Name: minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for surgical clip ligation of unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms
Uploaded: 2015-08-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms at JoVE.com

The authors have no acknowledgments.

NOTE: Prior to performing this procedure, obtain all required institutional approval and patient consent.
1. Surgical Technique
<ol>
	<li>Induce patient with general anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Place radial arterial line for blood pressure monitoring.</li>
	<li>Place patient in the supine position on the operating room table.</li>
	<li>After the head is clamped into the Mayfield Head holder using standard techniques for a pterional craniotomy, position the head 30&#176;-45&#176; with the ipsilater...

<ol>
	<li>Guglielmi, G., Vi&#241;uela, F., Dion, J., Duckwiler, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrothrombosis+of+saccular+aneurysms+via+endovascular+approach.+Part+2:+Preliminary+clinical+experience.">Electrothrombosis of saccular aneurysms via endovascular approach. Part 2: Preliminary clinical experience.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. 75 (1), 8-14 (1991).</li><li>Hoh, B. L., Chi, Y. -. Y., Dermott, M. A., Lipori, P. J., Lewis, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+coiling+versus+clipping+of+ruptured+and+unruptured+cerebral+aneurysms+on+length+of+stay,+hospital+cost,+hospital+reimbursement,+and+surgeon+reimbursement+at+the+university+of+Florida.">The effect of coiling versus clipping of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms on length of stay, hospital cost, hospital reimbursement, and surgeon reimbursement at the university of Florida.</a> Neurosurgery. 64 (4), 614-619 (2009).</li><li>Wiebers, D. O., Whisnant, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unruptured+intracranial+aneurysms:+natural+history,+clinical+outcome,+and+risks+of+surgical+and+endovascular+treatment.">Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment.</a> Lancet. 362 (9378), 103-110 (2003).</li><li>Molyneux, A., Kerr, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+Subarachnoid+Aneurysm+Trial+(ISAT)+of+neurosurgical+clipping+versus+endovascular+coiling+in+2143+patients+with+ruptured+intracranial+aneurysms:+a+randomised+trial.">International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial.</a> Lancet. 360 (9342), 1267-1274 (2002).</li><li>Spetzler, R. F., McDougall, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Barrow+Ruptured+Aneurysm+Trial:+3-year+results.">The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial: 3-year results.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. , (2013).</li><li>Spetzler, R. F., Sanai, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+quiet+revolution:+retractorless+surgery+for+complex+vascular+and+skull+base+lesions.">The quiet revolution: retractorless surgery for complex vascular and skull base lesions.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. 116 (2), 291–-300 (2012).</li><li>Chalouhi, N., Jabbour, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+treatment+of+ruptured+anterior+circulation+aneurysms:+comparison+of+pterional+and+supraorbital+keyhole+approaches.">Surgical treatment of ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms: comparison of pterional and supraorbital keyhole approaches.</a> Neurosurgery. 72 (3), 437-441 (2013).</li><li>Petraglia, A. L., Srinivasan, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+subfrontal+approach+to+anterior+communicating+artery+aneurysms:+A+review+of+28+patients.">Unilateral subfrontal approach to anterior communicating artery aneurysms: A review of 28 patients.</a> Surgical neurology international. 2, 124 (2011).</li><li>Goettel, N., Chui, J., Venkatraghavan, L., Tymianski, M., Manninen, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Day+Surgery+Craniotomy+for+Unruptured+Cerebral+Aneurysms:+A+Single+Center+Experience.">Day Surgery Craniotomy for Unruptured Cerebral Aneurysms: A Single Center Experience.</a> Journal of neurosurgical anesthesiology. , (2013).</li><li>Andaluz, N., Zuccarello, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+trends+in+the+treatment+of+cerebral+aneurysms:+analysis+of+a+nationwide+inpatient+database.">Recent trends in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms: analysis of a nationwide inpatient database.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. 108 (6), 1163-1169 (2008).</li><li>Barker, F. G., Amin-Hanjani, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-dependent+differences+in+short-term+outcome+after+surgical+or+endovascular+treatment+of+unruptured+intracranial+aneurysms+in+the+United+States.">Age-dependent differences in short-term outcome after surgical or endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States.</a> Neurosurgery. 54 (1), 18-28 (1996).</li><li>Cowan, J. A., Ziewacz, J., Dimick, J. B., Upchurch, G. R., Thompson, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+endovascular+coil+embolization+and+surgical+clip+occlusion+for+cerebral+artery+aneurysms.">Use of endovascular coil embolization and surgical clip occlusion for cerebral artery aneurysms.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. 107 (3), 530-535 (2007).</li><li>Crowley, R. W., Yeoh, H. K., Stukenborg, G. J., Ionescu, A. A., Kassell, N. F., Dumont, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+weekend+versus+weekday+hospital+admission+on+mortality+following+subarachnoid+hemorrhage.+Clinical+article.">Influence of weekend versus weekday hospital admission on mortality following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clinical article.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. 111 (1), 60-66 (2009).</li><li>Hoh, B. L., Chi, Y. -. Y., Lawson, M. F., Mocco, J., Barker, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Length+of+stay+and+total+hospital+charges+of+clipping+versus+coiling+for+ruptured+and+unruptured+adult+cerebral+aneurysms+in+the+Nationwide+Inpatient+Sample+database+2002+to+2006.">Length of stay and total hospital charges of clipping versus coiling for ruptured and unruptured adult cerebral aneurysms in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database 2002 to 2006.</a> Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. 41 (2), 337-342 (2010).</li><li>Hoh, B. L., Rabinov, J. D., Pryor, J. C., Carter, B. S., Barker, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-hospital+morbidity+and+mortality+after+endovascular+treatment+of+unruptured+intracranial+aneurysms+in+the+United+States,+1996-2000:+effect+of+hospital+and+physician+volume.">In-hospital morbidity and mortality after endovascular treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms in the United States, 1996-2000: effect of hospital and physician volume.</a> AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology. 24 (7), 1409-1420 (2003).</li><li>Shea, A. M., Reed, S. D., Curtis, L. H., Alexander, M. J., Villani, J. J., Schulman, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+nontraumatic+subarachnoid+hemorrhage+in+the+United+States+in+2003.">Characteristics of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the United States in 2003.</a> Neurosurgery. 61 (6), 1131-1137 (2007).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Hern&#225;ndez, A., Sughrue, M. E., Akhavan, S., Habdank-Kolaczkowski, J., Lawton, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+management+of+middle+cerebral+artery+aneurysms:+surgical+results+with+a+&#8220;clip+first&#8221;+policy.">Current management of middle cerebral artery aneurysms: surgical results with a &#8220;clip first&#8221; policy.</a> Neurosurgery. 72 (3), 415-427 (2013).</li><li>Van Lindert, E., Perneczky, A., Fries, G., Pierangeli, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+supraorbital+keyhole+approach+to+supratentorial+aneurysms:+concept+and+technique.">The supraorbital keyhole approach to supratentorial aneurysms: concept and technique.</a> Surgical neurology. 49 (5), 489-490 (1998).</li><li>Dott, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+aneurysms:+cerebral+arteriography:surgical+treatment.">Intracranial aneurysms: cerebral arteriography:surgical treatment.</a> Edinb Med J. 40, 219-234 (1933).</li><li>Dandy, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aneurysm+of+the+anterior+cerebral+artery.">Aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery.</a> Journal of the American Medical Association. 119 (16), 1253-1254 (1942).</li><li>Yasargil, M., Fox, J., Ray, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+operative+approach+to+aneurysms+of+the+anterior+communicating+artery.">The operative approach to aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery.</a> Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. 2, 113-170 (1975).</li><li>Al-Mefty, O., Fox, J. 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Surgical clip ligation of intracranial aneurysms remains a relevant and important option in treating certain types of aneurysms, though this role has been diminishing over the past several years as endovascular technology becomes safer and more efficacious. Endovascular treatment has surpassed surgery for cerebral aneurysms, yet the higher recurrence rate after endovascular treatment, the occasional need for surgical treatment after aneurysm recurrence from failed endovascular treatment, specific morphologies making endo...

Surgical clip ligation had been the mainstay of treatment for intracranial aneurysms but has been recently supplanted mostly by less invasive endovascular techniques.1,2 Clinical trials including the International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA-1 and ISUIA-2), and the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) have demonstrated lower morbidity and mortality, reduced length of hospital stay, and lower overall expense, with endovascular treatment compared to surgical clip ligation.3&#8211;5 However, the higher aneurysm recurrence rate after endovascular therapy has led to the examination of the cumulative risk to the patients compared to surgical clip ligation.3,4 Surgical treatment remains an important modality for aneurysm therapy, particularly for anterior circulation aneurysms that have morphologies that may be difficult to treat with endovascular means.
Unlike advancements in endovascular devices, few advances in surgical techniques have been made recently. Techniques to make surgical treatment less invasive have included the supraorbital craniotomy combined with the eyebrow incision for anterior circulation aneurysms and &#8220;retractorless surgery&#8221; to minimize surgical trauma to the brain during aneurysm clipping.6&#8211;8 These less invasive surgical approaches may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve patient outcomes.9
Here, we present our experience with a minimally invasive approach to surgical clip ligation of unruptured intracranial aneurysms using a pterional approach for anterior circulation aneurysms performed in a major tertiary cerebrovascular center and compare the results with an age matched dataset from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). The surgical technique will be reviewed, including patient preparation, brain relaxation, sylvian fissure dissection, and closure. Post-operative care and discharge requirements will also be outlined.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="963">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Mayfield Infinity skull clamp</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">A-1114</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Mayfield table attachment</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">A-1018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">4-French Fukishima suction tip</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Integra</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">R-8986</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Periosteal elevator (Langenbeck)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">65-1116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Metzenbaum scissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">36-5023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Malis dissector, round angled</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">80-1541&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Penfield dissector, style 1</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">65-1015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Lempert bone rongeur</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">19-1232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Malis Irrigation Module</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">Module 1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Bovie monopolar electrocautery device</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Codman</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Insulated blade for electrocautery device</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Covidien</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">E1455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Fish-hook retractors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Lone Star</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">3350-8G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Pneumatic drill</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">Midas Rex MR7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Side-cutting drill</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">F2/8TA23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Fluted legend match head tool</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Medtronic</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">10MH30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Surgical scalpel No. 10,11,15</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Bard-Parker</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">0029064 (No.10), 0018291 (No.11), 0018043 (No.15)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Intra-operative microscope with mouthpiece</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Microscissors</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">V. Mueller</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">NL3785-034(st), NL3785-035(cvd)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Rhoton dissector, #2</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">V. Mueller</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">NL3785-002&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Telfa strips</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">American Surgical</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">#80-09 (1/2x3), #80-04 (1/4x3)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Aneurysm clip</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Raney clip applier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Aesculap</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">FF012R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Synthes Matrix metal plating system</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Synthes</td>
			<td style="width:368px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Braided absorbable surgical sutures (Vicyrl)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">J790D (3-0), J743D (4-0)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Braided nylon nonabsorbable surgical sutures (Nurolon) 4-0</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">C584D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:407px;">Doppler System</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Mizuho</td>
			<td style="width:368px;">07-150-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for surgical clip ligation of unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve patient outcomes. We present our experience with a minimally invasive pterional approach for anterior circulation aneurysms performed in a major tertiary cerebrovascular center and compare the results with an aged matched dataset from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). From August 2008 to December 2012, 22 elective aneurysm clippings on patients &#8804;55 years of age were performed by the same dual fellowship-trained cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgeon. One patient (4.5%) experienced transient post-operative complications. 18 of 22 patients returned for follow-up imaging and there were no recurrences through an average duration of 22 months. A search in the NIS database from 2008 to 2010, also for patients aged &#8804;55 years of age, yielded 1,341 hospitalizations for surgical clip ligation of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Inpatient length of stay and hospital charges at our institution using the minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional technique were nearly half that of NIS (length of stay: 3.2 vs 5.7 days; hospital charges: $52,779 vs. $101,882). The minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy allows good exposure of unruptured small and medium-sized supraclinoid anterior circulation aneurysms. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from key subarachnoid cisterns and constant bimanual microsurgical techniques avoid the need for retractors which can cause contusions, localized venous infarctions, and post-operative cerebral edema at the retractor sites. Utilizing this set of techniques has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

Currently, at our institution over 150 aneurysms are treated annually. From August 2008 to December 2012, 22 elective aneurysm clippings using this minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy technique for supraclinoidal aneurysms on patient&#8217;s &#8804;55 years of age were performed by the same dual fellowship-trained cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgeon that developed this technique (EMD) (Table 1). This age group was chosen as earlier trials have shown that surgical treatment of aneury...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms at JoVE.com

Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for aneurysm clipping has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve ...

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Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment ...

Surgical Techniques to Optimize Ovarian Reserve during Laparoscopic Cystectomy for Ovarian Endometrioma

Surgical management of ovarian endometrioma in patients desiring fertility is complicated by the need to balance maximal resection of disease with efforts ...