Name: real-time dynamic navigation system for the precise quad-zygomatic implant placement in a patient with a severely atrophic maxilla
Uploaded: 2021-10-18T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. Shengchi Fan for kindly providing valuable navigation technical support. This case report was funded by the Key project of China&#39;s Ministry of Science and Technology (2017YFB1302904), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 21ZR1437700), the Clinical research plan of SHDC (SHDC2020CR3049B), and the Combined Engineering and Medical Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG2021QN72).

All of the clinical protocols were approved by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Shanghai Ninth People&#39;s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine (SH9H-2020-T29-3).
1. Patient selection
<ol>
	<li>The patient inclusion criteria were as follows (Table 1).
	<ol>
		<li>Ensure that the patient presents a completely edentulous maxilla or partially edentulous maxilla with few extremely loose teeth (Figure 1A</str...

<ol>
	<li>Francischone, C. L., Vasconcelos, L. W., Filho, H. N., Francischone, C. E., Sartori, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+15.+The+zygoma+fixture.">Chapter 15. The zygoma fixture.</a> The osseointegration book. From calvarium to calcaneus. , 317-320 (2005).</li><li>Weischer, T., Schettler, D., Mohr, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titanium+implants+in+the+zygoma+as+retaining+elements+after+hemimaxillectomy.">Titanium implants in the zygoma as retaining elements after hemimaxillectomy.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 12 (2), 211-214 (1997).</li><li>Jensen, O. T., Brownd, C., Blacker, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nasofacial+prostheses+supported+by+osseointegrated+implants.">Nasofacial prostheses supported by osseointegrated implants.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 7 (2), 203-211 (1992).</li><li>Duarte, L. R., Filho, H. N., Francischone, C. E., Peredo, L. G., Branemark, P. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+establishment+of+a+protocol+for+the+total+rehabilitation+of+atrophic+maxillae+employing+four+zygomatic+fixtures+in+an+immediate+loading+system--a+30-month+clinical+and+radiographic+follow-up.">The establishment of a protocol for the total rehabilitation of atrophic maxillae employing four zygomatic fixtures in an immediate loading system--a 30-month clinical and radiographic follow-up.</a> Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 9 (4), 186-196 (2007).</li><li>Hung, K. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+a+real-time+surgical+navigation+system+for+the+placement+of+quad+zygomatic+implants+in+the+severe+atrophic+maxilla:+A+pilot+clinical+study.">Accuracy of a real-time surgical navigation system for the placement of quad zygomatic implants in the severe atrophic maxilla: A pilot clinical study.</a> Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 19 (3), 458-465 (2017).</li><li>Wu, Y., Wang, F., Huang, W., Fan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+navigation+in+zygomatic+implant+placement:+Workflow.">Real-time navigation in zygomatic implant placement: Workflow.</a> Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. 31 (3), 357-367 (2019).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+four+zygomatic+implant-supported+prostheses+for+the+rehabilitation+of+the+atrophic+maxilla:+a+systematic+review.">Reliability of four zygomatic implant-supported prostheses for the rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla: a systematic review.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 30 (2), 293-298 (2015).</li><li>Xiaojun, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrated+surgical+planning+and+virtual+training+system.">An integrated surgical planning and virtual training system.</a> IEEE 2010 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing (ICALIP). , 1257-1261 (2010).</li><li>Fan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+the+configurations+of+fiducial+markers+on+accuracy+of+surgical+navigation+in+zygomatic+implant+placement:+An+in+vitro+study.">The effect of the configurations of fiducial markers on accuracy of surgical navigation in zygomatic implant placement: An in vitro study.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 34 (1), 85-90 (2019).</li><li>Xiaojun, C., Ming, Y., Yanping, L., Yiqun, W., Chengtao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Image+guided+oral+implantology+and+its+application+in+the+placement+of+zygoma+implants.">Image guided oral implantology and its application in the placement of zygoma implants.</a> Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 93 (2), 162-173 (2009).</li><li>Cawood, J. I., Howell, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+classification+of+the+edentulous+jaws.">A classification of the edentulous jaws.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery. 17 (4), 232-236 (1988).</li><li>Davo, R., Pons, O., Rojas, J., Carpio, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+function+of+four+zygomatic+implants:+a+1-year+report+of+a+prospective+study.">Immediate function of four zygomatic implants: a 1-year report of a prospective study.</a> European Journal of Oral Implantology. 3 (4), 323-334 (2010).</li><li>Jensen, O. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+arch+site+classification+for+all-on-4+immediate+function.">Complete arch site classification for all-on-4 immediate function.</a> The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 112 (4), 741-751 (2014).</li><li>Triplett, R. G., Schow, S. R., Laskin, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+and+maxillofacial+surgery+advances+in+implant+dentistry.">Oral and maxillofacial surgery advances in implant dentistry.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 15 (1), 47-55 (2000).</li><li>Aparicio, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+proposed+classification+for+zygomatic+implant+patient+based+on+the+zygoma+anatomy+guided+approach+(ZAGA):+a+cross-sectional+survey.">A proposed classification for zygomatic implant patient based on the zygoma anatomy guided approach (ZAGA): a cross-sectional survey.</a> European Journal of Oral Implantology. 4 (3), 269-275 (2011).</li><li>Hung, K. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+zygomatic+region+for+the+optimal+placement+of+quad+zygomatic+implants.">Measurement of the zygomatic region for the optimal placement of quad zygomatic implants.</a> Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 19 (5), 841-848 (2017).</li><li>Kahnberg, K. E., Nystrom, E., Bartholdsson, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+use+of+bone+grafts+and+Br+fixtures+in+the+treatment+of+severely+resorbed+maxillae.">Combined use of bone grafts and Br fixtures in the treatment of severely resorbed maxillae.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 4 (4), 297-304 (1989).</li><li>Nystrom, E., Kahnberg, K. E., Gunne, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+grafts+and+Br+implants+in+the+treatment+of+the+severely+resorbed+maxilla:+A+2-year+longitudinal+study.">Bone grafts and Br implants in the treatment of the severely resorbed maxilla: A 2-year longitudinal study.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 8 (1), 45-53 (1993).</li><li>Jensen, S. S., Terheyden, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+augmentation+procedures+in+localized+defects+in+the+alveolar+ridge:+Clinical+results+with+different+bone+grafts+and+bone-substitute+materials.">Bone augmentation procedures in localized defects in the alveolar ridge: Clinical results with different bone grafts and bone-substitute materials.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 24, 218-236 (2009).</li><li>Bedrossian, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehabilitation+of+the+edentulous+maxilla+with+the+zygoma+concept:+A+7-year+prospective+study.">Rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla with the zygoma concept: A 7-year prospective study.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 25 (6), 1213-1221 (2010).</li><li>Dhamankar, D., Gupta, A. R., Mahadevan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+implant+loading:+A+case+report.">Immediate implant loading: A case report.</a> Journal of Indian Prosthodontic Society. 10 (1), 64-66 (2010).</li><li>Aparicio, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zygomatic+implants:+indications,+techniques+and+outcomes,+and+the+zygomatic+success+code.">Zygomatic implants: indications, techniques and outcomes, and the zygomatic success code.</a> Periodontol 2000. 66 (1), 41-58 (2014).</li><li>Chrcanovic, B. R., Abreu, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+complications+of+zygomatic+implants:+A+systematic+review.">Survival and complications of zygomatic implants: A systematic review.</a> Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 17 (2), 81-93 (2013).</li><li>Br&#229;nemark, P. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zygoma+fixture+in+the+management+of+advanced+atrophy+of+the+maxilla:+Technique+and+long-term+results.">Zygoma fixture in the management of advanced atrophy of the maxilla: Technique and long-term results.</a> Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery. 38 (2), 70-85 (2004).</li><li>Balshi, T. J., Wolfinger, G. J., Petropoulos, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quadruple+zygomatic+implant+support+for+retreatment+of+resorbed+iliac+crest+bone+graft+transplant.">Quadruple zygomatic implant support for retreatment of resorbed iliac crest bone graft transplant.</a> Implant Dentistry. 12 (1), 47-53 (2003).</li><li>Chrcanovic, B. R., Oliveira, D. R., Cust&#243;dio, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+evaluation+of+computed+tomography-derived+stereolithographic+surgical+guides+in+zygomatic+implant+placement+in+human+cadavers.">Accuracy evaluation of computed tomography-derived stereolithographic surgical guides in zygomatic implant placement in human cadavers.</a> The Journal of Oral Implantology. 36 (5), 345-355 (2010).</li><li>Gellrich, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-assisted+secondary+reconstruction+of+unilateral+posttraumatic+orbital+deformity.">Computer-assisted secondary reconstruction of unilateral posttraumatic orbital deformity.</a> Plast and Reconstructive Surgery. 110 (6), 1417-1429 (2002).</li><li>Watzinger, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Placement+of+endosteal+implants+in+the+zygoma+after+maxillectomy:+A+Cadaver+study+using+surgical+navigation.">Placement of endosteal implants in the zygoma after maxillectomy: A Cadaver study using surgical navigation.</a> Plast and Reconstructive Surgery. 107 (3), 659-667 (2001).</li><li>Wagner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-aided+placement+of+endosseous+oral+implants+in+patients+after+ablative+tumour+surgery:+Assessment+of+accuracy.">Computer-aided placement of endosseous oral implants in patients after ablative tumour surgery: Assessment of accuracy.</a> Clinical Oral Implants Research. 14 (3), 340-348 (2003).</li><li>Casap, N., Wexler, A., Tarazi, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+a+surgical+navigation+system+for+implant+surgery+in+a+deficient+alveolar+ridge+postexcision+of+an+odontogenic+myxoma.">Application of a surgical navigation system for implant surgery in a deficient alveolar ridge postexcision of an odontogenic myxoma.</a> The Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery. 63 (7), 982-988 (2005).</li><li>Pellegrino, G., Tarsitano, A., Basile, F., Pizzigallo, A., Marchetti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-aided+rehabilitation+of+maxillary+oncological+defects+using+zygomatic+implants:+A+defect-based+classification.">Computer-aided rehabilitation of maxillary oncological defects using zygomatic implants: A defect-based classification.</a> The Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery. 73 (12), 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Fan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+the+configurations+of+fiducial+markers+on+accuracy+of+surgical+navigation+in+zygomatic+implant+placement:+An+in+vitro+study.">The effect of the configurations of fiducial markers on accuracy of surgical navigation in zygomatic implant placement: An in vitro study.</a> The International Journal of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Implants. 34 (1), 85-90 (2019).</li><li>D'Haese, J., Van De Velde, T., Elaut, L., De Bruyn, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective+study+on+the+accuracy+of+mucosally+supported+stereolithographic+surgical+guides+in+fully+edentulous+maxillae.">A prospective study on the accuracy of mucosally supported stereolithographic surgical guides in fully edentulous maxillae.</a> Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 14 (2), 293-303 (2012).</li><li>St&#252;binger, S., Buitrago-Tellez, C., Cantelmi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviations+between+placed+and+planned+implant+positions:+an+accuracy+pilot+study+of+skeletally+supported+stereolithographic+surgical+templates.">Deviations between placed and planned implant positions: an accuracy pilot study of skeletally supported stereolithographic surgical templates.</a> Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research. 16 (4), 540-551 (2014).</li></ol>

Reconstructive rehabilitation of the atrophic maxilla using grafts is difficult because it requires good surgical technique, coverage of high-quality soft tissue over the graft, a significant amount of patient cooperation, and patients with health favorable for the finial restoration17,18. The placement of dental implants for reconstruction in patients with maxillary atrophy represents a significant clinical challenge. The pattern of facial bone resorption is ass...

In the 1990s, Branemark introduced an alternative technique for bone grafting, the zygomatic implant (ZI), which has also been called the zygomaticus fixture1. It was initially used for the treatment of trauma victims and patients with tumor resection where there was a defect in the maxillary structure. After maxillectomy, many patients retained anchorage only in the body of the zygoma or in the frontal extension of the zygomatic bone1,2,3.
More recently, the ZI technique has been widely used in edentulous and dentate patients with a severely resorbed maxilla. The main indication for ZI implants is an atrophic maxilla. The use of four ZIs in an immediate loading system (fixed prosthodontics) is practical for surgeons with broad clinical experience, and it appears to represent an excellent alternative method to bone graft techniques2,4. However, there are risks when placing ZIs, either by freehand or using a surgical template for guidance. Risks include inaccurate placement within the alveolus, penetration of the orbital cavity or infra-temporal fossa, and inappropriate placement within the zygomatic prominence5. The placement of multiple ZIs makes this surgery risky and difficult to perform. Hence, improving the precision of ZI placement is critical to its clinical use and safety.
The real-time surgical navigation system provides a different approach. It provides real-time and completely visualized trajectories through the analysis of preoperative and intraoperative computed tomography images. With the real-time navigation system, both precision and safety have been improved with sophisticated surgery and treatment5,6. A practical, feasible, and reproducible protocol was developed using the real-time surgical navigation system to precisely place ZIs in the severely atrophic maxilla5,7,8,9,10. With this protocol, we have treated hundreds of patients with satisfactory clinical outcomes5,6,7,8,9,10. Here, we present the protocol with the detailed information on the treatment procedure.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bistoury scalpel</td>
			<td>Hufriedy Group</td>
			<td>10-130-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 35mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34724</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 40mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34735</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 42.5mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34736</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 45mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34737</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 47.5mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34738</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 50mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34739</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branemark system zygoma TiUnite RP 52.5mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>34740</td>
			<td>TiUnite implant with overlength to place from the maxilla to the zygoma</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CBCT</td>
			<td>Planmeca Oy,Helsinki, Finland</td>
			<td>Pro Max 3D Max</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>connection to handpiece</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29081</td>
			<td>the accessories to connect the intrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill guard</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29162</td>
			<td>the accessories to protect the lips and soft tissue during the surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill guard short</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29162</td>
			<td>the accessories to protect the lips and soft tissue during the surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handpiece zygoma 20:1</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32615</td>
			<td>the basic instrument for implant drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument adapter array size L</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>41801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument adapter array size M</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>41798</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument calibration matrix</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>41874</td>
			<td>a special tool for drill to calibration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-plan automatic image fusion software STL data import/export for I-plan VectorVision2&#174;, (I-plan CMF software)</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>inapplicability</td>
			<td>the software for navigation surgery planning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-unit abutment 3mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32330</td>
			<td>the connection accessory between the implant and the titanium base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-unit abutment 5mm</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32331</td>
			<td>the connection accessory between the implant and the titanium base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Periosteal elevator</td>
			<td>Hufriedy Group</td>
			<td>PPR3/9A</td>
			<td>the instrument for open flap surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pilot drill</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32630</td>
			<td>the drill for the surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pilot drill short</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32632</td>
			<td>the drill for the surgery measuring the depth of the implant holes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pointer with blunt tip for cranial/ENT</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>53106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference headband star</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>41877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round bur</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>DIA 578-0</td>
			<td>the drill for the surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screwdriver manual</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29149</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skull reference array</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>52122</td>
			<td>a special made metal reference for navigation camera to receive the signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skull reference base</td>
			<td>BRAINLAB AG</td>
			<td>52129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture vicryl 4-0</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38;Johnson, Ethicon</td>
			<td>VCP310H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temporary copping multi-unit titanium (with prosthetic screw)</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29046</td>
			<td>the temporary titanium base to fix the teeth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium mini-screw</td>
			<td>CIBEI</td>
			<td>MB105-2.0*9</td>
			<td>the mini-screw for navigation registration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Twist drill</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32628</td>
			<td>the drill for the surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Twist drill short</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>32629</td>
			<td>the drill for the surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zygoma depth indicator angled</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zygoma depth indicator straight</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29162</td>
			<td>the measurement scale for</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zygoma handle</td>
			<td>Nobel Biocare AB</td>
			<td>29162</td>
			<td>the instrument for zygomatic implant placement</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

real-time dynamic navigation system for the precise quad-zygomatic implant placement in a patient with a severely atrophic maxilla

Zygomatic implants (ZIs) are an ideal way to address cases of a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla and maxilla defects because they replace extensive bone augmentation and shorten the treatment cycle. However, there are risks associated with the placement of ZIs, such as penetration of the orbital cavity or infra-temporal fossa. Furthermore, the placement of multiple ZIs makes this surgery risky and more difficult to perform. Potential intraoperative complications are extremely dangerous and may cause irreparable losses. Here, we describe a practical, feasible, and reproducible protocol for a real-time surgical navigation system for precisely placing quad-zygomatic implants in the severely atrophic maxilla of patients with residual bone that does not meet the requirements of conventional implants. Hundreds of patients have received ZIs at our department based on this protocol. The clinical outcomes have been satisfactory, the intraoperative and postoperative complications have been low, and the accuracy indicated by infusion of the designed image and postoperative three-dimensional image has been high. This method should be utilized during the entire surgical procedure to ensure ZI placement safety.

The enrolled patient was a 60-year-old woman without any systematic diseases (Figure 1A-D, F). After CBCT scanning, the alveolar ridge in the anterior maxilla was less than 2.9 mm, while the residual bone height in the posterior maxilla region was less than 2.4 mm (Figure 1E, G and Table 1). The width and thickness of the zygomatic bone were approximately 22.4-23.6 mm and 6.1-8.0 mm (<strong cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla at JoVE.com

Real-Time Dynamic Navigation System for the Precise Quad-Zygomatic Implant Placement in a Patient with a Severely Atrophic Maxilla

Here, we present a protocol to achieve precise quad-zygomatic implant placement in patients with severely atrophic maxilla using a real-time dynamic navigation system.

Zygomatic implants (ZIs) are an ideal way to address cases of a severely atrophic edentulous maxilla and maxilla defects because they replace extensive ...

Using real-time navigation surgery, we can treat patients with a severely atrophic maxilla requiring immediate implant loading, quickly, accurately and safely. A main advantage of this technique is that it improved the precision of this zygomatic implant placement, which is critical to its clinical use and safety. This technique allows treating of patients with severely atrophic maxilla due to ectodermal dysplasia, tumor, or severe periodontitis.With the anesthetized patient lying on the operating table in the supine position, rigidly secure the skull reference base to the calvaria, with a single self-tapping titanium screw of 1.5 by 6 millimeters. Secure the reference array to the base and assemble it with three marked reflective spheres. Place the navigation system camera in the one o'clock position, to monitor the skull reference.For registration, specifically set the navigation system to the individual patient using a positioning probe with a tailor-made reflective ball to contact the outer surface of the mini screws one after another. Then display the available sagittal coronal axial and 3D reconstruction images on the navigation screen. To standardize the drilling before using it in the surgery, use a calibration block with holes of different diameters.The drills should be straightly attached to the bottom of the block by the surgeon, and then the assistant needs to adjust the interface into the calibration module. The equipment will produce a sound once the process is complete. After determining the extent of the incision using surgical navigation, lift the full thickness flap, allowing an adequate view for exposing the planned implant sites.The range of the periosteal elevation should contain the alveola crest, lateral wall of the maxilla and the inferior border of the zygomatic bone. With the help of the navigation probe, find the entry point and use the zygoma handpiece to fix the entry points. Then find the entry of the zygomatic bone with the probe and use the zygoma handpiece to prepare the entry point of the zygomatic bone.Next, perform the drilling procedure ensuring that it follows the trajectories from the entry to the exit point as planned. Used the 2.9 millimeter drill first to prepare the path from the entry point, which was located using the navigation probe to the entry of the zygomatic bone. Prepare the mesial one first, followed by the distal one.To widen the implant bed, use the handpiece and extend the path from the entrance of the zygomatic bone to the terminal point designed at the surface of the zygomatic bone. Ask the assistant to put a hand on the surface of the lateral orbital wall, to ensure its safety. Next, enlarge the trajectory with an expanding drill with a 3.5 millimeter diameter.Use the measuring bar and navigation probe to check the direction and position of the trajectory. Identify the length of the implant, using the measuring tool. If the depth does not meet the requirement of the planned length, prepare it to the set depth.Next, implant the zygomatic implants using a specific manual tool then use the navigation probe to verify correct positioning. After placing multi-unit abutments and healing caps on the implants, suture the incision with the polypropylene 4-0 suture. For image integration, obtain post-operative CBCT scanning images and a panoramic radiograph to evaluate the zygomatic implant position within 72 hours after surgery.Export the postoperative data to the planning software to superimpose the image of the post-operative CBCT and the pre-operative surgical plan. Comparing the location of the entrance point, endpoint, and angular deviation. After surgery, using the navigation system, the patient received a temporary restoration within three days, which addressed both the aesthetic and pronunciation issues.Post-operative CBCT scanning and image integration revealed the starting and terminal position errors, as well as the angular deviation. Please check the position with the probe to ensure that the drilling is correct. We can also use our special manual tool to measure the distance from the starting point to the target point.This protocol encourage researchers to explore the field further. The more and more research teams are trying to develop new navigation systems for maxilla facial and dental implant surgeries to increase accuracy and efficiency, as well as shorten the learning curve.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

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Dynamic Navigation for Dental Implant Placement

In modern implantology, the application of surgical navigation systems is becoming increasingly important. In addition to static surgical navigation ...

Dynamic Navigation in Endodontics: Guided Access Cavity Preparation by Means of a Miniaturized Navigation System

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