The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep brachial arteries, which supply the posterior aspect of the arm, and the ulnar collateral arteries, which are essential for the elbow's blood supply.

The brachial artery's bifurcation at the elbow into the radial and ulnar arteries is clinically significant. These arteries are vital for forearm circulation, and their integrity is crucial for maintaining hand and digit function. The radial and ulnar arteries run parallel to the bones of the same names and continue down to the wrist or carpal region. Here, they form the superficial and deep palmar arches, which are essential for hand perfusion. The digital arteries, branching from these arches, are responsible for supplying blood to the fingers.

Clinically, the radial and ulnar arteries are also commonly used sites for arterial cannulation and pulse monitoring. Additionally, injuries or blockages in these arteries can lead to critical conditions such as compartment syndrome or ischemia, requiring immediate medical intervention to restore adequate blood flow and prevent tissue damage.