Optogenetic Inhibition of Rho1-Mediated Actomyosin Contractility Coupled with Measurement of Epithelial Tension in Drosophila Embryos

Summary

Actomyosin contractility plays an important role in cell and tissue morphogenesis. However, it is challenging to manipulate actomyosin contractility in vivo acutely. This protocol describes an optogenetic system that rapidly inhibits Rho1-mediated actomyosin contractility in Drosophila embryos, revealing the immediate loss of epithelial tension after the inactivation of actomyosin in vivo.

Abstract

Contractile forces generated by actin and non-muscle myosin II ("actomyosin contractility") are critical for morphological changes of cells and tissues at multiple length scales, such as cell division, cell migration, epithelial folding, and branching morphogenesis. An in-depth understanding of the role of actomyosin contractility in morphogenesis requires approaches that allow the rapid inactivation of actomyosin, which is difficult to achieve using conventional genetic or pharmacological approaches. The presented protocol demonstrates the use of a CRY2-CIBN based optogenetic dimerization system, Opto-Rho1DN, to inhibit actomyosin contractility in Drosophila embryos with precise temporal and spatial controls. In this system, CRY2 is fused to the dominant negative form of Rho1 (Rho1DN), whereas CIBN is anchored to the plasma membrane. Blue light-mediated dimerization of CRY2 and CIBN results in rapid translocation of Rho1DN from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where it inactivates actomyosin by inhibiting endogenous Rho1. In addition, this article presents a detailed protocol for coupling Opto-Rho1DN-mediated inactivation of actomyosin with laser ablation to investigate the role of actomyosin in generating epithelial tension during Drosophila ventral furrow formation. This protocol can be applied to many other morphological processes that involve actomyosin contractility in Drosophila embryos with minimal modifications. Overall, this optogenetic tool is a powerful approach to dissect the function of actomyosin contractility in controlling tissue mechanics during dynamic tissue remodeling.

Introduction

Actomyosin contractility, the contractile force exerted by non-muscle myosin II (hereafter 'myosin') on the F-actin network, is one of the most important forces in changing cell shape and driving tissue-level morphogenesis^1,2. For example, the activation of actomyosin contractility at the apical domain of the epithelial cells results in apical constriction, which facilitates a variety of morphogenetic processes, including epithelial folding, cell extrusion, delamination, and wound healing^3,4,5,

Protocol

1. Setting up the genetic cross and preparing the egg collection cup

1. Select female flies (virgin) from the optogenetic line UASp-CIBNpm (I); UASp-CRY2-Rho1DN-mCherry (III) on a CO₂ pad under a stereomicroscope and set up a cross with male flies from the maternal GAL4 driver line 67 Sqh-mCherry; 15 E-cadherin-GFP.
   NOTE: The 67 and 15 stand for maternal-Tubulin-GAL4 inserted into the second (II) and third (III) chromosomes, respectively⁵². The GAL4 line.......

Discussion

This protocol described the combined use of optogenetics and laser ablation to probe changes in tissue tension immediately after the inactivation of actomyosin contractility. The optogenetic tool described here takes advantage of the dominant negative form of Rho1 (Rho1DN) to acutely inhibit endogenous Rho1 and Rho1-dependent actomyosin contractility. Previous characterization of Opto-Rho1DN in the context of Drosophila ventral furrow formation demonstrated that the tool is highly effective in mediating the rapi.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
35 mm glass-bottom dish	MatTek	P35G-1.5-10-C	Used for sample preparation
60 mm × 15 mm Petri dish with lid	Falcon	351007	Used for sample preparation
Black cloth for covering the microscope	Online	NA	Used to avoid unwanted light stimulation
Clorox Ultra Germicadal Bleach (8.25% sodium hypochlorite)	VWR	10028-048	Used for embryo dechorination
CO2 pad	Genesee Scientific	59-114	Used for cross set-up
ddH2O	NA	NA	Used for sample preparation
Dumont Style 5 tweezers	VWR	102091-654	Used for sample preparation
Eyelash tool (made from pure red sable round brush #2)	VWR	22940-834	Used for sample preparation
FluoView (Software)	Olympus	NA	Used for image acquisition and optogenetic stimulation
Halocarbon oil 27	Sigma Aldrich	H8773-100ML	Used for embryo stage visualization
ImageJ/FIJI	NIH	NA	Used for image analysis
MATLAB	MathWorks	NA	Used for image analysis
Nikon SMZ-745 stereoscope	Nikon	NA	Used for sample preparation
Olympus FVMPE-RS multiphoton microscope with InSight DS Dual-line Ultrafast Lasers for simultaneous dual-wavelength multiphoton imaging, , a 25x/NA1.05 water immersion objective (XLPLN25XWMP2), and an IR/VIS stimulation unit for photo-activation/stimulation. This system is also equipped with a TRITC filter (39005-BX3; AT-TRICT-REDSHFT 540/25x, 565BS, 620/60M), and a fluorescence illumination unit that emits white light.	Olympus	NA	Used for image acquisition and optogenetic stimulation
SP Bel-Art 100-place polypropylene freezer storage box (Black, light-proof box for sample transfer)	VWR	30621-392	Used to avoid unwanted light stimulation
UV Filter Shield for FM1403 Fluores (Orange-red plastic shield)	Bolioptics	FM14036151	Used to avoid unwanted light stimulation
VITCHELO V800 Headlamp with White and Red LED Lights	Amazon	NA	Used to avoid unwanted light stimulation