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We describe an approach to reliably generate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and test their differentiation and function in vitro and in vivo.
Adoptive immunotherapy holds promise for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease. We describe a simple approach to transduce primary human T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and expand their progeny ex vivo. We include assays to measure CAR expression as well as differentiation, proliferative capacity and cytolytic activity. We describe assays to measure effector cytokine production and inflammatory cytokine secretion in CAR T cells. Our approach provides a reliable and comprehensive method to culture CAR T cells for preclinical models of adoptive immunotherapy.
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) provide a promising approach to redirect T cells against distinct tumor antigens. CARs are synthetic receptors that bind an antigen target. While their precise composition is variable, CARs generally contain 3 distinct domains. The extracellular domain directs binding to a target antigen and is typically comprised of a single chain antibody fragment linked to the CAR via an extracellular hinge. The second domain, commonly derived from the CD3ζ chain of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, promotes T cell activation following CAR engagement. A third costimulatory domain is included to enhance T cell function, engraftment, metabolism....
All animal studies are approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Pennsylvania.
1. T Cell Activation, Transduction, and Expansion
Using the methods described above, we stimulated and expanded T cells for either 3 or 9 days (Figure 1A,B). We also analyzed their differentiation profile, as indicated by the gating strategy outlined in Figure 1C, by measuring the abundance of distinct glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface. We show a progressive shift towards effector differentiation over time during ex vivo culture (Figure 1.......
Here we describe approaches to measure the function and efficacy of CAR T cells harvested at varying intervals throughout ex vivo culture. Our methods provide comprehensive insight into assays designed to assess proliferative capacity as well as effector function in vitro. We describe how to measure CAR T cell activity following stimulation through the CAR and detail xenograft models of leukemia using CAR T cells harvested at day 3 vs day 9 of their logarithmic expansion phase.
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This work was supported in part through funding provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals through a research alliance with the University of Pennsylvania (Michael C. Milone) as well as St. Baldrick's Foundation Scholar Award (Saba Ghassemi).
....Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Anti CD3/CD28 dynabeads | Thermo Fisher | 40203D | |
APC Mouse Anti-Human CD8 | BD Biosciences | 555369 | RRID:AB_398595 |
APC-H7 Mouse anti-Human CD8 Antibody | BD Biosciences | 560179 | RRID:AB_1645481 |
BD FACS Lysing Solution 10X Concentrate | BD Biosciences | 349202 | |
BD Trucount Absolute Counting Tubes | BD Biosciences | 340334 | |
Brilliant Violet 510 anti-human CD4 Antibody | BioLegend | 317444 | RRID:AB_2561866 |
Brilliant Violet 605 anti-human CD3 Antibody | BioLegend | 317322 | RRID:AB_2561911 |
CellTrace CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit | Life Technolohgies | C34554 | |
CountBright Absolute Counting Beads, | Invitrogen | C36950 | |
FITC anti-Human CD197 (CCR7) Antibody | BD Pharmingen | 561271 | RRID:AB_10561679 |
FITC Mouse Anti-Human CD4 | BD Biosciences | 555346 | RRID:AB_395751 |
HEPES | Gibco | 15630-080 | |
Human AB serum | Valley Biomedical | HP1022 | |
Human IL-2 IS, premium grade | Miltenyi | 130-097-744 | |
L-glutamine | Gibco | 28030-081 | |
Liquid scintillation counter, MicroBeta trilux | Perkin Elmer | ||
LIVE/DEAD Fixable Violet | Molecular Probes | L34964 | |
Multisizer Coulter Counter | Beckman Coulter | ||
Na251CrO4 | Perkin Elmer | NEZ030S001MC | |
Pacific Blue anti-human CD14 Antibody | BioLegend | 325616 | RRID:AB_830689 |
Pacific Blue anti-human CD19 Antibody | BioLegend | 302223 | |
PE anti-human CD45RO Antibody | BD Biosciences | 555493 | RRID:AB_395884 |
PE/Cy5 anti-human CD95 (Fas) Antibody | BioLegend | 305610 | RRID:AB_493652 |
PE/Cy7 anti-human CD27 Antibody | Beckman Coulter | A54823 | |
Phenol red-free medium | Gibco | 10373-017 | |
UltraPure SDS Solution, 10% | Invitrogen | 15553027 | |
Via-Probe | BD Biosciences | 555815 | |
X-VIVO 15 | Gibco | 04-418Q | |
XenoLight D-Luciferin - K+ Salt | Perkin Elmer | 122799 |
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