Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Summary

The primary goal of this study is to describe a protocol to prepare polymeric fiber mats with consistent morphology via solution blow spinning (SBS). We aim to use SBS to develop novel, tunable, flexible polymeric fiber nanocomposites for various applications, including protective materials, by incorporating nanoparticles in a polymer-elastomer matrix.

Abstract

Light-weight, protective armor systems typically consist of high modulus (>10⁹ MPa) and high-strength polymeric fibers held in place with an elastic resin material (binder) to form a non-woven, unidirectional laminate. While significant efforts have focused on improving the mechanical properties of the high-strength fibers, little work has been undertaken to improve the properties of the binder materials. To improve the performance of these elastomeric polymer binders, a relatively new and simple fabrication process, known as solution blow spinning, was used. This technique is capable of producing sheets or webs of fibers with average diameters ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale. To achieve this, a solution blow spinning (SBS) apparatus has been designed and built in the laboratory to fabricate non-woven fiber mats from polymer elastomer solutions.

In this study, a commonly used binder material, a styrene-butadiene-styrene block-co-polymer dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, was used to produce nanocomposite fiber mats by adding metallic nanoparticles (NPs), such as iron oxide NPs, that were encapsulated with silicon oil and thus incorporated in the fibers formed via the SBS process. The protocol described in this work will discuss the effects of the various critical parameters involved in the SBS process, including the polymer molar mass, the selection of the thermodynamically appropriate solvent, the polymer concentration in solution, and the carrier gas pressure to assist others in performing similar experiments, as well as provide guidance to optimize the configuration of the experimental setup. The structural integrity and morphology of the resultant non-woven fiber mats were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and elemental X-ray analysis via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of the various experimental parameters and material selections to optimize the structure and morphology of the SBS fiber mats.

Introduction

Many light-weight, ballistic, protective armor systems are currently constructed using high-modulus and high-strength polymeric fibers, such as oriented, ultra-high molar mass polyethylene fibers or aramids, which provide outstanding ballistic resistance^1,2. These fibers are used in combination with an elastic resin material (binder) that can penetrate to the filament level and secure the fibers in a 0°/90° configuration to form a non-woven, unidirectional laminate. The percentage of the polymer elastomer resin (binder) should not exceed 13% of the total weight of the unidirectional laminate to maint....

Protocol

NOTE: Details related to the equipment, instrumentation, and chemicals used in this section can be found in the Table of Materials. This entire protocol should first be reviewed and approved by the institutional safety department/personnel to ensure procedures and processes specific to the institution are adhered to.

1. Preparation of polymer solution using the appropriate solvent

NOTE: Consult manufacturer/supplier safety data sheets and the institut.......

Discussion

The method described herein provides a protocol for producing polymer elastomer nanocomposite fiber mats via a relatively new technique known as solution blow spinning. This technique allows the fabrication of fibers in the nanoscale and has several advantages over other well-established techniques, such as the electrospinning process, as it can be carried out under atmospheric pressure and room temperature²⁷. Furthermore, SBS is not highly susceptible to local environmental changes (temperature o.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
45 MM Toolmaker Vise	Tormach Inc.	32547	To secure substrate onto the collector
ARES-G2 Rheometer	TA Instruments	401000.501	Rheometer
Branson Ultrasonics M Series - Ultrasonic Cleaning Bath	Fisher Scientific	15-336-100	To disperse nanoparticles
Cadence Science Micro-Mate Interchangeable Syringe	Fisher Scientific	14-825-2A	Glass Syringe 5mL in 1/5mL, Luer Lock Tip
Chemical hood	Any company
Corning - Disposable Pasteur Glass Pipette	Sigma Aldrich	CLS7095D5X-200EA	Non-Sterile
DWK Life Sciences Wheaton - Glass Scintillation Vial	Fisher Scientific	03-341-25G	20 mL with cap
FEI Quanta 200 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)	FEI		For imaging samples
Iron Oxide Nanopowder/Nanoparticles	US Research Nanomaterials, inc.	US3320	Fe3O4, 98%, 20-3- nm, Silicon oil Coated
KD Scientific Legato 100 Single-Syringe Pump	Sigma Aldrich	Z401358-1EA	Single syringe infusion pump
Master Airbrush - Model S68	TCP Global	MAS S68	Nozzle/needle diameter: 0.35 mm
Mettler Toledo AB265-S/FACT Scale	Cole-Parmer Scientific	EW-11333-14	For weighing polymer and  Nanoparticles
N2 Gas Regulator	Any company
Nanoenclosure	Any company
Optical Microscopy Glass Slides	Fisher Scientific	12-550-A3	Used as a substrate for fiber mat deposition
OSP Slotted Bob, 33 mm	TA Instruments	402796.902	Bob, upper geometry
OSP Slotted Double Gap Cup, 34 mm	TA Instruments	402782.901	Double wall cup, lower geometry
Oxford BenchMate Digital Vortex Mixer	Pipette	VM-D	Rated up to 4,200 rpm, for mixing solutions
Oxford Benchmate Tube Roller	Pipette	OTR-24DR	Sample mixer/rotator
Polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene	Sigma Aldrich	432490-1KG	styrene 30 wt. %, Mw ~ 185,000 g/mol
SEM Pin Stub Specimen Mount	Ted Pella Inc.	16119	18 mm diameter x 8 mm height
Spatula	VWR	82027-532	To load test materials
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)	Fisher Scientific	T425-1	solvent, HPLC grade
TRIOS	TA Instruments	v4.3.1.39215	Rheometer software