This work has been supported by the second batch of special scientific research projects of the National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine (JDZX2015127, based on Anhui Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine).

All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (permission no. 202209A033). Healthy male C57BL/6J mice with SPF grade, 8 weeks of age, and body weight of 20 &#177; 4 g were selected. The mice were housed in a 12 h light/dark cycle at a temperature of 20-22 &#176;C, and a relative humidity of 45%-50% was maintained. The animals eat and drink freely.
1. Establishment of a mouse model of T2DM
<ol>
	<li>Fee...

Exploring T2DM Exercise Interventions: A Static Training Device for Mice

<ol>
	<li>Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., Hu, F. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+aetiology+and+epidemiology+of+type+2+diabetes+mellitus+and+its+complications.">Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.</a> Nat Rev Endocrino. 14 (2), 88-98 (2018).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+fitness+qigong+and+tai+chi+on+middle-aged+and+elderly+patients+with+type+2+diabetes+mellitus.">Effects of fitness qigong and tai chi on middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.</a> Public Lib Sci. 15 (12), e0243989 (2020).</li><li>Qin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+tai+chi+on+quality+of+life,+body+mass+index,+and+waist-hip+ratio+in+patients+with+type+2+diabetes+mellitus:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Effect of tai chi on quality of life, body mass index, and waist-hip ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Front Endocrino. 11, 543627 (2020).</li><li>Yang, H., Wu, X., Wang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+conventional+medical+treatment+plus+Qigong+exercise+on+type+2+diabetes+mellitus+in+Chinese+patients:+A+Meta-analysis.">Effect of conventional medical treatment plus Qigong exercise on type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese patients: A Meta-analysis.</a> J Trad Chinese Med. 38 (2), 167-174 (2018).</li><li>Yu, X., Chau, J. P. C., Huo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effectiveness+of+traditional+Chinese+medicine-based+lifestyle+interventions+on+biomedical,+psychosocial,+and+behavioral+outcomes+in+individuals+with+type+2+diabetes:+A+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis.">The effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine-based lifestyle interventions on biomedical, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review with meta-analysis.</a> Int J Nurs Stud. 80, 165-180 (2018).</li><li>A&#287;g&#246;n, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+dynamic+and+static+strength+training+on+hormonal+activity+in+elite+boxers.">Effect of dynamic and static strength training on hormonal activity in elite boxers.</a> Baltic J Health Phys Activity. 12 (3), 1-10 (2020).</li><li>Merico, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+combined+endurance+and+resistance+training+in+Amyotrophic+Lateral+Sclerosis:+A+pilot,+randomized,+controlled+study.">Effects of combined endurance and resistance training in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A pilot, randomized, controlled study.</a> Eur J Translat Myo. 28 (1), 7278 (2018).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eight+weeks+of+high-intensity+interval+static+strength+training+improves+skeletal+muscle+atrophy+and+motor+function+in+aged+rats+via+the+PGC-1&#945;/FNDC5/UCP1+pathway.">Eight weeks of high-intensity interval static strength training improves skeletal muscle atrophy and motor function in aged rats via the PGC-1&#945;/FNDC5/UCP1 pathway.</a> Clin Interven Aging. 16, 811-821 (2021).</li><li>Jun, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+model+for+static+massage+training.">Animal model for static massage training.</a> Massage Guid. 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H., Park, S. Y., Choi, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+resistance:+From+mechanisms+to+therapeutic+strategies.">Insulin resistance: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.</a> Diab Metab J. 46 (1), 15-37 (2022).</li><li>Campos, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercise+preserves+physical+fitness+during+aging+through+AMPK+and+mitochondrial+dynamics.">Exercise preserves physical fitness during aging through AMPK and mitochondrial dynamics.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 120 (2), e2204750120 (2023).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have nothing to disclose.

Static strength training can reduce fat accumulation, aid weight loss, and increase metabolism8. In addition, it enhances the expression of PGC-1&#945; and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle cells, leading to improved glucose metabolism in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a consequent reduction in blood glucose levels11. To confirm the impact and mechanism of static training on T2DM, appropriate devices need to be developed for performing static training on e...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by insulin resistance and &#946;-cell dysfunction that is a significant threat to global health1. Exercise is a crucial intervention in the management of type 2 diabetes. Numerous studies have shown that traditional Chinese exercise methods, such as Tai Chi and Ba Duan Jin, significantly improve blood glucose levels and quality of life for individuals with T2DM2,3,4,5. To execute these movements, the trainer must maintain a stable body and joint position for a period of time. The static position is sustained by performing static muscle contractions, which is commonly referred to as static strength6.
However, the mechanism of static strength training intervention in T2DM has not been clarified. To answer this question, animal experiments are essential. During isometric exercises, muscles are activated, maintain a constant length, and safely achieve maximum tension7. In experiments with static strength training, the test animal is required to perform isometric muscle contractions and to maintain this state of muscular contraction. How to implement static strength training on mice, rats, and other laboratory animals has become a big problem in research. First, animals struggle to obey commands and contract their muscles as required. Secondly, it is difficult for the animal to maintain a stable position under resistance, and the purpose of isometric muscle contraction cannot be achieved. While letting animals train as required, it is important to address concerns related to animal welfare, such as relieving stress and anxiety, minimizing pain, and improving overall conditions. This protocol pertains to a static training model for rats8,9, and here we introduce a simple device for static training of mice. When the hind legs of mice are lifted, their abdominal muscles contract due to the righting reflex, the forepaws grasp the cross-bar in front, and then the front and back limbs contract against gravity. The mice cannot move after grasping the short bar, resulting in their muscles being in a state of isometric contraction.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic boards</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Transparent acrylic boards with 5mm thickness. The size should be larger than 20cm&#215;20cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boxes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Two boxes of the same height (15~20cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA KIT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>H203-1-2</td>
			<td>Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot melt glue gun</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Avoid touching the gun head to cause burns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knives</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No special requirement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metformin tablets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1396309</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No special requirement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sticks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Several wooden sticks with a diameter of 3mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptozotocin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>S0130</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No special requirement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HT7700</td>
			<td>HITACHI&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

static strength training method for type 2 diabetic mice

The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major difficulty in improving patient health. Exercise is one of the main interventions for T2DM. Static strength training is one of the key forms of traditional sports in China. Research shows that static strength training is an effective clinical method for T2DM intervention, but there is no experimental device suitable for static training in mice. One of the difficulties in moving from clinical to basic research is to design appropriate experimental devices. In order to further study the mechanism of static training intervention in T2DM, a simple method for making a static training device for mice is introduced in this paper. This device has the advantages of simple operation, cheap material, and high feasibility. Previous studies conducted under this protocol have shown that static training can effectively reduce blood glucose levels and improve the mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle cells in T2DM mice. The purpose of introducing this device is to promote research on the mechanism of traditional exercise in the intervention of T2DM and to lay a foundation for the quantitative intervention of exercise.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Diabetes Research with Static Exercise Training in Mice

Static Strength Training Method for Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Exercise therapy is recognized as an important means to treat diabetes worldwide. In previous clinical trials, we confirm that not-traditional Chinese exercises can effectively relieve the symptom of type two diabetes in patients. Therefore, we designed this study to try to figure out how traditional exercise works.In order to investigate the effect of exercise on diabetes and gain more insights, we use technical such as metabolic mix and transcribed to mix for our research. The molecular mechanisms affecting type two diabetes are very complex, including several genetic, metabolic and inflammatory pathways, but the challenge is to identify and choose a certain pathway to treat the disease in the best possible way without having side effects.

Following the above protocol, the hind limbs of the mouse are fixed, and the forelimbs autonomously grasp the front bar. The narrow range of motion keeps the mouse in a relatively fixed position. The muscles of mice can be confirmed to contract by touching the muscles of their abdomen and legs. This is consistent with the need for the state of isometric muscle contraction in static strength training. Training mice according to the protocol, with the increase in training times, will help the mice adapt to the training whi...

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This protocol provides a simple method of making static training equipment for mice. The device maintains the muscle isometric contraction of the limbs of mice so as to verify the intervention effect of traditional exercise on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and provides new exercise therapy for the clinical treatment of T2DM.

The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major difficulty in improving patient health. Exercise is one of the main interventions for T2DM. ...

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Developing a Static Training Device for Bridging Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes Research in Mice

274 Views.  Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.  This protocol provides a simple method of making static training equipment for mice. The device maintains the muscle isometric contraction of the limbs of mice so as to verify the intervention effect of traditional exercise on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and provides new exercise therapy for the clinical treatment of T2DM.

Exploring T2DM Exercise Interventions: A Static Training Device for Mice

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