Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.

The transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, which aim to destroy the cancerous or defective red bone marrow, reducing the risk of transplant rejection. Following this, healthy red bone marrow—typically harvested from the iliac crest of the donor's hip bone—is injected into the patient's veins. This marrow subsequently migrates to the recipient's red bone marrow cavities, where if the procedure is successful, the donor's stem cells multiply and completely replace the recipient's marrow with healthy, noncancerous cells.

However, the procedure has risks. The destruction of the recipient's white blood cells leaves them highly vulnerable to infections until the transplanted marrow begins to produce enough white blood cells—which typically takes 2–3 weeks. Additionally, graft-versus-host disease is possible, whereby the transplanted marrow produces T cells that attack the recipient's tissues.

Interestingly, cord blood cells present a recent innovation in the field, offering an alternative to red bone marrow. These stem cells, easily collected from the umbilical cord shortly after birth, are abundant and less likely to cause graft-versus-host disease. As a result, the match between donor and recipient need not be as precise as in a bone marrow transplant. Notably, they can be stored indefinitely in cord blood banks, providing a larger pool of potential donors, and are less likely to transmit infections. This advancement signals a promising alternative to traditional bone marrow transplants, particularly in mitigating the risks of graft-versus-host disease.