在缺血样条件下监测星形胶质细胞的反应性和增殖体外

Summary

缺血性中风是一个复杂的事件, 其中星形胶质细胞对受氧葡萄糖剥夺 (OGD) 影响的脑区的具体贡献是很难研究的。本文介绍了一种获取孤立星形胶质细胞的方法, 并研究了其在 OGD 条件下的反应性和增殖。

Abstract

缺血性中风是一种复杂的脑损伤, 血栓或栓子阻碍血液流向大脑的部分。这导致了缺氧和葡萄糖的匮乏, 导致能量衰竭和神经元死亡。在缺血性中风的侮辱, 星形胶质细胞成为反应和增殖周围的伤害现场, 因为它的发展。在这种情况下, 很难研究星形胶质细胞对缺血脑区的特定贡献。因此, 本文介绍了一种方法, 研究原星形胶质细胞的反应性和增殖在一个体外模型的缺血样环境, 称为氧葡萄糖剥夺 (OGD)。星形胶质细胞是从1-4 岁的新生大鼠中分离出来的, 并通过胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (胶质细胞) 和细胞核染色对非特异性星的数量进行评估。星形胶质细胞受 OGD 条件的时间可以定制, 以及他们所接触到的氧气的百分比。这种灵活性允许科学家在不同的细胞组体外描述缺血样状态的持续时间。本文讨论了诱导星形胶质细胞反应性、肥大形态学和增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA) 免疫荧光法测定 OGD 的时间范围。星形胶质细胞除增殖外, 还具有能量和氧化应激, 并通过释放可溶性因子而对 OGD 反应。这种培养基可以收集并用于分析星形胶质细胞释放的分子在没有细胞相互作用的原代神经细胞中的作用。总之, 这种原细胞培养模型可以有效地用于了解孤立星形胶质细胞在损伤中的作用。

Introduction

中风被定义为 "急性神经功能障碍的血管来源, 无论是突然或快速发展的症状和体征, 对应于大脑中的重点领域的参与"^1,2。有两种类型的中风: 出血和缺血性。当血管功能障碍是由动脉瘤或动静脉故障引起的, 伴有动脉后破裂的减弱, 这称为出血性中风³ , 在大多数情况下, 导致死亡。当血栓或栓子阻碍血流, 导致暂时剥夺氧气和葡萄糖的大脑区域, 它被称为缺血性中风⁴。不滋养细胞周围的受影响地区或缺血核心导致了自我平衡和代谢失衡, 精力充沛的功能障碍, 神经元死亡和炎症⁵, 这可能导致 life-long 残疾患者的⁶。

缺血性中风是一种多因素损伤, 涉及多种类型的细胞, 在不同的时间点反应和发挥作用。许多相互作用为研究单个细胞的行为创造了一个困难的环境。那么, 我们如何研究一个特定的细胞类型在如此复杂的环境下的贡献呢？一个接受的体外模型的缺血包括暴露细胞到氧和葡萄糖剥夺 (OGD), 在一定时期内, 然后恢复细胞到常环境。该系统模拟缺血性中风后再灌注血。在这种方法中, 细胞或组织被暴露在一个无糖的介质中, 在一个净化氧气的环境中, 使用一个专门的缺氧室。OGD 潜....

Protocol

产后大鼠 (大) 1-4 天后被用来分离皮质。安乐死的方法是斩首, 由 NIH 的指南批准.

1. 准备手术用的仪器和材料

1. 灭菌釜中的仪器 (温度: 121 和 #186; C、压力:15 psi, 时间:30 分钟) 使用钢盒或即时密封灭菌袋。请参阅 材料表 中的材料.

2。完整的 DMEM 准备

1. 在包含700毫升蒸压水的一公升烧杯中, 在室温下添加 Dulbecco 和 #39 ?.......

Discussion

本协议描述了从大鼠皮层星形胶质细胞的分离。在这种方法, 这是至关重要的, 以减少污染与其他细胞类型, 如小胶质, 突, 和成纤维细胞。为了减少小胶质细胞的数量, 可以采取几个步骤: 改变介质, 轨道震动和化学处理。一旦通过选择性细胞标记或最突出的细胞污染物, 通过免疫荧光证实了培养纯度, 就可以进行实验。例如, 抗电离钙结合剂分子 1 (Iba-1) 抗体可以用来检测小胶质细胞。神经元死亡在?.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Instruments for Surgery - Step 1
Operating scissor 5.5”	Roboz Company	RS-6812	Tools used to decapitate the rats.
Curved forceps 7”	Roboz Company	RS-5271	Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.
Micro-dissecting scissors 4”	Roboz Company	RS-5882	Cuts both the skin and skull of the rat.
Micro-dissecting forceps 4” angled, fine sharp	Roboz Company	RS-5095	Holds the skin of the rat while the skull is removed.
Micro-dissecting forceps 4” slightly curved 0.8	Roboz Company	RS-5135	Tool used to separate cortices.
Micro-dissecting tweezers	Roboz Company	RS-4972	Peels brain meninges.
Dissection microscope	Olympus	SZX16	Important for removing the meninge from the cortices.
DMEM Preparation - step 2
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM)	GibCo. Company	11995-065	Supports the growth of cells.
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma-Aldrich Company	S7277	Supplement for the cell culture media.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	GibCo. Company	10437-010	Serum-supplement for the cell culture.
Penicillin-Streptomycin	GibCo. Company	15140-148	Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.
Filter System 1L with 0.22um pore	Corning	431098
Astrocyte culture - step 3
Serological pipets 5mL	VWR	89130-896	To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.
Serological pipets 10mL	VWR	89130-898	To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.
Serological pipets 25mL	VWR	89130-900	To pipette DMEM to containers with cells.
Centrifuge conical tube 15mL	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-200250
Safe-lock tube 1.5mL	Eppendorf	022363204
Barrier Tips 200 uL	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-201725
Barrier Tips 1 mL	Santa Cruz Biotechnology	sc-201727
Biohazard Orange Bag 14 x 19"	VWR	14220-048
60mm petri dishes	Falcon	351007
Sterile gauze pads	Honeywell Safety	89133-086
Stomacher 80 Biomaster	Sewar Lab System	030010019	Triturate the brain tissue.
Stomacher 80 Blender Sterile Bags	Sewar Lab System	BA6040	Sterile bag for the stomacher cell homogenizer.
Beaker 400mL	Pyrex	1000
Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #60	Sigma-Aldrich Company	S1020	To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.
Sterile cell dissociation sieve, mesh #100	Sigma-Aldrich Company	S3895	To obtain a uniform single cell suspension.
Invert phase microscope	Nikon	Eclypse Ti-S	Verify cells for contamination or abnormal cell growth.
75cm2 sterile flasks	Falcon	353136
Multi-well plate	Falcon	353046
Micro cover glasses (coverslips), 18mm, round	VWR	48380-046
Bright-Line hemacytometer	Sigma-Aldrich Company	Z359629
Pasteur pipettes	Fisher Scientific	13-678-20D
Ethyl alcohol	Sigma-Aldrich Company	E7023
L-leucine methyl ester hydrochloride 98% (LME)	Sigma-Aldrich Company	L1002	Promotes the elimination of microglia cells in the primary cortical astrocyte cultutre.
Cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C)	Sigma-Aldrich Company	C1768
Poly-D-Lysine Hydrobromide, mol wt 70,000-150,000	Sigma-Aldrich Company	P0899
Trypsin/EDTA	GibCo. Company	15400-054
Trypan Blue	Sigma-Aldrich Company	T8154
Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets	Calbiochem	524650
Sterile Water	Sigma-Aldrich Company	W3500
OGD Medium Preparation - step 5
Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL	VWR	89039-658
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium-free glucose	Sigma-Aldrich Company	D5030	Supports the growth of cells.
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma-Aldrich Company	S7277	Supplement for the cell culture media.
Penicillin-Streptomycin	GibCo. Company	15140-148	Inhibits the growth of bacterias in the cell culture.
200mM  L-glutamine	GibCo. Company	25030-081	Amino acid that supplements the growth of cells.
Phospahet buffer saline (PBS) tablets	Calbiochem	524650
Filter System 50mL with 0.22um pore	Corning	430320
Centrifuge conical tube 50 mL	VWR	89039-658
Single Flow Meter	Billups-Rothenberg	SMF3001	Measure gas flow in oxygen purge.
Hypoxia Incubator Chamber	StemCell	27310	Generates a hypoxic environment for the cell culture.
Traceable Dissolved Oxygen Meter	VWR	21800-022
95% N2/ 5% CO2 Gas Mixture	Linde		Purges the environment of oxygen.
primary astrocyte immunofluorescence - step 6
Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) tablets	Calbiochem	524650
Formaline Solution Neutral Buffer 10%	Sigma-Aldrich	HT501128	Solution used to fix cells.
Methanol	Fisher	A4544	Solution used to fix cells.
Non-ionic surfactant (Triton X-100)	Sigma-Aldrich	T8787
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	GibCo. Company	10437-010	Serum-supplement for the cell culture.
Anti-NeuN	Cell Signaling	24307	Detects mature neurons, serves to validate the astrocytic culture.
Anti-PCNA	Cell Signaling	2586	Detects proliferating cells.
Propidium Iodide (PI)	Sigma-Aldrich Company	P4170	Apoptosis staining.
Anti-Olig1	Abcam	AB68105	Detects mature oligodendrocytes.
Anti-Iba1+	Wako	016-20001	Detects microglial cells.
Anti-GFAP Conjugated with Cy3	Sigma-Aldrich Company	C9205	Detects reactive astrocytes in the treated cells.
Alexa Fluor 488	Molecular Probe Life Technology	A1101	Anti-Mouse Secondary Antibody
Alexa Fluor 555	Molecular Probe Life Technology	A21428	Anti-Rabbit Secondary Antibody
4’,6’-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)	Sigma-Aldrich Company	D9542	Nuclear staining
Confocal microscope	Olympus