Name: affinity-based isolation of tagged nuclei from drosophila tissues for gene expression analysis
Uploaded: 2014-03-25T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis at JoVE.com

We thank Janice Fischer for providing the UAS-EGFP::Msp-300KASH plasmid. The mAB24B10 antibody was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank developed under the auspices of the NICHD and maintained by the University of Iowa, Department of Biology. The repo-GAL4 stock (BL7415) was obtained from the Bloomington Stock Center at Indiana University. Support from the American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant (IRG #58-006-53) to the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research is gratefully acknowledged. Jingqun Ma is supported by an Agricultural Research at Purdue Assistantship in Food and Agriculture from Purdue University.

1. Generation and Characterization of EGFP::KASH Drosophila
<ol>
	<li>Cross Gal4 driver flies to UAS-EGFP::Msp-300KASH flies. Alternatively, recombinant flies that carry both the Gal4 driver and the UAS-EGFP::Msp-300KASH transgene can be generated using standard genetic techniques. This second approach is advantageous if large numbers of progeny are required.</li>
	<li>Characterize expression of the EGFP::KASH marker using standard microscopy techniques....

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+type-specific+genomics+of+Drosophila+neurons.">Cell type-specific genomics of Drosophila neurons.</a> Nucleic Acids res. 40, 9691-9704 (2012).</li><li>Starr, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KASH+and+SUN+proteins.">KASH and SUN proteins.</a> Curr Biol. 21, 414-415 (2011).</li><li>Fischer, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+klarsicht+has+distinct+subcellular+localization+domains+for+nuclear+envelope+and+microtubule+localization+in+the+eye.">Drosophila klarsicht has distinct subcellular localization domains for nuclear envelope and microtubule localization in the eye.</a> Genetics. 168, 1385-1393 (2004).</li><li>Patterson, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functions+of+Klarsicht+and+nuclear+lamin+in+developmentally+regulated+nuclear+migrations+of+photoreceptor+cells+in+the+Drosophila+eye.">The functions of Klarsicht and nuclear lamin in developmentally regulated nuclear migrations of photoreceptor cells in the Drosophila eye.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 15, 600-610 (2004).</li><li>Yu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+KASH+domain+protein+MSP-300+plays+an+essential+role+in+nuclear+anchoring+during+Drosophila+oogenesis.">The KASH domain protein MSP-300 plays an essential role in nuclear anchoring during Drosophila oogenesis.</a> Dev. Biol. 289, 336-345 (2006).</li><li>Bischof, J., Maeda, R. K., Hediger, M., Karch, F., Basler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+transgenesis+system+for+Drosophila+using+germ-line-specific+phiC31+integrases.">An optimized transgenesis system for Drosophila using germ-line-specific phiC31 integrases.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 3312-3317 (2007).</li><li>Kracklauer, M. P., Banks, S. M., Xie, X., Wu, Y., Fischer, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+klaroid+encodes+a+SUN+domain+protein+required+for+Klarsicht+localization+to+the+nuclear+envelope+and+nuclear+migration+in+the+eye.">Drosophila klaroid encodes a SUN domain protein required for Klarsicht localization to the nuclear envelope and nuclear migration in the eye.</a> Fly. 1, 75-85 (2007).</li><li>Markstein, M., Pitsouli, C., Villalta, C., Celniker, S. E., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploiting+position+effects+and+the+gypsy+retrovirus+insulator+to+engineer+precisely+expressed+transgenes.">Exploiting position effects and the gypsy retrovirus insulator to engineer precisely expressed transgenes.</a> Nat. Genet. 40, 476-483 (2008).</li><li>Sepp, K. J., Schulte, J., Auld, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+glia+direct+axon+guidance+across+the+CNS/PNS+transition+zone.">Peripheral glia direct axon guidance across the CNS/PNS transition zone.</a> Dev. Biol. 238, 47-63 (2001).</li><li>Fujita, S. C., Zipursky, S. L., Benzer, S., Ferrus, A., Shotwell, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+the+Drosophila+nervous+system.">Monoclonal antibodies against the Drosophila nervous system.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7929-7933 (1982).</li></ol>

This protocol can be used to isolate or highly enrich specifically tagged nuclei from mixed cell populations in Drosophila embryonic or larval tissues. Using this protocol, nuclei can be isolated from dissected tissues in approximately 1 hr. The purity and yield of the isolated nuclei must be experimentally determined for each cell type. It can be difficult to quantify the bead-bound nuclei at the post-isolation stage of the protocol using a hemocytometer because of the beads present in the sample. Thus, if exac...

Drosophila tissues such as the central nervous system contain a complex mixture of cell types. Thus, to analyze cell-specific gene expression profiles from Drosophila tissues, it is first necessary to isolate a homogenous population of specific cells in sufficient quantities to enable downstream applications. Methods to isolate cells from intact tissues include laser microdissection, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of whole cells. While FACS has been used to isolate cells and nuclei from Drosophila embryos and from Caenorhabditis elegans for gene expression and chromatin profiling1-3, FACS and laser microdissection can be difficult to perform successfully in tissues that contain highly intermixed cell types or that contain cells with irregular morphology, such as neurons. To overcome this difficulty, nuclei rather than cells can be isolated from specific cell types and used for subsequent gene expression profiling. Importantly, microarray-based mRNA expression analysis using nuclear RNA samples shows generally comparable results with that performed using total RNA4,5. Moreover, gene expression analysis using nuclear RNA has been successfully used to study gene expression in multiple organisms including C. elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Drosophila, and humans4,52,3.
Several approaches have recently been described for the isolation of specific populations of labeled nuclei from Drosophila tissues that are suitable for gene expression analysis and/or chromatin immunoprecipitation. The batch isolation of tissue-specific chromatin for immunoprecipitation (BiTS-ChIP) method utilizes FACS to isolate fixed nuclei on the basis of cell-type specific expression of nuclear-localized GFP2. This approach has been successfully used to analyze the distribution of histone modifications and transcription factors using chromatin immunoprecipitation of isolated nuclei from the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos2. However, FACS-based approaches may be less suitable for isolating labeled nuclei that constitute only a small proportion of a mixed population due to the increased sort time needed to obtain suitable numbers for downstream applications. To overcome these limitations, several groups have utilized affinity-based isolation techniques to purify nuclei that are labeled with a specific epitope in a particular cell type. The isolation of nuclei tagged in specific cell types (INTACT) method developed for use in Arabidopsis thaliana6,7 has recently been adapted for use in Drosophila8. In this method, a nuclear envelope fusion protein that is a substrate for in vivo biotinylation is coexpressed with the Escherichia coli biotin ligase BirA in specific cell types. Biotin-labeled nuclei can be subsequently purified from mixed populations using streptavidin-based affinity isolation. Using this approach, nuclei were successfully labeled and isolated from the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos in which a nuclear envelope fusion protein was expressed under control of a mesoderm-specific enhancer8. The authors also generated nuclear envelope fusion proteins that can be expressed in any cell type under control of the Gal4 regulatory sequence, UAS9. This approach is capable of rapidly isolating subsets of labeled nuclei from mixed populations, but requires three separate transgenic constructs and may therefore be unsuitable for particular genetic applications. Recently, an approach has been described in which SUN (Sad1 and UNC-84) domain-containing proteins that localize to the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope were tagged with fluorescent proteins and expressed under control of the Gal4/UAS system10. Nuclei were isolated in the presence of nonionic detergent to remove the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, and affinity-purified using magnetic beads coupled to anti-GFP antibodies. This approach was successfully used to isolate small populations of labeled nuclei from specific neuronal subtypes within the adult brain of Drosophila10.
Here, a protocol for isolation of labeled nuclei from a mixed population of cells from Drosophila larval tissue is described. This method was developed independently, but is similar to the approach described by Henry et al.10&#160;First, nuclei were labeled with a fluorescent tag that is expressed only in specific cell types in Drosophila melanogaster to facilitate the subsequent isolation of tagged nuclei from mixed populations using an affinity-based approach. To label nuclei, the KASH (Klarsicht/Anc-1/Syne homology) domain was utilized. The KASH domain is a transmembrane domain that localizes to the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, in part through interactions with SUN domain-containing proteins within the perinuclear space11. The C-terminal KASH domain of proteins such as Drosophila Msp-300 and Klarsicht anchors these proteins to the outer nuclear membrane, while their N-terminal domains interact with cytoskeleton proteins such as actin or microtubules in the cytoplasm12-14. Constructs were generated in which the KASH domain of Drosophila Msp-300 was fused to the C-terminus of EGFP, under control of the Gal4 regulatory sequence, UAS in the pUAST-attB vector15,16. Using phiC31 site-specific integration, transgenic flies were generated in which the UAS-EGFP::Msp-300KASH transgene was inserted in the attP2 loci on chromosome 3L17. The UAS-EGFP::Msp-300KASH flies can be crossed with flies that express the Gal4 driver in a particular cell type, resulting in the targeted expression of EGFP on the outer nuclear membrane in the cell type of interest. Labeled nuclei can then be purified from mixed cell populations using antibodies against GFP coupled to magnetic beads. In this approach, the use of nonionic detergent is not required because the EGFP tag is localized to the cytoplasmic side of the outer nuclear membrane, and is therefore accessible to antibodies.
The protocol described below can be used to isolate/enrich EGFP-labeled nuclei from specific cell types in Drosophila larval tissues, to quantify the purity and yield of isolated nuclei, and to extract nuclear RNA suitable for quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) gene expression analysis. The isolation and affinity-purification of nuclei (excluding tissue dissection) can be performed in less than one hour. Results are presented showing that glial nuclei can be successfully isolated from the larval optic lobe and eye imaginal disc, and used for subsequent gene expression analysis. It is anticipated that this approach will be useful for the isolation/enrichment of labeled nuclei from embryonic and larval tissues in which the target cells constitute less than 5% of the overall population. All Drosophila stocks and plasmids generated in this study are available from the authors upon request.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1884">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">Anti-chaoptin antibody (mouse, monoclonal)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">mAB24B10</td>
			<td style="width:828px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anti-GFP antibody (mouse, monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11814460001</td>
			<td>This specific antibody is recommended for this protocol. However, alternative antibodies could also be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">2X Bullseye EvaGreen qPCR Mastermix with ROX</td>
			<td>MidSci</td>
			<td>BEQPCR-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI (4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride salt)</td>
			<td>Biotium</td>
			<td>40011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dounce Homogenizer (1 ml)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62400-595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dumont #5 Tweezers, 11 cm</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dynabeads Protein G for Immunoprecipitation</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10003D</td>
			<td>This specific brand of magnetic beads is recommended for this protocol.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EpiScript Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>ERT12910K</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.epibio.com/docs/default-source/protocols/episcript-reverse-transcriptase.pdf">http://www.epibio.com/docs/default-source/protocols/episcript-reverse-transcriptase.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Falcon cell strainers, 40 &#956;m pore size</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21008-949</td>
			<td>Alternative pore sizes could be used, depending on the size of the target cell nuclei.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Magnetic stand (8 x 1.5 ml tubes)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>LSKMAGS08&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">Mini tube rotator</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Genemate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">H-6700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:599px;">Qubit starter kit</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Q32871</td>
			<td style="width:828px;">Similar fluorescence-based methods for quantifying RNA yield could be used. <a href="http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/manuals/mp32852.pdf">http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/manuals/mp32852.pdfZ</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">RNAsecure (Ambion)</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">AM7010</td>
			<td style="width:828px;">The use of this reagent to inactivate RNAses is optional.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">RT-PCR machine Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">CFX Connect Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Siliconized 9 well glass plate</td>
			<td>Hampton Research</td>
			<td>HR3-134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">Stereomicroscope Fluorescence Adapter (Royal Blue (440 - 460nm) excitation + yellow barrier</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Nightsea</td>
			<td style="width:195px;"></td>
			<td>This adaptor enables GFP fluorescence to be examined using a typical dissecting microscope (eg Nikon)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">StereoZoom Microscope 83604 Set with 10X Wide Field Eyepieces and Universal Boom Stand</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">SMZ 745</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:599px;">Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">T100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trizol reagent</td>
			<td style="width:263px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>CAUTION; Alternative RNA extraction methods can be used. <a href="http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/manuals/trizol_reagent.pdf" >http://tools.invitrogen.com/content/sfs/manuals/trizol_reagent.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0777-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

affinity-based isolation of tagged nuclei from drosophila tissues for gene expression analysis

Drosophila melanogaster embryonic and larval tissues often contain a highly heterogeneous mixture of cell types, which can complicate the analysis of gene expression in these tissues. Thus, to analyze cell-specific gene expression profiles from Drosophila tissues, it may be necessary to isolate specific cell types with high purity and at sufficient yields for downstream applications such as transcriptional profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation. However, the irregular cellular morphology in tissues such as the central nervous system, coupled with the rare population of specific cell types in these tissues, can pose challenges for traditional methods of cell isolation such as laser microdissection and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Here, an alternative approach to characterizing cell-specific gene expression profiles using affinity-based isolation of tagged nuclei, rather than whole cells, is described. Nuclei in the specific cell type of interest are genetically labeled with a nuclear envelope-localized EGFP tag using the Gal4/UAS binary expression system. These EGFP-tagged nuclei can be isolated using antibodies against GFP that are coupled to magnetic beads. The approach described in this protocol enables consistent isolation of nuclei from specific cell types in the Drosophila larval central nervous system at high purity and at sufficient levels for expression analysis, even when these cell types comprise less than 2% of the total cell population in the tissue. This approach can be used to isolate nuclei from a wide variety of Drosophila embryonic and larval cell types using specific Gal4 drivers, and may be useful for isolating nuclei from cell types that are not suitable for FACS or laser microdissection.

The repo-GAL4 driver (Bloomington stock number 7415) is specifically expressed in glial cells in the Drosophila nervous system at multiple stages of development18. Flies were generated that stably express UAS-EGFP::Msp-300KASH under control of the repo-GAL4 driver using standard genetic techniques. To characterize the expression pattern of the EGFP::KASH transgene in these flies, the pattern of GFP expression in the dissected optic lobe and eye imaginal disc from ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis at JoVE.com

Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila tissues often contain a heterogeneous mixture of cell types.&#160;To examine gene expression in specific cell types from a particular tissue, nuclei can be genetically tagged and subsequently isolated using an affinity-based approach. Isolated nuclei can be used for downstream applications such as gene expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Affinity-based Isolation of Tagged Nuclei from Drosophila Tissues for Gene Expression Analysis

Drosophila melanogaster embryonic and larval tissues often contain a highly heterogeneous mixture of cell types, which can complicate the analysis of gene ...

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