Real-Time Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Immune Response in Rice with a Chemiluminescence Assay

Summary

Here, we describe a method for the real-time detection of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in rice tissues in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune response. This method is simple, standardized, and generates highly reproducible results under controlled conditions.

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play vital roles in a variety of biological processes, including the sensing of abiotic and biotic stresses. Upon pathogen infection or challenge with pathogen-associated chemicals (pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs]), an array of immune responses, including a ROS burst, are quickly induced in plants, which is called PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). A ROS burst is a hallmark PTI response, which is catalyzed by a group of plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases-the RBOH family proteins. The vast majority of ROS comprise hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), which can be easily and steadily detected by a luminol-based chemiluminescence method. Chemiluminescence is a photon-producing reaction in which luminol, or its derivative (such as L-012), undergoes a redox reaction with ROS under the action of a catalyst. This paper describes an optimized L-012-based chemiluminescence method to detect apoplast ROS production in real-time upon PAMP elicitation in rice tissues. The method is easy, steady, standardized, and highly reproducible under firmly controlled conditions.

Introduction

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise a series of chemically active oxygen derivatives, including superoxide anion radicals (O₂^-) and its derivatives, hydroxyl radicals (OH^-), hydrogen peroxide, and products of singlet oxygen or oxidation-reduction reactions, which are constantly produced in plastids and chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and other subcellular locations¹. ROS play important roles in many biological processes and are essential for all plants^2,3,4. The broad spectrum of ROS fu....

Protocol

NOTE: The protocol is applicable to different plant tissues. Rice sheath and leaf discs were used in this protocol for ROS detection upon PAMP elicitation. As differences mainly arise due to the method of sampling, only the common procedures are described below, with specific steps being mentioned wherever necessary.

1. Plant culture

1. Sterilize the dehusked rice seeds with 70% ethanol for 1 min, then with 40% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for 1 h. Then, rinse the seeds 5x with sterile water to remove residual chlorine.
2. Plate the seeds aseptically on 1/2 MS medium (2.37 g/L Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium,....

Results

Here, we take rice material as an example to determine the ROS produced with flg22 treatment. The generation of ROS after elicitation is transient. In rice, the increase in ROS production was first detected in 1-2 min, peaked at 10-12 min, and returned to the baseline in ~30-35 min (Figure 3). Compared to the control test, in which PAMP was absent in the elicitation solution resulting in no obvious ROS induction, a specific ROS burst was induced only when the elicitation solution containing .......

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to establish a highly efficient method to quantify early ROS production in response to PAMP in rice tissues. This method provides a standardized procedure for the real-time determination of apoplast ROS produced from treated rice tissues. This method is simple in operation, low in cost, clear in composition, and independent of commercial kits. Using this method, researchers can study the real-time production of apoplast ROS when plants are subjected to biotic or abiotic stresses.

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
96-well microtiter plate	WHB	WHB-96-01
Ethanol absolute	Innochem	A43543
flg22	Sangon Biotech	p20973	PAMP
Gen5	BioTek		software
L-012	FUJIFILM	120-04891	8-amino-5-chloro-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyrido [3,4-d] pyridazine-1,4-dione, CAS #:143556-24-5
Microplate reader	BioTek	Synergy 2
MS Medium	Solarbio	M8521
NaCLO	Aladdin	S101636
Peroxidase from horseradish (HRP)	Sigma	P8375
Phytagel	Sigma	P8169
Sampler	Miltex	15110-40
Sucrose	Sangon Biotech	A502792
Tris	Sangon Biotech	A610195