The authors are grateful for the support and advice of Nikolaus Grigorieff. We thank Anna Loveland, Axel Brilot, Chen Xu, and Mike Rigney for helpful discussions and EM guidance. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation, Award No. 1157892. The Brandeis EM facility is supported by National Institutes of Health grant P01 GM62580.

注：以下のプロトコルは、細胞培養の4 L、細胞の約40グラム湿重量から複合体を精製するために考案されました。調製したら、すべてのバッファは、4℃で保存し、それらの調製の月以内に使用すべきです。還元剤およびプロテアーゼ阻害剤は、使用直前に緩衝液に添加されます。 タンデムアフィニティー精製のための全細胞抽出物の調製<ol><li> S.の成長セレビシエ?...

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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tobacco+etch+virus+protease:+mechanism+of+autolysis+and+rational+design+of+stable+mutants+with+wild-type+catalytic+proficiency.">Tobacco etch virus protease: mechanism of autolysis and rational design of stable mutants with wild-type catalytic proficiency.</a> Protein Eng. 14 (12), 993-1000 (2001).</li><li>Nallamsetty, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+site-specific+processing+of+fusion+proteins+by+tobacco+vein+mottling+virus+protease+in+vivo+and+in+vitro.">Efficient site-specific processing of fusion proteins by tobacco vein mottling virus protease in vivo and in vitro.</a> Protein Expr Purif. 38 (1), 108-115 (2004).</li><li>Ghaemmaghami, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+protein+expression+in+yeast.">Global analysis of protein expression in yeast.</a> Nature. 425 (6959), 737-741 (2003).</li><li>Howson, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction,+verification+and+experimental+use+of+two+epitope-tagged+collections+of+budding+yeast+strains.">Construction, verification and experimental use of two epitope-tagged collections of budding yeast strains.</a> Comp Funct Genomics. 6 (1-2), 2-16 (2005).</li><li>Cox, D. M., Du, M., Guo, X., Siu, K. W., McDermott, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tandem+affinity+purification+of+protein+complexes+from+mammalian+cells.">Tandem affinity purification of protein complexes from mammalian cells.</a> Biotechniques. 33 (2), 267-268 (2002).</li><li>Gully, D., Moinier, D., Loiseau, L., Bouveret, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+partners+of+acyl+carrier+protein+detected+in+Escherichia+coli+by+tandem+affinity+purification.">New partners of acyl carrier protein detected in Escherichia coli by tandem affinity purification.</a> FEBS Lett. 548 (1-3), 90-96 (2003).</li><li>Tharun, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+analysis+of+the+decapping+activator+Lsm1p-7p-Pat1p+complex+from+yeast.">Purification and analysis of the decapping activator Lsm1p-7p-Pat1p complex from yeast.</a> Methods Enzymol. 448, 41-55 (2008).</li><li>Xu, X., Song, Y., Li, Y., Chang, J., Zhang, H., An, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tandem+affinity+purification+method:+an+efficient+system+for+protein+complex+purification+and+protein+interaction+identification.">The tandem affinity purification method: an efficient system for protein complex purification and protein interaction identification.</a> Protein Expr Purif. 72 (2), 149-156 (2010).</li><li>Cheng, Y., Grigorieff, N., Penczek, P. A., Walz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Primer+to+Single-Particle+Cryo-Electron+Microscopy.">A Primer to Single-Particle Cryo-Electron Microscopy.</a> Cell. 161 (3), 438-449 (2015).</li><li>Gottschalk, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+biochemical+and+genetic+analysis+of+the+yeast+U1+snRNP+reveals+five+novel+proteins.">A comprehensive biochemical and genetic analysis of the yeast U1 snRNP reveals five novel proteins.</a> RNA. 4 (4), 374-393 (1998).</li><li>Neubauer, G., Gottschalk, A., Fabrizio, P., Seraphin, B., Luhrmann, R., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+the+proteins+of+the+yeast+U1+small+nuclear+ribonucleoprotein+complex+by+mass+spectrometry.">Identification of the proteins of the yeast U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex by mass spectrometry.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 94 (2), 385-390 (1997).</li><li>Lucast, L. J., Batey, R. T., Doudna, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+purification+of+a+stable+form+of+recombinant+tobacco+etch+virus+protease.">Large-scale purification of a stable form of recombinant tobacco etch virus protease.</a> Biotechniques. 30 (3), 544-546 (2001).</li></ol>

TAP法はタイトで、生理的溶液条件の近くに維持する欲求と親和性樹脂への結合選択性の必要性のバランスをとる二つのタグを利用しています。このバランスは、精製後の特徴付けのための因子（単数または複数）の相互作用でタグ付けされたタンパク質の安定な相互作用（複数可）を維持するのに役立ちます。また、個々のTAPは1つが、任意の酵母複合体のためにタグ付けされたタンパク質?...

多くの主要な細胞プロセスは、大きなタンパク質およびタンパク質-RNA複合体1によって行われます。このような複合体の生物物理学的および構造的な研究を行うに重大なボトルネックは、適切な品質（ すなわち 、均一性）の、適切な濃度でそれらを得ることです。天然の供給源から複合体を分離することにより、サブユニットの関連する転写後および/または翻訳後修飾を保持し、適切な複雑なアセンブリを保証を含め、多くの利点があります。しかし、大規模な細胞複合体は、低コピー数で、多くの場合、細胞内に存在していると精製は非常に効率的で、複雑な整合性が維持されていることを確認するために近くの生理的条件下で発生する必要があります。真核生物源から複合体を精製することは特に困難であり、財政的に法外することができます。したがって、効率的でかつ均一な複合体をもたらす戦略または方法が非常に望まれています。 されている戦略彼らの初期の特性のために、真核細胞からの天然の複合体を精製することに成功は、タンデムアフィニティー精製（TAP）法2,3です。 TAPの方法は、最初因子（複数可）2相互作用との複合体で出芽酵母（S.セレビシエ）から天然のタンパク質を精製するために考案されました。 TAP法は、同じタンパク質をコードする遺伝子配列をタンデムに融合した各タグを二つのタグを利用しました。タイトかつ選択的な生理学的溶液条件の近くに維持する要望と親和性樹脂に結合するための必要性のバランスを取るように、タグを選択しました。このバランスは、精製後の特徴付けのための因子（単数または複数）の相互作用でタグ付けされたタンパク質の安定な相互作用（複数可）を維持するのに役立ちます。ゲノムに組み込まTAPタグは、タンパク質をコードする遺伝子の末端（C末端）に配置され、プロテインAに続くカルモジュリン結合ペプチド（CBP）のためのシーケンスをコードで構成された - タグを付けたにわずか20キロダルトンの追加タンパク質。 CBPは2、短いです6アミノ酸、および10 -9 M 4のオーダーのK Dとカルシウムの存在下で〜17 kDaのタンパク質カルモジュリン（CAM）によって認識。プロテインAタグは、反復間の短いリンカーを有する58残基二反復からなる、大きくなります。各58アミノ酸反復は、K D〜10 -8 M 5で免疫グロブリンG（IgG）によって認識されます。これら二つのタグの間にTEVプロテアーゼ、タバコエッチウイルス6,7からエンドペプチダーゼの認識部位を組み込みました。 TAPタンパク質をタグ付け方法の第1の親和性ステップにおいて、 図1に示すようにタグ付けされたタンパク質をTEVプロテアーゼ、特にサイト間切断を添加すると、カラム切断にすることによって溶出し、プロテインAを介してIgGを樹脂に結合されています二つのタグ。 IgGおよびプロテインAの相互作用が非常に強く、唯一の適切ソリューションの変性条件下で摂動することができますので、これは必要なステップです。 Prを欠きますタグotein、タンパク質は、カルシウムの存在下カム樹脂に結合され、金属イオンキレート剤EGTA（エチレングリコール四酢酸）（ 図1）を添加して、この樹脂から溶出しました。 すぐTAP法を導入した後、それは、Sで複雑 ​​な相互作用の「マップ」を生成するために、大規模な研究で使用しましたセレビシエ 8。重要なのは、この努力の結果として全体の酵母-TAPタグ付きオープンリーディングフレーム（ORF）ライブラリだけでなく、個々のTAPはのORF 9は商業的供給源から入手可能であるタグ付けされました。このように、1は、任意の酵母複合体のためのタグ付きタンパク質と任意の酵母株を取得することができます。 TAP法も含め、TAPタグの修正または変形に拍車をかけた。他の真核生物からの複合体の精製、ならびに細菌細胞10,11のためのその使用。プロテインAとCBPが異なるタンパク質12上に配置され、「スプリットタグ」のデザイン;そして、TA例えば、Ca 2+またはEGTA 13複合体の感度と、研究者のニーズに適応するようにGSは、変更しました。 器具類および方法論の両方における最近の進歩は、高分子複合体14の原子解像度画像の近くに高につながった構造決意、ための電子顕微鏡（EM）の適用における重要な進歩をもたらしてきました。 EMによる複合体の得られる分解能は、しかし、研究中の複合体の品質次第で残っています。本研究では、Sから精製するために、TAPタグのアプローチを利用していますセレビシエ U1 snRNP、スプライソソーム15,16の一部である18サブユニット（〜0.8 MDA）低コピー数のリボ核タンパク質複合体。ステップ数は、均一で十分な濃度であるように、この複合体を精製するためにとられています。精製の様々な段階で遭遇する潜在的な問題が記載されており、戦略はCHALLを克服するためにとらengesを強調しました。慎重に精製の手順を評価し、最適化することにより、精製されたU1 snRNPは、品質のとネガティブ染色および電子クライオ顕微鏡（クライオEM）の研究に適した量です。構造研究のために、天然の複合体の精製のための最適化されたTAP法プロトコルは、本明細書に記載されています。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>S. cerevisiae TAP tagged strain</td>
			<td>Open Biosystems</td>
			<td>YSC1177</td>
			<td>This is the primary yeast strain used to develop the TAP protocol. Its background is S288C: ATCC 201388: MATa, his3&#916;1, leu2&#916;0, met15&#916;0, ura3&#916;0, SNU71::TAP::HIS3MX6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coffee grinder</td>
			<td>Mr. Coffee</td>
			<td>IDS77</td>
			<td>Used for cell lysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer, Bright Line</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td>3120</td>
			<td>Used to assess cell lysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JA 9.100 centrifuge rotor&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to harvest the yeast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JA 20 fixed-angle centrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to clear the cell extract of non-soluble cellular material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti 60 fixed-angle centrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to further clear the soluble cell extract</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>R5355</td>
			<td>Temperature controlled shaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novex gel system</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgG resin</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0969-01</td>
			<td>Sepharose 6 fast flow</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calmodulin resin</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies, Inc.</td>
			<td>214303</td>
			<td>Affinity resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail, mini tablets</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>589297</td>
			<td>Mini cOmplete ultra EDTA-free tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail, large tablets</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>5892953</td>
			<td>cOmplete ultra EDTA-free tablets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissolved in isopropanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL Bio-spin column</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>7326008</td>
			<td>Used to pack and wash the Calmodulin resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL poly-prep column</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>7311550</td>
			<td>Used to pack and wash the IgG resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precast native PAGE Bis-Tris gels</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>BN1002</td>
			<td>Novex NativePAGE Bis-Tris 4-16% precast polyacrylamide gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NativeMark protein standard</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>LC0725</td>
			<td>Unstained protein standard used for native PAGE. Load 7.5 &#956;L for a silver stained gel and 5 &#956;L for a SYPRO Ruby stained gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precast SDS PAGE Bis-Tris gels</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>NP0321</td>
			<td>Novex Nu-PAGE Bis-Tris 4-12% precast polyacrylamide gels&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PageRuler protein standard</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26614</td>
			<td>Unstained protein standard used for Western blotting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS running buffer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>NP0001</td>
			<td>1x NuPAGE MOPS SDS Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TAP antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CAB1001</td>
			<td>Primary antibody against CBP tag</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>31341</td>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit alkaline phosphatase conjugated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCIP/NBT</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>34042</td>
			<td>5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dialaysis units</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>88401</td>
			<td>Slide-A-Lyzer mini dialysis units</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugal filter units, 100kDa MWCO</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC5100008</td>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-0.5 Centrifugal Filter Unit with Ultracel-100 membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detergent absorbing beads</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>1523920</td>
			<td>Bio-bead SM-2 absorbants</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Green II</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S-7564</td>
			<td>Flourescent dye for nucleic acid staining, when detecting with SYPRO Ruby present, use excitation wavelength of 488 nm and emission wavelength of 532 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYPRO Ruby</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>S-12000</td>
			<td>Flourescent dye for protein staining, when detecting with SYBR Green II present, use excitation wavelength of 457 nm and emission wavelength of 670 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper grids</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>G400-CP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of native complexes for structural study using a tandem affinity tag method

アフィニティー精製のアプローチはプロテオミクス特性評価用のネイティブ複合体を単離することに成功しています。構造的不均一性との複合体の組成不均一性の程度は、通常、このような研究を行うの進展が妨げられることはありません。これとは対照的に、構造的な特徴付けのために意図された複合体は、両方の組成と構造的に均質なだけでなく、プロテオミクスのために必要とされるよりも高い濃度である状態で、精製されるべきです。近年、大規模な高分子複合体の構造を決意する電子顕微鏡の応用において重要な進歩がありました。これは、電子顕微鏡による構造決意するのに十分な質と量のネイティブの複合体を精製するためのアプローチへの関心を高めています。タンデムアフィニティー精製（TAP）メソッドは18サブユニットを抽出し、精製するために最適化されている、〜出芽酵母から0.8 MDAリボアセンブリ（ サッカロマイセス・セレビシエ） </em&gt;のネガティブ染色および電子クライオ顕微鏡に適しています。ここで、TAP法、これらの変更を行うための理論的根拠、及び組成と構造的に均質な複合体についてアッセイするために撮影したアプローチに加えられた変更を詳述されています。

修正されたTAP法はSから精製しましたU1 snRNP、18サブユニットリボ核タンパク質複合体をセレビシエ 。公開されたプロトコル2,3次複合体の初期TAPの精製は、銀上の3つのバンドは、ネイティブポリアクリルアミドゲル（ 図2A）で染色として移行し、異機種登場複合体を得ました。 TAP法の最適化の複数のラウンドは、より均質なアセンブ?...

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Purification of Native Complexes for Structural Study Using a Tandem Affinity Tag Method

The Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP) method has been used extensively to isolate native complexes from cellular extract, primarily eukaryotic, for proteomics. Here, we present a TAP method protocol optimized for purification of native complexes for structural studies.

タンデムアフィニティータグ法を用いた構造解析のためのネイティブ複合体の精製

Affinity purification approaches have been successful in isolating native complexes for proteomic characterization. Structural heterogeneity and a degree ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to purify a native macromolecular complex of suitable quality for biophysical studies. This protocol serves not only as a way to purify a complex, but as a detailed guide to assessing the structural quality of the sample during purification. The main advantage of this protocol is that it allows one to purify a native assembly under near physiological buffer conditions simply and rapidly, so as to ensure compositional homogeneity.After centrifugation of S.cerevisiae cells, and decanting the supernatant according to the text protocol, add two milliliters of chilled lysis buffer, and swirl and/or use a 10 milliliter serelogical pipette to suspend the pellet. Transfer the cell suspension into an empty 50 milliliter conical polypropylene centrifuge tube kept on ice. Then use an additional two milliliters of chilled lysis buffer to wash each centrifuge bottle and add the solution to the 50 milliliter tube.After determining the wet weight of the cell pellet, create a liquid nitrogen bath in and around a 50 milliliter conical polypropylene centrifuge tube. Next, draw suspended cells into a five milliliter syringe and connect a 16 gauge needle to the syringe. Then, freeze the cell suspension by passing it through the syringe and needle into the bath at a rate of approximately one milliliter per minute to generate droplets.To lyse the yeast cells, begin by using liquid nitrogen to pre-chill a coffee grinder. Then add up to 40 grams of yeast cells and grind for 25 seconds, repeating the grinding eight or nine times. It is recommended not to purify for more than 10 liters of cell culture at one time.This minimizes purification time and ensures that structural integrity of the complex is maintained. After every two rounds of grinding, add a shallow layer of liquid nitrogen to the grinder and allow it to evaporate. To keep the cells from clumping, prevent the cells from thawing by using a liquid nitrogen chilled spatula to stir the cells.Following lysis, the cells should appear as a fine white powder. After checking cell lysis and preparing lysis buffer with PMSF, DTT and protease inhibitors according to the text protocol, use a liquid nitrogen chilled spatula to incrementally scoop the frozen lysed cell powder into the prepared 50 milliliter tubes of the buffer. With each added increment, gently rotate the 50 milliliter tubes at room temperature so as to thaw and dissolve the cells and to prevent bubbles from forming.As the cells dissolve, add more cell powder. After all the cells have been added, continue thawing and dissolving the cells until there are no frozen cell clumps observed in the tubes. This should take approximately 50 minutes.Next, centrifuge the cell lysate at 25, 000 times g and four degrees Celsius for 20 minutes. Once cells are lysed and following centrifugation, you may observe a small dark layer in the insoluble pellet. Transfer the supernatant to polycarbonate ultracentrifuge tubes and add 10 microliters of 200 millimolar PMSF to each full tube.Centrifuge the samples at 100, 000 times g and four degrees Celsius for one hour. At the end of the spin, four layers should be visible. A hard clear pellet containing mostly ribosomal complexes;a soft lipid rich pellet;a large, clear, yellow-tinged layer containing most of the cell's soluble proteins and complexes;and a scaly top layer consisting of lipids.In a cold room at four degrees Celsius, use a one milliliter pipette to remove as much of the top scaly lipid layer as possible and discard. Use a 10 milliliter serological pipette to recover most of the clear yellow layer. Then, using a one milliliter pipette to avoid disturbing the bottom two layers, recover the last few milliliters of this layer.From 40 grams of wet cell pellet, approximately 48 milliliters of the middle layer is typically recovered. After preparing IgG sepharose according to the text protocol, combine the IGG resin with the middle phase supernatant and two mini protease inhibitor tablets per 40 grams of cells. Then place on a rotator at four degrees Celsius for two hours.This is the IgG batch solution. Prepare two 10 milliliter polyprep columns by cutting the ends of the columns to produce a flat opening. Pour the 24 milliliters of suspend IgG resin slurry or batch solution into each column, and allow to sediment by gravity.This corresponds to 200 microliters of packed IgG resin. If sedimentation takes longer than 30 minutes, the middle phase may have been contaminated by lipids. When sedimentation is complete, use four successive 10 milliliter volumes of IgG D150 buffer to wash the packed column.To carry out tobacco etch virus or TEV protease cleavage on the column, seal the bottom of the column and add one milliliter of IgG D150 buffer and 100 microliters of TEV protease. Seal the top of the column and using a thermal mixer at 750 RPM and 18 degrees Celsius, mix for 20 minutes. Re-suspend the resin and mix again for 20 minutes.Then re-suspend and repeat the 20 minute mixing a third time. Return the column to four degrees Celsius and use gravity to elute the protein complex. Then, add 200 microliters of IgG D150 to elute the dead volume.After preparing calmodulin affinity resin according to the text protocol, add the calmodulin binding buffer and sample to the resin, and use a tube rotator to incubate at four degrees Celsius for one hour. Prepare a two milliliter polyprep column per 100 microliters of calmodulin slurry by cutting the end of the column to create a flat opening. The protocol details specific buffer and residence volumes chosen so as to keep the complex concentrated and to minimize its resin residence time.If cultural volume is changed, it is recommended to change the gravity columns'resin and buffer volumes to account for the change. Pack the column with no more than 100 microliters of calmodulin slurry and by gravity, use 5 milliliters of calmodulin binding buffer to wash the resin three times. Using 200 microliters of calmodulin elution buffer, elute the protein three times.Then, seal the bottom of the column and add 20 microliters of elution buffer and incubate for 2.5 minutes before releasing the seal and allowing the protein to elute by gravity. Seal the bottom of the column again and add 200 microliters of elution buffer before incubating for five minutes. Then, unseal the bottom of the column and elute the solution.For the sixth and final elution, seal the bottom of the column and incubate with elution buffer for 10 minutes. Then, unseal and elute. Carry out post-purification analysis and store samples according to the text protocol.As shown here, an initial TAP purification of the complex following a published protocol yielded a complex that migrated as three bands on a silver-stained gel. Multiple rounds of optimization of the TAP method gives us a complex that migrated as a single band on a native gel, indicative of a more homogeneous assembly. Consistent with the native gel result, western blotting using a TAP antibody against the complex, purified according to the published protocol, detected proteolysis of the TAP tagged protein, SNU-71.Modifications of the TAP method significantly reduced the amount of proteolysis, as nearly all of the 17 proteins in the U1 snRNP complex were resolved by SDS-PAGE and positively identified by multi mass spectrometry. Negative stain electron microscopy shows monodispersed particles from a successful purification after the first and second steps of TAP. In contrast, no particles of the correct size are observed when the purification is unsuccessful.Final complex quality was assessed on a lawn of purified particles, shown here, that appear monodispersed in the negative stain EM raw image. In addition, class averages of the particles reveal distinct features indicating that the sample is possibly suitable for structural study. Once mastered, this protocol can be completed within 10 to 12 hours of thawing the frozen lysed cell powder.While following this protocol, it's important to ensure that all solutions are free of proteases and nucleases, as well as to work rapidly to prevent aggregation or dissociation of the complex. After watching this video, you should understand how to purify a native complex of suitable quality for structural study, as well as how to assess that this has been achieved.