Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity

Summary

A protocol is outlined to perform live real-time imaging to quantify how the accessory protein TnpB affects the dynamics of transposition in individual live Escherichia coli cells.

Abstract

Here, a protocol is outlined to perform live, real-time imaging of transposable element activity in live bacterial cells using a suite of fluorescent reporters coupled to transposition. In particular, it demonstrates how real-time imaging can be used to assess the effects of the accessory protein TnpB on the activity of the transposable element IS608, a member of the IS200/IS605 family of transposable elements. The IS200/IS605 family of transposable elements are abundant mobile elements connected with one of the most innumerable genes found in nature, tnpB. Sequence homologies propose that the TnpB protein may be an evolutionary precursor to CRISPR/Cas9 systems. Additionally, TnpB has received renewed interest, having been shown to act as a Cas-like RNA-guided DNA endonuclease. The effects of TnpB on the transposition rates of IS608 are quantified, and it is demonstrated that the expression of TnpB of IS608 results in ~5x increased transposon activity compared to cells lacking TnpB expression.

Introduction

Transposable elements (TEs) are genetic elements that mobilize within their host genomes by excision or catalyze copying followed by genomic reintegration. TEs exist in all domains of life, and transposition restructures the host genome, mutating coding and control regions¹. This generates mutations and diversity that play an important role in evolution^2,3, development^4,5, and several human diseases⁶, including cancer⁷.

Using novel genetic constructs tha....

Protocol

1. Preparation of bacterial cultures

1. Grow E. coli strain MG1655 with plasmid transposon constructs (previously described in Kim et al.⁸) overnight in LB with the appropriate antibiotics (25 µg/mL of kanamycin, see Table of Materials) at 37 °C.
   NOTE: The sequences of the constructs used and the related sequences are available as GenBank²⁰ accession numbers OP581959, OP581957, OP581958, OP717084, and OP717085.
2. To achieve steady-state exponential growth, dilute cultures ≥100 fold into the M63 medium (100 mM KH₂PO₄, ....

Results

This method of visualizing transposon activity in live cells by fluorescence microscopy, while having lower throughput than bulk fluorescence measurements, allows direct visualization of transposon activity in individual live cells. Transposon excision events result in the reconstitution of the promoter for mCerulean3 (Figure 1), allowing identification of cells undergoing transposon activity by bright blue fluorescence (Figure 2, TnpB+: Supplementary Mo.......

Discussion

The unique method presented here for real-time imaging of transposable element activity in live cells is a sensitive assay that can directly detect transposition in live cells and in real-time and correlate this activity with the expression of accessory proteins. While the throughput is lower than can be accomplished by bulk methods, this method achieves detailed measurements of TE activity and protein expression in individual living cells.

A variety of tools and techniques can be employed to .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2 Ton Clear Epoxy	Devcon	31345
Agarose	Sigma-Aldrich	5066
Ammonium sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	AX1385-1
Anhydrotetracycline hydrochloride	Sigma-Aldrich	37919
Argon Laser	Melles Griot	35-IMA-840-015
Blue Filter Cube	Chroma	Ex: Z457/10X, Em: ET485/30M
D(+)Glucose	Sigma-Aldrich	G7021
Eclipse Ti-E Microscope	Nikon		Discontinued
Eppendorf epTIPS Boxes and Refill Trays, Volume: 0.1 to 10 µL, Length: 3.4 cm, 1.33 in., PP (Polypropylene)	Eppendorf North America Biotools	22491504
Eppendorf epTIPS Boxes and Refill Trays, Volume: 50 to 1000 µL, Length: 7.1 cm, 2.79 in., PP (Polypropylene)	Eppendorf North America Biotools	22491555
Ferrous Sulfate Acs 500 g	Fisher Scientific	706834
Fiji			Fiji (imagej.net)
Fisher BioReagents LB Broth, Miller (Granulated)	Fisher Scientific	BP9723-2
Glass Cover Slide	Fisher Scientific	12-542B
Kanamycin Sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	1355006
Magnesium sulfate Cert Ac	Fisher Scientific	XXM63SP3KG
Microscope Heater	World Precision Instruments	96810-1
Potassium Phosphate Monobasic	Fisher Scientific	17001H
ProScan III Stage	Prior
Red Filter Cube	Chroma	Ex: ET560/40X, Em: ET645/75M
Sapphire 561 LP Laser	Coherent	1170412
Slide, Microscope	Fisher Scientific	125535B
Thiamine Hydrochloride	Sigma-Aldrich (SIAL)	T1270-100G
Ti-LU4 Laser Launch	Nikon
Yellow Filter Cube	Chroma	Ex: Z514/10X, Em: ET535/30M