DetectSyn: A Rapid, Unbiased Fluorescent Method to Detect Changes in Synapse Density

Summary

DetectSyn is an unbiased, rapid fluorescent assay that measures changes in relative synapse (pre- and postsynaptic engagement) number across treatments or disease states. This technique utilizes a proximity ligation technique that can be used both in cultured neurons and fixed tissue.

Abstract

Synapses are the site of communication between neurons. Neuronal circuit strength is related to synaptic density, and the breakdown of synapses is characteristic of disease states like major depressive disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional techniques to investigate synapse numbers include genetic expression of fluorescent markers (e.g., green fluorescent protein (GFP)), dyes that fill a neuron (e.g., carbocyanine dye, DiI), and immunofluorescent detection of spine markers (e.g., postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95)). A major caveat to these proxy techniques is that they only identify postsynaptic changes. Yet, a synapse is a connection between a presynaptic terminal and a postsynaptic spine. The gold standard for measuring synapse formation/elimination requires time-consuming electron microscopy or array tomography techniques. These techniques require specialized training and costly equipment. Further, only a limited number of neurons can be assessed and are used to represent changes to an entire brain region. DetectSyn is a rapid fluorescent technique that identifies changes to synapse formation or elimination due to a disease state or drug activity. DetectSyn utilizes a rapid proximity ligation assay to detect juxtaposed pre- and postsynaptic proteins and standard fluorescent microscopy, a technique readily available to most laboratories. Fluorescent detection of the resulting puncta allows for quick and unbiased analysis of experiments. DetectSyn provides more representative results than electron microscopy because larger areas can be analyzed than a limited number of fluorescent neurons. Moreover, DetectSyn works for in vitro cultured neurons and fixed tissue slices. Finally, a method is provided to analyze the data collected from this technique. Overall, DetectSyn offers a procedure for detecting relative changes in synapse density across treatments or disease states and is more accessible than traditional techniques.

Introduction

Synapses are the fundamental unit of communication between neurons¹. Many synapses between neurons within the same regions give rise to circuits that mediate behavior². Synapses consist of a presynaptic terminal from one neuron that releases neurotransmitters or neuropeptides that relay information to postsynaptic receptors of another neuron. The summation of presynaptic signals determines whether the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential and propagate the message to other neurons.

Synaptopathology, the break down of synapses, arises in diseases and disorders marked by decreased ne....

Protocol

Isolation of cells and tissue from animals was in accordance with the National Institutes of Health's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Wake Forest Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

NOTE: This protocol is used on samples already treated and fixed per specific experimental paradigms and requirements. For demonstration purposes, synapse formation due to rapid antidepressant treatment is used to highlight this synapse detection technique

Discussion

DetectSyn is a rapid assay that uses a proximity ligation assay to detect proteins within 40 nm of each other, which allows for the detection of synapse formation. This technique improves current fluorescent assays, which serve only as proxy measurements for synapse formation. DetectSyn detects quantifiable changes in synaptic proteins localized within 40 nm, i.e., within the synaptic cleft, of each other. Further, DetectSyn is more cost-effective and takes less time than techniques, like electron microscopy and array to.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10x PBS	Fisher Scientific	BP39920	PBS made in house works, as well.
24 well plates	Fisher Scientific	FB012929	For tissue slices, pre-sterilized plates may be unnecessary.
50 mL conical tubes	Fisher Scientific	14-432-22
Aluminium foil	Fisher Scientific	15-078-290
Chicken anti-MAP2 antibody	Abcam	ab5392
Clear nail polish	Fisher Scientific	NC1849418	Other clear nail polish works, as well.
Cold block	Fisher Scientific	13131012
Computer workstation	HP
Confocal or fluorescent microscope	Nikon	A1R HD25
Donkey anti-chicken FITC	Fisher Scientific	SA1-72000
Duolink donkey anti-Mouse PLUS	Sigma	DUO92001
Duolink donkey anti-Rabbit MINUS	Sigma	DUO92005
Duolink In Situ Detection Reagents Far Red	Sigma	DUO92013	Contains ligation stock, amplification stock, ligase, and polymerase.
Duolink In Situ Mounting Medium with DAPI	Sigma	DUO82040
Duolink In Situ Wash Buffers, Fluorescence	Sigma	DUO82049	Contains Wash Buffer A and Wash Buffer B; dilute Wash Buffer B to 1% in diH20 for 1% Wash Buffer B.
Fine-tipped paintbrush	Fisher Scientific	NC9691026	Sable hair, size 00 or 000, can also find at craft stores
Fisherbrand Cover Glasses: Rectangles	Fisher Scientific	12545MP	Cover glass is unnecessary for cultured neurons already on glass coverslips.
Fisherbrand Superfrost Plus Microscope Slides	Fisher Scientific	1255015	For cultured neurons already on glass coverslips, Superfrost slides may be unnecessary.
Freezer, -20°C	VWR	76449-108
Glass coverslips	Fisher Scientific	125480
Glycine	Fisher Scientific	BP381-1
Image processing software	e.g. NIS Elements, ImageJ
Incubator	Fisher Scientific	15-015-2633
Large petri dish, 100mm	Fisher Scientific	FB0875712
Molecular grade water	Fisher Scientific	BP24701
Mouse anti-Synapsin1 antibody	Synaptic Systems	106-011
Normal donkey serum	Jackson ImmunoResearch	017-000-121
Orbital shaker	Fisher Scientific	02-106-1013
Parafilm	Fisher Scientific	13-374-10
Pipette tips	Fisher Scientific	02-707-025
Pipettes	Fisher Scientific	14-388-100	Working volumes range from 3 µL to 500 µL
Plastic pasteur pipette	Fisher Scientific	02-708-006
Precision tweezers/foreceps	Fisher Scientific	12-000-122
Rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody	Abcam	ab18258	Other antibody pairs may work, as well, with optimization.
Refrigerator	VWR	76470-402
Small petri dish, 60 mm	Fisher Scientific	FB0875713A
Timer	Fisher Scientific	14-649-17
Tween 20	Fisher Scientific	BP337-100