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Here, we present a protocol to transiently improve cardiac function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mice by transplanting exosomes derived from normal myogenic progenitor cells.
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by a lack of functional dystrophin protein. The disease cannot be cured, and as the disease progresses, the patient develops symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure. The DMDMDX mutant mice do not express dystrophin, and are commonly used as a mouse model of DMD. In our recent study, we observed that intramyocardial injection of wide type (WT)-myogenic progenitor cells-derived exosomes (MPC-Exo) transiently restored the expression of dystrophin in the myocardium of DMDMDX mutant mice, which was associated with a transient improvement in cardiac function suggesting that WT-MPC-Exo may provide an option to relieve the cardiac symptoms of DMD. This article describes the technique of MPC-Exo purification and transplantation into hearts of DMDMDX mutant mice.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive, progressive neuromuscular disease caused by a mutation in DMD gene and the loss of functional dystrophin1. Dystrophin is expressed primarily in skeletal muscle and myocardium, and is less expressed in smooth muscle, endocrine glands and neurons2,3. DMD is the most common type of muscular dystrophy with an incidence of one per 3,500 to 5,000 newborn boys worldwide4,5. Individuals typically develop progressive muscle necrosis, loss of independent walking by early adolesce....
Animals were handled according to approved protocols and animal welfare regulations of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University.
1. Isolation and Purification of MPC-derived Exosomes
A flow chart for isolating and purifying exosomes from C2C12 cells is shown in Figure 1A. To confirm the presence of exosomes, we performed transmission electron microscopy analysis. Transmission electron microscopy image (Figure 1B) shows the morphology of the bright and round shape vesicles of C2C12 derived exosomes. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of exosome markers, including CD63 and TSG101 (
The method of isolating pure exosomes is essential for studying the function of exosomes. One of the common techniques for exosome isolation is polyethylene glycols (PEGs) mediated precipitation17,18,25. Exosomes can be precipitated in PEGs, and pelleted by low-speed centrifugation. PEG-mediated purification is very convenient, low-cost, it does not need any advanced equipment, but there is concern about the purity of exosomes s.......
Tang were partially supported by the American Heart Association: GRNT31430008, NIH-AR070029, NIH-HL086555, NIH-HL134354.
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
0.22-μm Filter | Fisherbrand | 09-720-004 | |
15-cm Cell Culture Dish | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 157150 | |
24-gauge catheter | TERUMO | SR-OX2419CA | |
31-gauge insulin needle | BD | 328291 | |
4% paraformaldehyde | Affymetrix | AAJ19943K2 | |
50 mL Centrifuge Tubes | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 339652 | |
6-0 suture | Pro Advantage by NDC | P420697 | |
Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG | Thermo Fisher Scientific | A-11008 | |
Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution | Corning | 30-004-CI | |
Anti-Dystrophin antibody | Abcam | ab15277 | |
Antigen retriever | Aptum Biologics | R2100-US | Antigen recovery |
Autofluorescence Quenching Kit | Vector Laboratories | SP-8400 | |
C2C12 cell line | ATCC | CRL-1772 | |
Centrifuge | Unico | C8606 | |
Change-A-Tip High Temp Cauteries | Bovie Medical Corporation | HIT | |
Confocal microscopy | Zeiss | Zeiss 780 Upright Confocal | |
DBA/2J-mdx mice | The Jackson Laboratory | 013141 | |
DMEM | Corning | 10-013-CM | |
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) | Corning | 35-011-CV | |
Goat serum | MP Biomedicals, LLC | 191356 | |
Isoflurane | Patterson Veterinary | 07-893-1389 | |
Ketamine | Henry Schein | 056344 | |
Mounting Medium with DAPIÂ | Vector Laboratories | H-1500 | |
Mouse Retractor Set | Kent Scientific | SURGI-5001 | |
Polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether | Fisher Scientific | BP151-100 | |
Rodent ventilator | Harvard Apparatus | 55-7066 | |
SW-28 Ti rotor | Beckman | 342207 | |
The Vevo 2100 Imaging Platform | FUJIFILM VisualSonics | Vevo 2100 | Ultrasound System |
Ultracentrifuge | Beckman | 365672 | |
Ultra-Clear Tubes | Beckman | 344058 | |
Xylazine (XylaMed) | Bimeda-MTC Animal Health Inc. | 1XYL003 8XYL006 |
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