Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their ...

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs ...

Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein ...

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at ...

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions ...

Allosteric regulation of enzymes occurs when the binding of an effector molecule to a site that is different from the active site causes a change in the ...

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other ...

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand ...

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications ...

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, ...

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell ...

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an ...

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. ...

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical ...

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures ...

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other ...

Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the ...