Quantification of Circular RNAs Using Digital Droplet PCR

Summary

This protocol describes the detailed method of digital droplet PCR (dd-PCR) for precise quantification of circular RNA (circRNA) levels in cells using divergent primers.

Abstract

Digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (dd-PCR) is one of the most sensitive quantification methods; it fractionates the reaction into nearly 20,000 water-in-oil droplets, and the PCR occurs in the individual droplets. The dd-PCR has several advantages over conventional real-time qPCR, including increased accuracy in detecting low-abundance targets, omitting reference genes for quantification, eliminating technical replicates for samples, and showing high resilience to inhibitors in the samples. Recently, dd-PCR has become one of the most popular methods for accurately quantifying target DNA or RNA for gene expression analysis and diagnostics. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a large family of recently discovered covalently closed RNA molecules lacking 5' and 3' ends. They have been shown to regulate gene expression by acting as sponges for RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. Furthermore, circRNAs are secreted into body fluids, and their resistance to exonucleases makes them serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis. This article aims to show how to perform divergent primer design, RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and dd-PCR analysis to accurately quantify specific circular RNA (circRNA) levels in cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate the precise quantification of circRNAs using dd-PCR.

Introduction

Recent advancements in RNA sequencing technologies and novel computational algorithms have discovered a new member of the growing family of non-coding RNAs, called circular RNA (circRNA)¹. As the name suggests, circRNAs are a family of single-stranded RNA molecules with no free ends. They are formed by non-canonical head-to-tail splicing called back-splicing, where the upstream splice acceptor site joins covalently with the downstream splice donor site to form a stable RNA circle^1,2. This process could be mediated by several factors, including inverted Alu repetitive elements present in....

Protocol

RNA is sensitive to RNases; therefore, all reagents, instruments, and workspaces should be RNase-free and handled with care.

1. Divergent primer design for circRNA (see Figure 1)

1. Retrieve the mature sequence from circRNA annotation data using BEDTools or from the UCSC genome browser by joining the exon/intron sequence present between the backsplice junction coordinates^18,

Discussion

CircRNA research has grown in the last decade with the discovery of high-throughput sequencing technologies. As a result, it has been considered a potential molecule for future RNA therapeutics. In addition, it is known to act as a biomarker in several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases^4,8. However, the identification of circRNA is tricky because of its low abundance and it having only one specific backsplice junction sequence that differentia.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 ml microcentifuge tube	Tarson	500010
0.2 ml tube strips with cap	Tarson	610020, 510073
Filter Tips	Tarson	528104
DNase/RNase-Free Distilled Water	Thermo Fisher Scientific	10977023
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)	Sigma	P4417
Cell scrapper	HiMedia	TCP223
Chloroform	SRL	96764
DNA diluent	HiMedia	MB228
Random primers	Thermo Fisher Scientific	48190011
dNTP set	Thermo Fisher Scientific	R0181
Murine RNase inhibitor	NEB	M0314S
Maxima reverse transcriptase	Thermo Fisher Scientific	EP0743
QX200 dd-PCR Evagreen Supermix	Bio-Rad	1864033
Droplet generation oil for Evagreen	Bio-Rad	1864006
PCR Plate Heat Seal, foil, pierceable	Bio-Rad	1814040
DG8 Cartridges and Gaskets	Bio-Rad	1864007
DG8 Cartridge holder	Bio-Rad	1863051
QX200 Droplet Generator	Bio-Rad	1864002
ddPCR 96-Well Plates	Bio-Rad	12001925
PX1 PCR Plate Sealer	Bio-Rad	1814000
C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler with 96–Deep Well Reaction Module	Bio-Rad	1851197
QX200 Droplet Reader	Bio-Rad	1864003
Quantasoft Software	Bio-Rad	1864011
Silica column	Umbrella Life Science	38220090
UCSC Genome Browser		https://genome.ucsc.edu/
Primer 3		https://primer3.ut.ee/