by trauma are a common sports joint injury in the clinic, and these defects result in joint pain, impaired ...

Standardized Tuina Manipulation for Knee Osteoarthritis in Rats

Tuina Manipulation to Reduce Inflammation and Cartilage Loss in Knee Osteoarthritis Rats

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its mechanism. Therefore, the manipulation of animal models of knee osteoarthritis is critical. This protocol provides a standard process for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and a preliminary exploration of the mechanism of Tuina for KOA. The press and kneading manipulation method (a kind of Tuina manipulation that refers to pressing and kneading the specific area of the body surface) is applied on 5 acupoints around the knee joint of rats. The force and frequency of the manipulation were standardized by finger pressure recordings, and the position of the rat during manipulation is described in detail in the protocol. The effect of manipulation can be measured by pain behavior tests and microscopic findings in synovial and cartilage. KOA rats showed significant improvement in pain behavior. The synovial tissue inflammatory infiltration was reduced in the Tuina group, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&#945; was significantly lower. Compared to the control group, chondrocyte apoptosis was less in the Tuina group. This study provides a standardized protocol for Tuina manipulation on KOA rats and preliminary proof that the therapeutic effects of Tuina may be related to reducing synovial inflammation and delayed chondrocyte apoptosis.

Author Spotlight: Understanding the Mechanism of Tuina Manipulation in Rats 

We present a protocol for Tuina manipulation performed on plaster-immobilized-induced knee osteoarthritis rats. Based on the preliminary results, it suggested that the efficacy of the method relied on the reduction of inflammation and cartilage loss.

Clinical trials suggest that Tuina manipulation is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA), while further studies are required to discover its ...