Chapter 8
Mixing, Placing and Curing Concrete
Mixing Concrete
The primary goal of mixing concrete is to stir its ingredients, ensuring the aggregates are evenly coated with cement paste, resulting in a uniform ...
Mixing Time
Concrete mixers are initially charged with 10 percent of the total water, followed by consistent additions of solid materials and 80 percent of the total ...
Ready Mixed Concrete
Concrete that is prepared at a centralized facility and then delivered to the job site in trucks, ready for placement, is known as ready-mixed or ...
Pumped Concrete
Concrete can be transported through pipelines over long distances to be placed in locations difficult to access, such as deep foundation pits.
The system ...
Placing Concrete
Concrete should be placed close to its final position in uniform horizontal layers.
After laying, the concrete layer is fully compacted to expel the ...
Vibrating Concrete
Mechanical vibrators are used to compact freshly placed concrete in forms and around the reinforcement to expel the entrapped air and form a dense ...
Shotcrete
Shotcrete involves spraying mortar or small aggregate concrete rich in mortar through a hose at high velocity onto a surface that is typically
...
Preplaced Aggregate Concrete
Preplaced aggregate concrete is produced by initially placing gap-graded coarse aggregate that is sufficiently wet within the formwork and compacting it.
...
Finishing Concrete
After consolidating the placed concrete, excess material is removed from the surface and flushed with the formwork's top using a screed.
Subsequently, ...
Curing of Concrete
Cement hydration occurs in the water-filled capillary pores of cement paste.
Environmental factors like air temperature, humidity, and wind can cause ...
Curing Methods
Oiling and moistening forms before pouring concrete aid in curing concrete members with a small surface-to-volume ratio.
These forms may be left in place ...
Accelerated Curing of Concrete
Concrete curing is accelerated by applying heat and adding moisture, yielding concrete with higher early strength.
Steam curing, often used for precast ...
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