Quantifying the Binding Interactions Between Cu(II) and Peptide Residues in the Presence and Absence of Chromophores

Summary

This article focuses on the use of electronic absorption spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to probe and quantify the thermodynamics of Cu(II) binding to peptides and proteins.

Abstract

Copper(II) is an essential metal in biological systems, conferring unique chemical properties to the biomolecules with which it interacts. It has been reported to directly bind to a variety of peptides and play both necessary and pathological roles ranging from mediating structure to electron transfer properties to imparting catalytic function. Quantifying the binding affinity and thermodynamics of these Cu(II)-peptide complexes in vitro provides insight into the thermodynamic driving force of binding, potential competitions between different metal ions for the peptide or between different peptides for Cu(II), and the prevalence of the Cu(II)-peptide complex in vivo. However, quantifying the binding thermodynamics can be challenging due to a myriad of factors, including accounting for all competing equilibria within a titration experiment, especially in cases where there are a lack of discrete spectroscopic handles representing the peptide, the d-block metal ion, and their interactions.

Here, a robust set of experiments is provided for the accurate quantification of Cu(II)-peptide thermodynamics. This article focuses on the use of electronic absorption spectroscopy in the presence and absence of chromophoric ligands to provide the needed spectroscopic handle on Cu(II) and the use of label-free isothermal titration calorimetry. In both experimental techniques, a process is described to account for all competing equilibria. While the focus of this article is on Cu(II), the described set of experiments can apply beyond Cu(II)-peptide interactions, and provide a framework for accurate quantification of other metal-peptide systems under physiologically relevant conditions.

Introduction

Biology has evolved to utilize the diverse chemistry of metal ions needed for life to adapt and survive in its surrounding environment. An estimated 25%-50% of proteins use metal ions for structure and function¹. The particular role and redox state of the metal ion is directly related to the composition and geometry of the biological ligands that coordinate it. In addition, redox-active metal ions such as Cu(II) must be tightly regulated lest they interact with oxidizing agents via Fenton-like chemistry to form reactive oxygen species (ROS)^2,3,4

Protocol

1. Electronic absorption spectroscopy: direct titration with buffer competition

1. Sample preparation
   1. Prepare a buffered solution of 50 mM 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (bisTris) at pH 7.4 using ultrapure water (>18 MΩ resistance). Remove trace metal ions by incubating with a high-affinity resin for at least 2 h with subsequent filtration.
   2. Dissolve or dilute a known quantity of the peptide into the metal-free buffer.
      NOTE: .......

Discussion

This article provides a robust method for quantifying the affinity and thermodynamics of Cu(II) binding to peptides. Complexes with Cu(II) are ideally suited to monitor the d-d absorption band at the metal site due to its d⁹ electron configuration. Although the extinction coefficient is small, thus requiring larger concentrations of the complex to yield a reliable signal, titrations of Cu(II) into peptide can quickly provide insight into the binding stoichiometry and approximate binding affinity. However, it c.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1,10-phenanthroline	Sigma Aldrich	131377-25G
bis-Tris buffer	Fisher	BP301-100
Bottle-top 0.45 micron membrane	Nalgene	296-4545	Any filtration system that removes the resin without introducing contaminants is acceptable
Copper(II) chloride	Alfa Aesar	12458
EDTA	Sigma Aldrich	EDS-500G
Electronic absorption spectrophotometer	Varian	Cary 5000	Another suitable sensitive spectrophotometer is acceptable
high affinity resin	Sigma Aldrich	C7901-25G
Isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC)	TA Instruments	Nano ITC Low Volume
ITC analysis software	TA Instruments	NanoAnalyze	SEDPHAT (Methods. 2015, 76: 137–148) may also be used
ITC software	TA Instruments	ITCRun
light-duty delicate wiper	Kimwipe	34155
loading syringe	Hamilton	Syr 500 uL, 1750 TLL-SAL
matched cuvettes	Starna Cells, Inc	16.100-Q-10/Z20	Ensure that the window for the small volume cuvette matches the beam height of the spectrophotometer
MOPS buffer	Alfa Aesar	A12914
spectrophotometer software	Cary	WinUV Scan
spreadsheet program	Microsoft	Excel	Any suitable spreadsheet program will work
titration syringe	TA Instruments	5346
ultrapure water	Millipore Sigma	Milli-Q	Any water is okay as long as >18 MΩ resistance