lexical-decision-task-for-studying-written-word-recognition-adults

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

CUNY School of Medicine

City University of New York

&#x82E5;&#x8981;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x6613;&#x53D7;&#x4E0E;&#x5E74;&#x9F84;&#x6709;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x56F0;&#x96BE;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x95EE; 40 &#x5E74;&#x8F7B; &#xFF08;&#x5E74;&#x9F84; 18-30 &#x5C81;) &#x548C; 40 &#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x8001;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA; (60-85 &#x5C81;&#xFF09; &#x4EE5;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x6545;&#x4E8B;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x3002;&#x5E74;&#x8F7B;&#x6210;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x66F4;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x54CD;&#x5E94; (73%) &#x6BD4;&#x8001;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA; (60%)&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x8001;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x54CD;&#x5E94;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x592A;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x6BD4;&#x5E74;&#x8F7B;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x8005;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x6700;&#x7EC8;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x5B8C;&#x6574;&#x76EE;&#x6807;&#x6210;&#x8BED; (&#x65E7;&#xFF1A; 32%&#xFF1B; &#x9752;&#x5E74;&#xFF1A; 70%&#xFF09; &#xFF1B; &#x7B2C;&#x4E00;&#x8BCD;&#x63D0;&#x793A;&#x540E;&#x68C0;&#x7D22;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x521D;&#x59CB;&#x5931;&#x8D25;&#x5BFC;&#x81F4;&#x7684;&#x8001;&#x5E74;&#x4EBA; &#xFF08;24%&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x6BD4;&#x5E74;&#x8F7B; &#xFF08;15%&#xFF09; &#x53C2;&#x4E0E;&#x8005;&#x66F4;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x9752;&#x5E74;&#x7EC4;&#x7684;&#x79EF;&#x6781;&#x548C;&#x6D88;&#x6781;&#x7684;&#x5E74;&#x957F;&#x7EC4;&#x5E74;&#x9F84;&#x548C;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x7684;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x6027;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x5EFA;&#x8BAE;&#x638C;&#x63E1;&#x719F;&#x6089;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x6301;&#x7EED;&#x5230;&#x6210;&#x5E74;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x7EC4;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x6CE2;&#x58EB;&#x987F;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x5206;&#x6570;&#x4E0E;&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x4EFB;&#x52A1;&#x7684;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#x4E8E;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x68C0;&#x7D22;&#x8BCD;&#x6C47;&#x60EF;&#x7528;&#x8BED;&#x4E2D;&#x68C0;&#x7D22;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x3002;

&#x6210;&#x8BED;&#x751F;&#x4EA7;&#x4E2D;&#x6210;&#x5E74;&#x5E74;&#x9F84;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x7684;&#x5DEE;&#x5F02;&#x3002;

To investigate whether idiom production was vulnerable to age-related difficulties, we asked 40 younger (ages 18-30) and 40 older healthy adults (ages 60-85) to produce idiomatic expressions in a story-completion task. Younger adults produced significantly more correct idiom responses (73%) than did older adults (60%). When older adults generated partially correct responses, they were less likely than younger participants to eventually produce the complete target idiom (old: 32%; young: 70%); first-word cues after initial failure to retrieve an idiom resulted in more correct idioms for older (24%) than younger (15%) participants. Correlations between age and idiom correctness were positive for the young group and negative for the older group, suggesting mastery of familiar idioms continues into adulthood. Within each group, scores on the Boston Naming Test correlated with performance on the idiom task. Findings for retrieving idiomatic expressions are thus similar to those for retrieving lexical items.

Age-related differences in idiom production in adulthood.

Afin de v&eacute;rifier si la production de l&#39;idiome &eacute;tait vuln&eacute;rable aux difficult&eacute;s li&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;&acirc;ge, nous avons demand&eacute; &agrave; 40 jeunes (18-30 ans) et 40 adultes en bonne sant&eacute; &acirc;g&eacute;s (de 60 &agrave; 85 ans) pour produire des expressions idiomatiques dans une t&acirc;che de l&#39;histoire-ach&egrave;vement. Jeunes adultes produit des r&eacute;ponses idiome significativement plus corrects (73 %) que ne les adultes plus &acirc;g&eacute;s (60 %). Quand les adultes &acirc;g&eacute;s g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute; une r&eacute;ponse partiellement correcte, ils &eacute;taient moins susceptibles que les jeunes participants pour finalement produire l&#39;idiome cible complet (vieux : 32 %; jeunes : 70 %); le premier mot cues apr&egrave;s &eacute;chec initial pour r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer un idiome a entra&icirc;n&eacute; des idiomes plus corrects pour les plus &acirc;g&eacute;s (24 %) que les plus jeunes participants (15 %). Corr&eacute;lations entre l&#39;&acirc;ge et l&#39;idiome de justesse &eacute;taient positifs pour le groupe de jeune et n&eacute;gatif pour le groupe plus &acirc;g&eacute;, ce qui sugg&egrave;re la ma&icirc;trise des idiomes familiers continue jusqu&#39;&agrave; l&#39;&acirc;ge adulte. Dans chaque groupe, scores au Test Naming Boston en corr&eacute;lation avec la performance sur la t&acirc;che de l&#39;idiome. R&eacute;sultats pour r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer les expressions idiomatiques sont donc semblables &agrave; ceux pour r&eacute;cup&eacute;rer les items lexicaux.

Diff&eacute;rences li&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;&acirc;ge dans la production de langage &agrave; l&#39;&acirc;ge adulte.

Um zu untersuchen, ob Ausdrucksweise Produktion anf&auml;llig f&uuml;r altersbedingte Schwierigkeiten war, baten wir 40 j&uuml;ngere (Alter 18-30) und 40 &auml;ltere gesunde Erwachsene (Alter 60-85), idiomatische Ausdr&uuml;cke in einer Geschichte-Abschluss-Aufgabe zu produzieren. J&uuml;ngere Erwachsene produziert deutlich mehr richtige Ausdrucksweise Antworten (73 %) als &auml;ltere Erwachsene (60 %) hat. Wenn &auml;ltere Erwachsene teilweise richtige Antworten generiert, sie waren weniger wahrscheinlich als j&uuml;ngere Teilnehmer, schlie&szlig;lich die vollst&auml;ndige deiner Ausdrucksweise zu produzieren (alt: 32 %; jung: 70 %); erste Wort Hinweise nach anf&auml;nglichen Fehler abrufen ein Idiom korrektere Idiome f&uuml;r &auml;ltere (24 %) als die j&uuml;ngeren (15 %) Teilnehmer gef&uuml;hrt. Korrelationen zwischen Alter und Idiom Richtigkeit f&uuml;r die junge Gruppe positiv und negativ f&uuml;r die &auml;ltere Gruppe waren, setzt bis ins Erwachsenenalter Beherrschung der vertraute Redewendungen vorschlagen. Innerhalb jeder Gruppe korreliert Tor nach der Boston-Naming-Test mit Leistung auf die Ausdrucksweise-Aufgabe. Feststellungen zum Abrufen von idiomatische Ausdr&uuml;cke sind so &auml;hnlich wie zum Abrufen von lexikalischen Elemente.

Altersbedingte Unterschiede in der Ausdrucksweise Produktion im Erwachsenenalter.

Per indagare se produzione idioma era vulnerabile alle difficolt&agrave; legate all&#39;et&agrave;, abbiamo chiesto a 40 giovani (et&agrave; 18-30) e 40 sani anziani (et&agrave; 60-85) per la produzione di espressioni idiomatiche in un compito di storia-completamento. Giovani adulti prodotto risposte significativamente pi&ugrave; corrette idioma (73%) che ha fatto gli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani (60%). Quando gli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani generato risposte parzialmente corrette, erano meno probabile che i partecipanti pi&ugrave; giovani a produrre alla fine l&#39;idioma di destinazione completo (vecchio: 32%; giovani: 70%); prima parola spunti dopo fallimento iniziale per recuperare un idioma ha portato negli idiomi pi&ugrave; corretti per anziani (24%) rispetto a giovani partecipanti (15%). Correlazioni tra et&agrave; e idioma correttezza erano positivi per il gruppo di giovane e negativo per il gruppo di anziano, suggerendo la padronanza dell&#39;idioma familiare continua nell&#39;et&agrave; adulta. All&#39;interno di ogni gruppo, punteggi su Boston Naming Test correlati con prestazioni il compito di idioma. Risultati per il recupero delle espressioni idiomatiche sono cos&igrave; simili a quelli per il recupero di elementi lessicali.

Differenze et&agrave;-correlate nella produzione del linguaggio in et&agrave; adulta.

&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x304C;&#x56F0;&#x96E3;&#x306E;&#x5E74;&#x9F62;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x8106;&#x5F31;&#x6027;&#x304C;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x304B;&#x3069;&#x3046;&#x304B;&#x3092;&#x8ABF;&#x3079;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;, 40 &#x82E5;&#x3044; (18-30 &#x6B73;&#xFF09; &#x3068;&#x8A71;&#x5B8C;&#x4E86;&#x30BF;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x3067;&#x6163;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x3092;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B; 40 &#x53E4;&#x3044;&#x5065;&#x5EB7;&#x306A;&#x5927;&#x4EBA; &#xFF08;&#x5E74;&#x9F62; 60-85&#xFF09; &#x5C0B;&#x306D;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x82E5;&#x3044;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x306F;&#x9AD8;&#x9F62;&#x8005; &#xFF08;60 &#xFF05;&#xFF09; &#x3088;&#x308A;&#x3082;&#x5927;&#x5E45;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x6B63;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54; &#xFF08;73 &#xFF05;&#xFF09; &#x3092;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5E74;&#x4E0A;&#x306E;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x304C;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x6B63;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x5FDC;&#x7B54;&#x3092;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3068;&#x304D;&#x3001;&#x5F7C;&#x3089;&#x306F;&#x6700;&#x7D42;&#x7684;&#x306B;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306A;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x30B2;&#x30C3;&#x30C8; &#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x751F;&#x6210;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x82E5;&#x3044;&#x53C2;&#x52A0;&#x8005;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x3082;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x6027;&#x306F;&#x4F4E;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F; (&#x53E4;&#x3044;: 32%; &#x30E4;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;: 70%); &#x6700;&#x521D;&#x306E;&#x5358;&#x8A9E;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x521D;&#x671F;&#x306E;&#x969C;&#x5BB3;&#x304C;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x6B63;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x53E4;&#x3044; (24%) &#x3088;&#x308A;&#x82E5;&#x3044; (15%) &#x53C2;&#x52A0;&#x8005;&#x306E;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x5F8C;&#x306E;&#x624B;&#x304C;&#x304B;&#x308A;&#x3002;&#x5E74;&#x9F62;&#x3084;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x6B63;&#x5F53;&#x6027;&#x3068;&#x306E;&#x76F8;&#x95A2;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x82E5;&#x3044;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x306E;&#x6B63;&#x3068;&#x8CA0;&#x306E;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A;&#x306E;&#x5E74;&#x9F62;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x3060;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x306A;&#x3058;&#x307F;&#x306E;&#x6163;&#x7528;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x306E;&#x7FD2;&#x5F97;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x5506;&#x5927;&#x4EBA;&#x306B;&#x7D9A;&#x3051;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x5404;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x5185;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30DC;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x30CD;&#x30FC;&#x30DF;&#x30F3;&#x30B0; &#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x3067;&#x6210;&#x7E3E;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0; &#x30BF;&#x30B9;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x30D1;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30FC;&#x30DE;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x3068;&#x76F8;&#x95A2;&#x3057;&#x305F;.&#x6163;&#x7528;&#x8868;&#x73FE;&#x3092;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x8ABF;&#x67FB;&#x7D50;&#x679C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x3053;&#x3046;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x8A9E;&#x5F59;&#x9805;&#x76EE;&#x3092;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x4F3C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x6210;&#x4EBA;&#x671F;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AA;&#x30E0;&#x751F;&#x7523;&#x5E74;&#x9F62;&#x95A2;&#x9023;&#x306E;&#x9055;&#x3044;&#x3002;

&#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xC5F0;&#xB839; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xC5B4;&#xB824;&#xC6C0;&#xC5D0; &#xCDE8;&#xC57D; &#xD588;&#xB294;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xD558;&#xB824;&#xBA74; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC; 40 &#xC80A;&#xC740; (&#xC5F0;&#xB839; 18-30) 40 &#xC138; &#xAC74;&#xAC15; &#xD55C; &#xC131;&#xC778; (60-85 &#xC138;) &#xC774;&#xC57C;&#xAE30; &#xC644;&#xC131; &#xC791;&#xC5C5;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xC5B4;&#xB97C; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xBB3C;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC80A;&#xC740; &#xC131;&#xC778; &#xD6E8;&#xC52C; &#xB354; &#xC815;&#xD655;&#xD55C; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C; &#xC751;&#xB2F5; (73%) &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; &#xB178;&#xC778; (60%)&#xC744; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0;. &#xB178;&#xC778; &#xBD80;&#xBD84;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC62C;&#xBC14;&#xB978; &#xC751;&#xB2F5;&#xC744; &#xC0DD;&#xC131; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xACBD;&#xC6B0; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC740; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xC131;&#xC774; &#xACB0;&#xAD6D; &#xC804;&#xCCB4; &#xB300;&#xC0C1; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C;&#xB97C; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xC80A;&#xC740; &#xCC38;&#xAC00;&#xC790; &#xB4E4; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; (&#xC774;&#xC804;: 32%; &#xC601;: 70%); &#xCCAB; &#xBC88;&#xC9F8; &#xB2E8;&#xC5B4; &#xC774;&#xC804; (24%) &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; &#xC80A;&#xC740; (15%)&#xC758; &#xCC38;&#xAC00;&#xC790;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB354; &#xC62C;&#xBC14;&#xB978; &#xC219;&#xC5B4; &#xADC0;&#xCC29;&#xB418; &#xC5C8; &#xB2E4; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C;&#xB97C; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xCD08;&#xAE30; &#xC2E4;&#xD328; &#xD6C4; &#xB2E8;&#xC11C;. &#xC5F0;&#xB839;&#xACFC; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C; &#xC815;&#xD655;&#xC131; &#xAC04;&#xC758; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xB294; &#xC80A;&#xC740; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xAE0D;&#xC815;&#xC801;&#xC774; &#xACE0; &#xBD80;&#xC815;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC774;&#xC804; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;, &#xC131;&#xC778;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xACC4;&#xC18D; &#xC81C;&#xC548; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC775;&#xC219;&#xD55C; &#xC219;&#xC5B4;&#xC758; &#xB2EC;&#xC778;. &#xAC01; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9; &#xB0B4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBCF4;&#xC2A4;&#xD134; &#xBA85;&#xBA85; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xC810;&#xC218; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C; &#xC791;&#xC5C5; &#xC131;&#xB2A5;&#xC640; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xB41C;&#xB2E4;. &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xC5B4; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xC5B4;&#xD718; &#xD56D;&#xBAA9;&#xC744; &#xAC80;&#xC0C9;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C; &#xBE44;&#xC2B7;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xB098;&#xC774; &#xAD00;&#xB828; &#xC131;&#xC778;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAD00;&#xC6A9;&#xAD6C; &#xC0DD;&#xC0B0;&#xC758; &#xCC28;&#xC774;.

Para investigar si la producci&oacute;n de idioma era vulnerable a las dificultades relacionadas con la edad, preguntamos a 40 j&oacute;venes (edad 18-30) y 40 adultos sanos mayores (edades 60-85) para producir expresiones idiom&aacute;ticas en una tarea de historia-terminaci&oacute;n. Adultos j&oacute;venes produjeron significativamente m&aacute;s correctas idioma respuestas (73%) de los adultos mayores (60%). Cuando los adultos mayores generaron respuestas parcialmente correctas, ten&iacute;an menos probabilidades que los participantes m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes para producir finalmente el idioma de destino completa (viejo: 32%; j&oacute;venes: 70%); la primera palabra se&ntilde;ales despu&eacute;s falta inicial para recuperar un idioma dio lugar a expresiones m&aacute;s correctos para mayor (24%) que los participantes m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes de (15%). Correlaciones entre la edad y el idioma de correcci&oacute;n eran positivas para el grupo joven y negativo para el grupo, sugiriendo el dominio de idiomas familiares contin&uacute;a en la edad adulta. Dentro de cada grupo, los puntajes de la prueba de denominaci&oacute;n de Boston correlacionan con el rendimiento en la tarea de idioma. Resultados para recuperar expresiones idiom&aacute;ticas as&iacute; son similares a aquellos para recuperar elementos l&eacute;xicos.

Diferencias relacionadas con la edad en la producci&oacute;n de idioma en la edad adulta.

This study examined the effects of executive control and working memory on older adults' sentence-final word recognition. The question we addressed was the importance of executive functions to this process and how it is modulated by the predictability of the speech material. To this end, we tested 173 neurologically intact adult native English speakers aged 55-84 years. Participants were given a sentence-final word recognition test in which sentential context was manipulated and sentences were presented in different levels of babble, and multiple tests of executive functioning assessing inhibition, shifting, and efficient access to long-term memory, as well as working memory. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we found that better inhibition was associated with higher accuracy in word recognition, while increased age and greater hearing loss were associated with poorer performance. Findings are discussed in the framework of semantic control and are interpreted as supporting a theoretical view of executive control which emphasizes functional diversity among executive components.

How older adults use cognition in sentence-final word recognition.

Reading a word activates morphologically related words in the mental lexicon. People with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) often have difficulty retrieving words, though the source of this problem is not well understood. To better understand the word recognition process in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders such as MCI and AD, we investigated the nature of the activation of morphologically related family members in 22 Finnish speakers with AD, 24 with MCI, and 17 cognitively healthy elderly. We presented Finnish monomorphemic (base form) nouns in a single-word lexical decision experiment to measure the speed of word recognition and its relation to morphological and lexical variables. Morphological variables included morphological family size (separate for compounds and derived words) and pseudo-morphological family size (including the set of words that have a partially overlapping form but that do not share an actual morpheme, e.g., pet and carpet, or corn and corner). Pseudo-morphological family size was included to examine the influence of words with orthographic (or phonological) overlap that are not semantically related to the target words. Our analyses revealed that younger and elderly controls and individuals with MCI or AD were influenced by true morphological overlap (overlapping forms that also share meaning), as well as by the word's pseudo-morphological family. However, elderly controls and individuals with MCI or AD seemed to rely more on form overlap than young adults. This demonstrates that an increased reliance on form-based aspects of language processing in Alzheimer's disease is not necessarily due to a partial loss of access to semantics, but might be explained in part by a common age-related change of processes in written word recognition.

Article	Year
Age-related differences in idiom production in adulthood. Clinical linguistics & phonetics\| PubMed ID: 21728830	2011
How older adults use cognition in sentence-final word recognition. Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition\| PubMed ID: 26569553	2016
Effects of morphological family on word recognition in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior\| PubMed ID: 30612700	2019

JungMoon Hyun

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