Bu çalışmada Proje 140413 bir parçası olarak GreenPAC polimer Uygulama Merkezi tarafından desteklenmiştir: "3D baskı üretiminde". Albert Hartman, Corinne van Noordenne kabul etmek istiyoruz, van Rens Leeuwen, Anniek Bruins, Femke Tamminga, Jur van Dijken ve Albert Woortman video çekim kolaylaştırmak için.

Dikkat: Lütfen ilgili tüm malzeme güvenlik bilgi formları (MSDS) kullanmadan önce danışın.
1. Photocurable reçine hazırlanması
Not: Lütfen aşağıdaki yordamı sırasında kişisel koruyucu ekipman (koruyucu gözlük, eldiven, önlük) kullanın. Daha fazla ayrıntı için önceki bizim iş12 bu bölümüne bakın.
<ol><li>50 g 1,10-decanediol diacrylate (SA5201) 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask dökün.</li>
	<li>1.0 g ekleyin diphenyl...

<ol>
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C., Schwentenwein, M., Gorsche, C., Stampfl, J., Liska, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toughening+of+photo-curable+polymer+networks:+A+review.">Toughening of photo-curable polymer networks: A review.</a> Polymer Chemistry. 7, 257-286 (2016).</li><li>Miao, S., Zhu, W., Castro, N. J., Nowicki, M., Zhou, X., Cui, H., Fisher, J. P., Zhang, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=4D+printing+smart+biomedical+scaffolds+with+novel+soybean+oil+epoxidized+acrylate.">4D printing smart biomedical scaffolds with novel soybean oil epoxidized acrylate.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 27226 (2016).</li><li>Voet, V. S. D., Strating, T., Schnelting, G. H. M., Dijkstra, P., Tietema, M., Xu, J., Woortman, A. J. J., Loos, K., Jager, J., Folkersma, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biobased+acrylate+photocurable+resin+formulation+for+stereolithographic+3D+printing.">Biobased acrylate photocurable resin formulation for stereolithographic 3D printing.</a> ACS Omega. 3, 1403-1408 (2018).</li><li>Ligon-Auer, S. C., Liska, R., Stampfl, J., Gurr, M., M&#252;lhaupt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymers+for+3D+Printing+and+Customized+Additive+Manufacturing.">Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing.</a> Chemical Reviews. 117, 10212-10290 (2017).</li><li>Weng, Z., Zhou, Y., Lin, W., Senthil, T., Wu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure-property+relationship+of+nano+enhanced+stereolithography+resin+for+desktop+SLA+3D+printer.">Structure-property relationship of nano enhanced stereolithography resin for desktop SLA 3D printer.</a> Composites: Part A. 88, 234-242 (2016).</li><li>Scalera, F., Esposito Corcione, C., Montagna, F., Sannino, A., Maffezzoli, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+characterization+of+UV+curable+epoxy/hydroxyapatite+suspensions+for+stereolithography+applied+to+bone+tissue+engineering.">Development and characterization of UV curable epoxy/hydroxyapatite suspensions for stereolithography applied to bone tissue engineering.</a> Ceramics International. 40, 15455-15462 (2014).</li><li>Lee, H., Fang, N. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro+3D+Printing+using+a+digital+projector+and+its+application+in+the+study+of+soft+materials+mechanics.">Micro 3D Printing using a digital projector and its application in the study of soft materials mechanics.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (69), e4457 (2012).</li><li>Huemer, K., Squirrell, J. M., Swader, R., Pelkey, K., LeBert, D. C., Huttenlocher, A., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+live+imaging+device+for+improved+experimental+manipulation+of+zebrafish+larvae.">Long-term live imaging device for improved experimental manipulation of zebrafish larvae.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (128), e56340 (2017).</li><li>Decker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-induced+crosslinking+polymerization.">Light-induced crosslinking polymerization.</a> Polymer International. 51, 1141-1150 (2002).</li><li>Elliot, J. E., Bowman, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+network+formation+of+free+radical+polymerization+of+multifunctional+monomers.">Predicting network formation of free radical polymerization of multifunctional monomers.</a> Polymer Reaction Engineering. 10, 1-19 (2002).</li><li>Ellakwa, A., Cho, N., Lee, I. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+resin+matrix+composition+on+the+polymerization+shrinkage+and+rheological+properties+of+experimental+dental+composites.">The effect of resin matrix composition on the polymerization shrinkage and rheological properties of experimental dental composites.</a> Dental Materials. 23, 1229-1235 (2007).</li><li>Charton, C., Falk, V., Marchal, P., Pla, F., Colon, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Tg,+viscosity+and+chemical+structure+of+monomers+on+shrinkage+stress+in+light-cured+dimethacrylate-based+dental+resins.">Influence of Tg, viscosity and chemical structure of monomers on shrinkage stress in light-cured dimethacrylate-based dental resins.</a> Dental Materials. 23, 1447-1459 (2007).</li></ol>

Üretim kalıpları ve araçları gerek yok olduğundan yüksek üretim maliyetleri bölüm başına geleneksel süreçleri ile rekabet edebilecek katkı imalat imalatı terzi prototipleri ve küçük serisi, uygulanır. Son on yılda, hizmetleri ve ürünleri için katkı imalat ile ilgili gelirleri13katlanarak büyüdü. Büyük malzeme satış photopolymers bölümüdür. Büyüme dikkat çekti ve büyük sanayi, Örneğin, Havacılık ve uzay, otomotiv, medikal yatırımları. Bu nede...

Hızlı prototipleme isteğe bağlı üretim ve tasarım özgürlüğü sağlar ve verimli üretim 3B katman katman şekilde1' yapıları sağlar. Sonuç olarak, 3D baskı imalat Teknik olarak son yıllarda2' hızla geliştirmiştir. Tüm sanal modelleri tercüme fiziksel nesneler güvenerek ve ekstrüzyon, doğrudan enerji birikimi, toz katılaşma, levha laminasyon ve photopolymerization gibi işlemleri uygulayarak çeşitli teknolojileri mevcuttur. İkinci kademeli UV sıvı Fotopolimer reçineler kür içerir. 1986'da, Hull ve iş stereolitografi aparatı (SLA), bir UV lazer tabanlı 3D yazıcı geliştirdi. Daha yakın zamanlarda, dijital ışık işleme (DLP) adı verilen bir benzer işlem hangi photopolymerization hafif bir projektör ile başlatılır kullanılabilir hale gelmiştir. Birlikte, DLP ve SLA stereolitografi 3D yazdırma3adlandırılır.
SLA yüksek çözünürlüklü prototip ve üretim / Biyomedikal Cihazlar4,5uygulanır. Yaygın olarak kullanılan erimiş birikimi (FDM) modelleme doğruluğu, yüzey ve çözünürlük6açısından üstün bir teknolojidir. Ürün mimari bağlı olarak, bir destek yapı yapı imalat sırasında stabilize etmek için 3D modeli entegre edilmiştir. Ayrıca, bir sonrası baskı üretilen parçaların gerekli7,8tedavidir. Tipik olarak, yazdırılan nesnelerin unreacted reçine çözülmeye bir alkol banyosu yıkanır ve sonraki bir UV fırında kür polimerizasyon9tam dönüşüm garanti altına almak için gerçekleştirilir.
Genel olarak, reçineler litografi tabanlı katkı maddesi üretimi için çok fonksiyonlu İnceltilebilen veya epoksitler10içeren photocurable sistemlerde güveniyor. Düşük maliyetli yenilenebilir reçineler kullanılabilirliğini atık-alerjik ve yerel üretim sürdürülebilir 3D ürün biobased ekonomi1 için kolaylaştırmak için gerekli ticari piyasada geçerli Fotopolimer reçineler fosil tabanlı ve pahalı, iken , 6. son zamanlarda, Fotopolimer reçineler yenilenebilir İnceltilebilen göre geliştirilmiş olup başarıyla uygulanan stereolitografi 3D yazdırma11,12'. Bu ayrıntılı iletişim kuralında, biz hızlı prototipleme biobased reçineler üzerinde bir ticari stereolitografi aparatı ile göstermek. Özel dikkat reçine formülasyonu ve sonrası yazdırma tedaviler katkı imalat alanında yeni uygulayıcıları yardımcı olmak için yordamda, Yani, kritik adımları ödenir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Isobornyl acrylate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA5102</td>
			<td>Acrylate monomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,10-decanediol diacrylate</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA5201</td>
			<td>Acrylate monomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA5400</td>
			<td>Acrylate monomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multifunctional epoxy acrylate</td>
			<td>Sartomer</td>
			<td>SA7101</td>
			<td>Acrylate oligomer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO), 97%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>415952</td>
			<td>Photoinitiator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,5-bis(5-tert-butyl-benzoxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBOT), 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>223999</td>
			<td>Optical absorber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 99%</td>
			<td>Bleko</td>
			<td>1010500</td>
			<td>For alcohol bath (applied in Form Wash)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paar Physica MCR300&#160;</td>
			<td>Anton Paar</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Rheometer with parallel plate geometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form 2 Printer</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Desktop SLA 3D printer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form Wash&#160;</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Washing station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form Cure</td>
			<td>Formlabs</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>UV oven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instron 4301 1KN Series IX</td>
			<td>Instron</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Universal testing machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Philips XL30 ESEM-FEG&#160;</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Scanning electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stereolithographic 3d printing with renewable acrylates

Rekabetçi maliyet yenilenebilir malzemeler ve bunların uygulama katkı imalat erişilebilirliğini verimli biobased ekonomisi için önemlidir. Biz bir stereolithographic 3D printerlere harcama maddeler kullanarak sürdürülebilir reçineler hızlı prototipleme göstermek. Reçine formülasyonu basit biobased akrilat monomerler ve reaksiyonlar bir photoinitiatior ve optik emici ile karıştırarak yer alır. Reçine viskozite monomer oligomer oranı tarafından denetlenir ve kesme hızı bir fonksiyonu olarak bir rheometer paralel plaka geometri ile belirlenir. Biobased reçine ile tahsil stereolithographic cihazları yüksek doğrulukta karmaşık şekilli prototip üretmek için istihdam edilmektedir. Ürünleri alkol durulama ve UV radyasyon vermeliyiz tam kür emin olmak için dahil olmak üzere, tedavi sonrası gerektirir. Yüksek özelliği çözünürlük ve mükemmel yüzey bir prototip bitirme elektron mikroskobu tarama tarafından saptandı.

Dört temsilcisi reçine besteleri bileşenleri bireysel M.Ö türetilmiş Tablo 1, onların ortalama biobased karbon içerik ile birlikte (M.Ö.) görüntülenir. Reçine viskozite (Şekil 1) oranı akrilat monomerler ve reaksiyonlar tarafından etkilenir ve genellikle Newton davranışı gösterir. Mekanik özellikleri çeşitli reçineler üretilen parçaların stres gerginlik analiz tarafından belirlenmiştir. Şekil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates at JoVE.com

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

Stereolitografi cihazları üzerinde yenilenebilir Fotopolimer reçineler ile katkı üretim için bir protokol sunulmuştur.

Stereolithographic 3D baskı ile yenilenebilir İnceltilebilen

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. ...

This method can help to understand key subjects in the field of of additive manufacturing, such as resin formulation and post-printing treatment. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables the accurate and on-demand fabrication of sustainable products. This method will provide insight into laser-based stereolithography but it can also be applied to other 3D printing techniques such as Digital Light Processing.To begin, pour 50 grams of 1, 10-decanediol diacrylate in a 500-milliliter Erlenmeyer flask. Add 1.0 grams of TPO and 0.40 grams of BBOT to the flask. Equip the Erlenmeyer flask with a mechanical stirrer and stir the mixture at 200 rpm for five minutes at room temperature in order to dissolve the TPO and BBOT in the acrylate monomer.Add 100 grams of pentaerythritrol tetraacrylate and 100 grams of multi-functional epoxy acrylate to the mixture. Now stir the mixture at 200 rpm for 30 minutes at 50 degrees Celsius to ensure a homogeneous resin. Remove the mechanical stirrer and fit the flask with a stopper.Wrap the flask in aluminum foil to protect the biobased acrylate photopolymer resin from light. Now cover the bottom plate of a rheometer characterized by parallel-plate geometry with the photoresin. Set the gap between the plates at one millimeter and cover the rheometer with a UV-resistant hood.Measure the resin viscosity at room temperature at shear rates from 0.1 to 100 inverse seconds. Turn on the the SLA 3D printer and select the Open mode. Depending on the architecture of the product, a support structure can be integrated in the 3D model to stabilize the construct during fabrication.Start the model preparation software on a computer. To choose the desired print settings, select Clear for material, Version V4, and 50-micron layer thickness. Open the digital model of the complex-shaped prototype which is a standard tesselation language file, then choose the location and orientation on the build platform.Upload the print job to the SLA 3D printer. Now pour 200 milliliters of the biobased photoresin into a resin tank. Open the 3D printer and mount the resin tank properly.Mount the build platform and close the 3D printer. Following preparation of the 3D printer, start the print job. Allow the 3D printer to fabricate complex-shaped prototypes.Do not open the printer until the print job is finished. For the demonstrated protocol, the wavelength of the UV laser is 405 nanometers. The print time of the object is 2.5 hours and is shown here in fast motion.When the print job is finished, open the printer. Remove the build platform with the produced parts attached and close the printer. Open the washing station filled with isopropyl alcohol and insert the build platform.Start the procedure and rinse for 20 minutes to remove any unreacted resin. When the rinsing procedure is finished, remove the build platform from the washing station and detach the prototypes from the build platform. Allow the prototypes to air dry for 30 minutes.In the meantime, preheat the UV oven at 60 degrees Celsius. Open the UV oven and quickly place the prototypes on the rotating platform. Close the UV oven and cure for 60 minutes at 60 degrees Celsius to ensure complete conversion.When the post-curing procedure is finished, open the UV oven and take out the prototypes. To characterize the surface morphology of complex-shaped prototypes, cut approximately one centimeter of internal helix from the complex-shaped prototype using a razor blade. Attach the sample to the sample holder with double-sided, carbon-conductive tape.Prior to imaging, coat the sample with 30 nanometers of platinum palladium on a sputtering system. Now insert the sample into a scanning electron microscope operating at an accelerating voltage of five kilovolts. Acquire several images of the sample at 30X and 120X magnification.The viscosity of the renewable resin is an essential parameter in the 3D printing process and is controlled by the monomer to oligomer ratio. Typically a shear rate of 100 inverse seconds is achieved during the recoat of liquid resin in the printing process. All bioresins have a viscosity below five Pascal seconds and are appropriate for application in stereolithographic printing equipment.Shown here are representative results for the mechanical behavior of the objects printed from various bioresins, including tensile strength and e-modulus. However, optimization of the post-printing treatment by varying the duration of washing, drying, curing, and temperature of curing can lead to a significant improvement in mechanical performance. The smooth surface and high feature resolution of the complex-shaped prototypes is revealed by the electron microscope.The serrated vertical edges of the helices arise from the layer-by-layer SLA printing process, in which the top of an exposed layer receives a larger UV dose compared to the back of a layer. The extent of surface cracking is related to the initial resin viscosity. After its development, this technique paved the way for application of cost-competitive bioresins to facilitate waste-free and local manufacturing of sustainable products.Don't forget that working with acrylates can be hazardous. Precautions such as wearing safety glasses and gloves should always be taken while performing this procedure.