Semi-automatic PD-L1 Characterization and Enumeration of Circulating Tumor Cells from Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients by Immunofluorescence

Summary

The characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a popular topic in translational research. This protocol describes a semi-automatic immunofluorescence (IF) assay for PD-L1 characterization and enumeration of CTCs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient samples.

Abstract

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) derived from the primary tumor are shed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These rare cells (1−10 cells per mL of blood) warrant a poor prognosis and are correlated with shorter overall survival in several cancers (e.g., breast, prostate and colorectal). Currently, the anti-EpCAM-coated magnetic bead-based CTC capturing system is the gold standard test approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for enumerating CTCs in the bloodstream. This test is based on the use of magnetic beads coated with anti-EpCAM markers, which specifically target epithelial cancer cells. Many studies have illustrated that EpCAM is not the optimal marker for CTC detection. Indeed, CTCs are a heterogeneous subpopulation of cancer cells and are able to undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) associated with metastatic proliferation and invasion. These CTCs are able to reduce the expression of cell surface epithelial marker EpCAM, while increasing mesenchymal markers such as vimentin. To address this technical hurdle, other isolation methods based on physical properties of CTCs have been developed. Microfluidic technologies enable a label-free approach to CTC enrichment from whole blood samples. The spiral microfluidic technology uses the inertial and Dean drag forces with continuous flow in curved channels generated within a spiral microfluidic chip. The cells are separated based on the differences in size and plasticity between normal blood cells and tumoral cells. This protocol details the different steps to characterize the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression of CTCs, combining a spiral microfluidic device with customizable immunofluorescence (IF) marker set.

Introduction

Tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) play a crucial role in the response to cancers through a process known as cancer "immune surveillance". Their anti-tumor functions are enhanced by immune checkpoint blockade antibodies such as CTLA-4 inhibitors and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies result in response rates ranging from 0%-17% in patients with PD-L1-negative tumors and 36%-100% in those expressing PD-L1. The robust responses to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade observed in melanoma and NSCLC are shown by evidence of improved overall response rate (RR), durable clinical benefits, and progression-free su....

Protocol

Samples were prospectively collected within the framework of the CIRCAN ("CIRculating CANcer") cohort based at the Lyon University Hospital following patient written consent. This study was integrated into the CIRCAN_ALL cohort. The study CIRCAN_ALL was recognized as non-interventional by the CPP South-East IV dated 04/11/2015 under the reference L15-188. An amended version was recognized as non-interventional on 20/09/2016 under reference L16-160. The CIRCAN_ALL study was declared to the IT and freedom correspon.......

Discussion

Two major points were raised in the present study, the first with regards to performance of the workflow for its transfer to clinical applications, and the second concerning the decrease in subjectivity for the analysis of fluorescence images obtained.

A performant and optimized workflow for CTC enumeration was initially determined using customizable IF assay after cell enrichment via a CTC label-free microfluidic system (spiral microfluidic device). Using this workflow, a pilot study confirme.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
4',6-diamidino-2-phénylindole (DAPI)	Ozyme	BLE 422801	Storage conditions: +4°C
BD Facs Clean – 5L	BD Biosciences	340345	Bleach-based cleaning agent. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Bleach 1% Cleaning Solution 100 mL	Biolidics	CBB-F016012	Bleach. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) 7.5%	Sigma	A8412	Storage conditions: +4°C
CD45 monoclonal antibody (clone HI30) Alexa Fluor 647	BioLegend	BLE304020	Storage conditions: +4°C
CellProfiler Software	Broad Institute		Image Analysis Software
Centrifuge device	Hettich	4706	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Centrifuge tube 50 mL	Corning	430-829	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Centrifuge Tube 15 mL	Biolidics	CBB-F001004-25	Storage conditions: Room temperature
ClearCell FX-1 System	Biolidics	CBB-F011002	Spiral microfluidic device. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Coulter Clenz Cleaning Agent – 5L	Beckman Coulter	8448222	All-purpose cleaning reagent. Storage conditions: Room temperature
CTChip FR1S	Biolidics	CBB-FR001002	Microfluidic chip. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Cytospin 4	ThermoFisher	A78300003	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Diluent Additive Reagent – 20 mL	Biolidics	CBB-F016009	Storage conditions: +4°C
EZ Cytofunnels	ThermoFisher	A78710003	Sample chamber with cotton. Storage conditions: Room temperature
FcR blocking Agent	Miltenyi Biotec	130-059-901	Storage conditions: +4°C
Fetal Calf Serum (FCS)	Gibco	10270-106	Storage conditions: +4°C
Fluoromount	Sigma	F4680	Mounting solution. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Fungizone - 50 mg	Bristol-Myers-Squibb	90129TB29	Anti-fungal reagent. Storage conditions: +4°C
FX1 Input Straw with lock cap	Biolidics	CBB-F013005	Straw. Storage conditions: Room temperature
KovaSlide	Dutscher	50126	Chambered slide. Storage conditions: Room temperature
PanCK monoclonal antibody (clone AE1/AE3) Alexa Fluor 488	ThermoFisher	53-9003-80	Storage conditions: +4°C
Paraformaldehyde 16%	ThermoFisher	11490570	Fixation solution. Storage conditions: +4°C
PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (clone 29E2A3) - Phycoerythrin	BioLegend	BLE329706	Storage conditions: +4°C
Petri Dish	Dutscher	632180	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)	Ozyme	BE17-512F	Storage conditions: +4°C
Phosphate Buffered Saline Ultra Pure Grade 1X – 1L	1st Base Laboratory	BUF-2040-1X1L	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Pluronic F-68 10%	Gibco	24040-032	Anti-binding solution. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Polylysine slides	ThermoFisher	J2800AMNZ	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Polypropylene Conical Tube 50 mL	Falcon	352098	Storage conditions: Room temperature
RBC Lysis Buffer – 100 mL	G Biosciences	786-649	Storage conditions: +4°C
RBC Lysis Buffer – 250 mL	G Biosciences	786-650	Storage conditions: +4°C
Resuspension Buffer (RSB)	Biolidics	CBB-F016003	Storage conditions: +4°C
Shandon Cytopsin4 centrifuge	ThermoFisher	A78300003	Dedicated centrifuge. Storage conditions: Room temperature
Silicon Isolator	Grace bio-Labs	664270	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Sterile Deionized Water – 100 mL	1st Base Laboratory	CUS-4100-100ml	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Straight Fluorescent microscope Axio Imager D1	Zeiss		Storage conditions: Room temperature
Surgical Sterile Bag	SPS Laboratoires	98ULT01240	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Syringe BD Discardit II 20 mL sterile	BD Biosciences	300296	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Syringe Filter 0.22 µm 33 mm sterile	ClearLine	51732	Storage conditions: Room temperature
Zen lite 2.3 Lite Software	Zeiss		Microscope associated software