A Novel High-Throughput Ex Vivo Ovine Skin Wound Model for Testing Emerging Antibiotics

Summary

The protocol describes a step-by-step method to set up an ex vivo ovine wounded skin model infected with Staphylococcus aureus. This high-throughput model better simulates infections in vivo compared with conventional microbiology techniques and presents researchers with a physiologically relevant platform to test the efficacy of emerging antimicrobials.

Abstract

The development of antimicrobials is an expensive process with increasingly low success rates, which makes further investment in antimicrobial discovery research less attractive. Antimicrobial drug discovery and subsequent commercialization can be made more lucrative if a fail-fast-and-fail-cheap approach can be implemented within the lead optimization stages where researchers have greater control over drug design and formulation. In this article, the setup of an ex vivo ovine wounded skin model infected with Staphylococcus aureus is described, which is simple, cost-effective, high throughput, and reproducible. The bacterial physiology in the model mimics that during infection as bacterial proliferation is dependent on the pathogen's ability to damage the tissue. The establishment of wound infection is verified by an increase in viable bacterial counts compared to the inoculum. This model can be used as a platform to test the efficacy of emerging antimicrobials in the lead optimization stage. It can be contended that the availability of this model will provide researchers developing antimicrobials with a fail-fast-and-fail-cheap model, which will help increase success rates in subsequent animal trials. The model will also facilitate the reduction and refinement of animal use for research and ultimately enable faster and more cost-effective translation of novel antimicrobials for skin and soft tissue infections to the clinic.

Introduction

Skin infections are an important global issue, with large economic costs to healthcare providers around the world. The development of multidrug resistance and biofilm formation by pathogens plays a key role in the prevalence of non-healing wounds^1,2,3,4. As a result of this, skin and soft tissue infections are one of the more common reasons for extended hospitalization and subsequent readmission⁵. Delays in wound healing are costly for both the patient and healthcare providers, with some estimates suggesting around 6.....

Protocol

Lambs' heads from the R.B Elliott and Son Abattoir were used as the source of skin samples in this project. All lambs were slaughtered for consumption as food. Instead of discarding the heads, these were repurposed for research. Ethics approval was not required as the tissue was sourced from waste discarded from abattoirs.

1. Sterilization

1. Disinfect forceps prior to collection of the heads by taking clean forceps and performing dry heat sterilization in an oven.......

Discussion

The development of antimicrobials is an important but expensive venture that is estimated to cost around $1 billion and take around 15 years to complete. Over 90% of antimicrobial drug discovery and preclinical studies of antimicrobial drug efficacy are carried out by academic researchers and small to medium companies with typically less than 50 employees²². These teams are very financially constrained, which makes the failure of lead molecules in later stages of translational research calamitous........

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
24 Well Companion Plate	SLS	353504
4 mm Biopsy Punch	Williams Medical	D7484
50 ml centrifuge tubes	Fisher Scientific	10788561
8 mm Biopsy Punch	Williams Medical	D7488
Amphotericin B solution, sterile	Sigma	A2942
Colour Pro Style Cordless Hair Clipper	Wahl	9639-2117X	Hair Clippers
Dual Oven Incubator	SLS	OVe1020	Sterilising oven
Epidermal growth factor	SLS	E5036-200UG
Ethanol	Honeywell	458600-2.5L
F12 HAM	Sigma	N4888
Foetal bovine serum	Labtech International	CA-115/500
Forceps	Fisher Scientific	15307805
Hair Removal Cream	Veet	Not applicable
Heracell VIOS 160i	Thermo Scientific	15373212	Tissue culture incubator
Heraeus Megafuge 16R	VWR	521-2242	Centrifuge
Homogenizer 220, Handheld	Fisher Scientific	15575809
Homogenizer 220, plastic blending cones	Fisher Scientific	15585819
Insert Individual 24 well 0.4um membrane	VWR International	353095
Insulin, recombinant Human	SLS	91077C-1G
Medium 199 (MK media)	Sigma	M0393
Microplate, cell culture Costar 96 well	Fisher Scientific	10687551
Multitron	Infors	Not applicable	Bacterial incubator
PBS tablets	Sigma	P4417-100TAB
Penicillin-Streptomycin	SLS	P0781
Plate seals	Fisher Scientific	ESI-B-100
Safe 2020	Fisher Scientific	1284804	Class II microbiology safety cabinet
Scalpel blade number 15	Fisher Scientific	O305
Scalpel Swann Morton	Fisher Scientific	11849002
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma	S5761-1KG
Toothed Allis Tissue Forceps	Rocialle	RSPU500-322
Tryptic Soy Agar	Merck Life Science UK Limited	14432-500G-F
Tryptic Soy Broth	Merck Life Science UK Limited	41298-500G-F
Vimoba Tablets	Quip Labs	VMTAB75BX