Detection and Quantification of Tunneling Nanotubes Using 3D Volume View Images

Summary

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are primarily open-ended F-actin membrane nanotubes that connect neighboring cells, facilitating intercellular communication. The notable characteristic that distinguishes TNTs from other cell protrusions is the hovering nature of the nanotubes between cells. Here, we characterize TNTs by constructing a 3D volume view of confocal z-stack images.

Abstract

Recent discoveries have revealed that cells perform direct, long-range, intercellular transfer via nano-scale, actin-membrane conduits, namely "tunneling nanotubes" (TNTs). TNTs are defined as open-ended, lipid bilayer-encircled membrane extensions that mediate continuity between neighboring cells of diameters ranging between 50 nm and 1 µm. TNTs were demonstrated initially in neuronal cells, but successive studies have revealed the existence of TNTs in several cell types and diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, and cancer. Several studies have referred to close-ended, electrically coupled membrane nanostructures between neighboring cells as TNTs or TNT-like structures.

The elucidation of ultrastructure in terms of membrane continuity at the endpoint is technically challenging. In addition, studies on cell-cell communication are challenging in terms of the characterization of TNTs using conventional methods due to the lack of specific markers. TNTs are primarily defined as F-actin-based, open-ended membrane protrusions. However, one major limitation is that F-actin is present in all types of protrusions, making it challenging to differentiate TNTs from other protrusions. One of the notable characteristics of F-actin-based TNTs is that these structures hover between two cells without touching the substratum. Therefore, distinct F-actin-stained TNTs can conveniently be distinguished from other protrusions such as filopodia and neurites based on their hovering between cells.

We have recently shown that the internalization of oligomeric amyloid-β_1-42 (oAβ) via actin-dependent endocytosis stimulates activated p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1), which mediates the formation of F-actin-containing TNTs coexpressed with phospho-PAK1 between SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. This protocol outlines a 3D volume analysis method to identify and characterize TNTs from the captured z-stack images of F-actin- and phospho-PAK1-immunostained membrane protrusions in oAβ-treated neuronal cells. Further, TNTs are distinguished from developing neurites and neuronal outgrowths based on F-actin- and β-III tubulin-immunostained membrane conduits.

Introduction

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are F-actin-based, primarily open-ended membrane conduits and play a vital role in the intercellular transfer of cargo and organelles¹. The unique characteristic of TNTs is that they connect neighboring cells without any contact with the substratum; they are over 10-300 µm in length and their diameters vary between 50 nm to 1 µm^2,3. TNTs are transient structures, and their lifetime lasts between a few minutes to several hours. TNTs were first demonstrated in PC12 neuronal cells¹; later, numerous studies showed their existence ....

Protocol

NOTE: SH-SY5Y cells cultured in DMEM/F-12 media were differentiated with 10 µM retinoic acid for 7 days and treated with 1 µM oAβ oligomers for 2 h at 37 °C (5% CO₂). After treatment, the cells were fixed with Karnovsky's fixative solution and double-immunostained with phospho-PAK1 (Thr423)/PAK2 (Thr402) antibody and F-actin-binding phalloidin. Later, confocal z-stack images were taken using a confocal laser scanning microscope. The TNTs were quantified by manual counting and distinguished from other neurites/cell protrusions by constructing 3D volume view images and identifying the structures from their characteristic of hovering be....

Results

Here, we identify and characterize oAβ-induced TNTs in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells by constructing 3D volume views from confocal z-stack images (Figure 1). The cells were double-immunostained with F-actin and phospho-PAK1. Confocal z-stack images of immunostained cells were analyzed to identify TNTs (Figure 2). Further, DIC images were analyzed to verify that the F-actin- and phospho-PAK1-stained TNT structures were membrane conduits between cells (

Discussion

Several researchers in the past 2 decades have been trying to understand and characterize the structure of TNTs¹⁸. The lack of specific markers hinders progress, and there is an increasing demand for a convenient, standardized method that can be used to identify, characterize, and quantify TNTs. TNTs are defined as F-actin-based membrane conduits that hover between two cells. Studies have shown that β-tubulin-positive, close-ended, developing neurites hover between two distant cells and resem.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
35 mm dish with 14 mm well size made of #1.5 cover slip	Cellvis	D35-14-1.5-N	Imaging dish used to seed cells for staining experiments
Aβ (1-42) 1 mg	AnaSpec	#64129	Oligomers of amyloid beta to treat the cells
Alexa flour 488 Goat Anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)	Invitrogen	A11070	Secondary antibody for phospho-PAK1
Biological Safety Cabinet	Thermo Scientific (MSC Advantage)	51025411	Provide aspetic conditions duirng cell culture
CO2 Incubator	Thermo Electron Corporation (Heraeus Hera Cell 240)	51026556	For growing cells at or near body temperature
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope	ZEISS (Carl Zeiss)	LSM 880	Able to generate three-dimensional images of large specimen at super-resolution
DABCO [1,4-Diazobicyclo-(2,2,2) octane]	Merck	8034560100	Anti-bleaching reagent
DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)	Sigma	D9542-1MG	Neuclear stainer
DMEM media	Gibco	11965092	Used for the preparation of 100uM of Aβ (1-42)
DMEM/F12 (1:1 mixture of DMEM and Ham’s F12)	Gibco	12500062	Culture media for SH-SY5Y
DMSO (Dimethyl sulphide) Cell culture grade	Cryopur	CP-100	Cell culture grade used as dissolving agent for Retinoic acid
DMSO (Dimethyl sulphide) Molecular grade	Himedia	MB058	Used as one of the dissolving agent for the lyophilized Aβ (1-42)
Fetal Bovine Serum	Gibco	16000044	Major supplement for Culture media (US origin)
Formalin Fixative (Neutral buffered 10%)	Sigma Aldrich	HT5014-120ML	Component in the Karnovsky's fixative solution
Glutaraldehyde (Grade I, 25% in H2O)	Sigma	G5882	Component in the Karnovsky's fixative solution
HFIP (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol ) solution	TCI	H024	Used to dissolve Aβ (1-42) 1 mg
Image Processing/ Analysis Software: FIJI (ImageJ)	National Institute of Health (NIH)		Used to process/analyze the images and to differentiate the TNTs from neurites using its plugin named "volume viewer".
Lyophilizer	Christ, Alpha	2.4 LDplus	0.05 mg aliquots of Aβ (1-42) can be stored in -20 °C after lyophilization only
Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin Mixture	Thermo fisher Scientific	15640055	Antibiotic mixture
Phalloidin-iFlor 555	Abcam	ab176756	F-actin binding stain
Phospho-PAK1 (Thr423) /PAK2 (Thr402) [Rabbit]	CST	#2601	Primary antibody
Polyclonal Antibody to Tubulin Beta 3 (TUBb3)	Cloud clone	PAE711Hu01	Primary antibody
Retinoic acid	Sigma-Aldrich	R2625-50MG	Differentiating reagent
Saponin	Merck	8047-15-2	Detergent used in the Incubation buffer in immunostaining
Water bath sonicator (Quart, Drain valve Heater)	Ultrasonic Cleaner	3.0 L/3.2	Sonicator used to dissolve Aβ (1-42) stock, after DMSO adding to it during the preparation of 100 µM Aβ (1-42)
ZEN Microscopy software	ZEISS (Carl Zeiss)		Imaging software to acquire confocal microscopy images with smart automation