Name: visualization of vascular ca2+ signaling triggered by paracrine derived ros
Uploaded: 2011-12-21T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant (R01 HL086699, HL086699-01A2S1, 1S10RR027327-01) to MM. Our article is partly supported by Carl Zeiss Microimaging LLC.

Reactive oxygen species can be measured in live cells using oxidation sensitive dyes (1 &amp; 2) or using plasmid sensors (3 &amp; 4) by confocal microscopy. 
1. Visualization of cytosolic ROS in J774 cells
<ol>
	<li>Grow J774.1 mouse monocyte-derived macrophages (106 cells/ml) on glass bottom 35-mm dishes (Harvard Apparatus) for 48 h. </li>
	<li>Challenge cells with TLR agonists (2 &mu;g/ml, Lipo-teichoic acid-TLR2 agonist; 10&mu;g/ml, Poly (I:C)-TLR3 agonist; 1 &mu;g/ml LPS-TLR4...

<ol>
	<li>Madesh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+role+for+superoxide+in+InsP3+receptor-mediated+mitochondrial+dysfunction+and+endothelial+apoptosis.">Selective role for superoxide in InsP3 receptor-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and endothelial apoptosis.</a> J. Cell. Biol. 170, 1079-1090 (2005).</li><li>Droge, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+radicals+in+the+physiological+control+of+cell+function.">Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function.</a> Physiol. Rev. 82, 47-95 (2002).</li><li>Hamanaka, R. B., Chandel, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+reactive+oxygen+species+regulate+cellular+signaling+and+dictate+biological+outcomes.">Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes.</a> Trends Biochem. Sci. 35, 505-513 .</li><li>Hawkins, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=S-glutathionylation+activates+STIM1+and+alters+mitochondrial+homeostasis.">S-glutathionylation activates STIM1 and alters mitochondrial homeostasis.</a> J. Cell. Biol. 190, 391-405 (2010).</li><li>Madesh, M., Hajnoczky, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VDAC-dependent+permeabilization+of+the+outer+mitochondrial+membrane+by+superoxide+induces+rapid+and+massive+cytochrome+c+release.">VDAC-dependent permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane by superoxide induces rapid and massive cytochrome c release.</a> J. Cell Biol. 155, 1003-1015 (2001).</li><li>Finkel, T., Holbrook, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidants+oxidative+stress+and+the+biology+of+ageing.">Oxidants oxidative stress and the biology of ageing.</a> Nature. 408, 239-247 (2000).</li><li>Rittirsch, D., Flierl, M. A., Ward, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Harmful+molecular+mechanisms+in+sepsis.">Harmful molecular mechanisms in sepsis.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8, 776-787 (2008).</li><li>Sanlioglu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide+induces+Rac1-dependent+reactive+oxygen+species+formation+and+coordinates+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha+secretion+through+IKK+regulation+of+NF-kappa.">Lipopolysaccharide induces Rac1-dependent reactive oxygen species formation and coordinates tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion through IKK regulation of NF-kappa.</a> 276, 30188-30198 (2001).</li><li>Hawkins, B. J., Madesh, M., Kirkpatrick, C. J., Fisher, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superoxide+flux+in+endothelial+cells+via+the+chloride+channel-3+mediates+intracellular+signaling.">Superoxide flux in endothelial cells via the chloride channel-3 mediates intracellular signaling.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 18, 2002-2012 (2007).</li><li>Vliet, A. v. a. n. d. e. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NADPH+oxidases+in+lung+biology+and+pathology:+host+defense+enzymes+and+more.">NADPH oxidases in lung biology and pathology: host defense enzymes and more.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 44, 938-955 (2008).</li><li>Babior, B. M., Kipnes, R. S., Curnutte, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+defense+mechanisms.+The+production+by+leukocytes+of+superoxide,+a+potential+bactericidal+agent.">Biological defense mechanisms. The production by leukocytes of superoxide, a potential bactericidal agent.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 52, 741-744 (1973).</li><li>Lambeth, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NOX+enzymes+and+the+biology+of+reactive+oxygen.">NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 181-189 (2004).</li><li>Mukhopadhyay, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+detection+of+apoptosis+and+mitochondrial+superoxide+production+in+live+cells+by+flow+cytometry+and+confocal+microscopy.">Simultaneous detection of apoptosis and mitochondrial superoxide production in live cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 2295-2301 (2007).</li><li>Niethammer, P., Grabher, C., Look, A. T., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tissue-scale+gradient+of+hydrogen+peroxide+mediates+rapid+wound+detection+in+zebrafish.">A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound detection in zebrafish.</a> Nature. 459, 996-999 (2009).</li><li>Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptors+and+innate+immunity.">Toll-like receptors and innate immunity.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 1, 135-145 (2001).</li></ol>

The method described here allows rapid and quantitative measurement of reactive oxygen species in living cells either using oxidation sensitive dyes or plasmid sensors. Agonists of TLRs (Toll-like receptors) are compounds that stimulate the cells through the TLRs present on the cell surface and trigger the downstream signaling pathways15. In our protocol, we used three different TLR agonists viz., Lipo-teichoic acid-TLR2 agonist; Poly (I:C)-TLR3 agonist; LPS-TLR4 agonist which are reported to induce ROS as a m...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Attofluor cell chamber</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A7816</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM low glucose medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10567-014</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial growth factor supplement (ECGS)</td>
			<td>Upstate</td>
			<td>02-102</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12662011</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>G418</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10131-027</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1393</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2DCFDA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D-399</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4516</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2515</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MitoSOX Red</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>M36008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>51985091</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep (10x)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140163</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pHyPer-cyto</td>
			<td>Evrogen</td>
			<td>FP941</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pHyPer-dMito</td>
			<td>Evrogen</td>
			<td>FP942</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(I:C)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0913</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism software 5.0</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SigmaPlot 11.0</td>
			<td>Systat software, Inc.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (10x)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15400054</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-25 Flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430639</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-75 Flasks</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353136</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well TC micro well plate</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353072</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zen 2009 software</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss 510 Meta confocal microscopy</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of vascular ca2+ signaling triggered by paracrine derived ros

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of pathologic conditions including ischemia/reperfusion damage and sepsis. The concept of oxidative stress refers to the aberrant formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species), which include O2&bull;-, H2O2, and hydroxyl radicals. Reactive oxygen species influences a multitude of cellular processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation and cell death1-6. ROS have the potential to damage vascular and organ cells directly, and can initiate secondary chemical reactions and genetic alterations that ultimately result in an amplification of the initial ROS-mediated tissue damage. A key component of the amplification cascade that exacerbates irreversible tissue damage is the recruitment and activation of circulating inflammatory cells. During inflammation, inflammatory cells produce cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-&alpha; (TNF&alpha;) and IL-1 that activate endothelial cells (EC) and epithelial cells and further augment the inflammatory response7. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is an established feature of acute inflammation. Macrophages contribute to endothelial dysfunction during inflammation by mechanisms that remain unclear. Activation of macrophages results in the extracellular release of O2&bull;- and various pro-inflammatory cytokines, which triggers pathologic signaling in adjacent cells8. NADPH oxidases are the major and primary source of ROS in most of the cell types. Recently, it is shown by us and others9,10 that ROS produced by NADPH oxidases induce the mitochondrial ROS production during many pathophysiological conditions. Hence measuring the mitochondrial ROS production is equally important in addition to measuring cytosolic ROS. Macrophages produce ROS by the flavoprotein enzyme NADPH oxidase which plays a primary role in inflammation. Once activated, phagocytic NADPH oxidase produces copious amounts of O2&bull;- that are important in the host defense mechanism11,12. Although paracrine-derived O2&bull;- plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, visualization of paracrine ROS-induced intracellular signaling including Ca2+ mobilization is still hypothesis. We have developed a model in which activated macrophages are used as a source of O2&bull;- to transduce a signal to adjacent endothelial cells. Using this model we demonstrate that macrophage-derived O2&bull;- lead to calcium signaling in adjacent endothelial cells.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS at JoVE.com

Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS

An efficient method to gain insights into visualizing the paracrine-derived ROS induction of endothelial Ca2+ signaling is described. This method takes advantage of measuring paracrine derived ROS triggered Ca2+ mobilization in vascular endothelial cells in a co-culture model.

Visualization of Vascular Ca2+ Signaling Triggered by Paracrine Derived ROS

Oxidative stress has been implicated in a number of pathologic conditions including ischemia/reperfusion damage and sepsis. The concept of oxidative ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

Electron cryo-tomography is a powerful tool in structural biology, capable of visualizing the three-dimensional structure of biological samples, such as ...

Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

Automated Analysis of Dynamic Ca2+ Signals in Image Sequences

Intracellular Ca2+ signals are commonly studied with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator dyes and microscopy techniques. However, quantitative analysis of Ca2+ ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

DiI Perfusion as a Method for Vascular Visualization in Ambystoma mexicanum

DiI Perfusion as a Method for Vascular Visualization in Ambystoma mexicanum

Perfusion techniques have been used for centuries to visualize the circulation of tissues. Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a species of salamander that ...

Visualization of DNA Compaction in Cyanobacteria by High-voltage Cryo-electron Tomography

This protocol describes how to visualize the transient DNA compaction in cyanobacteria. DNA compaction is a dramatic cytoplasmic event recently found to ...

Retinal Cryo-sections, Whole-Mounts, and Hypotonic Isolated Vasculature Preparations for Immunohistochemical Visualization of Microvascular Pericytes

Retinal pericytes play an important role in many diseases of the eye. Immunohistochemical staining techniques of retinal vessels and microvascular ...

A Proximal Culture Method to Study Paracrine Signaling Between Cells

Intercellular interactions play an important role in many biological processes, including tumor progression, immune responses, angiogenesis, and ...

Myeloid Innate Signaling Pathway Regulation by MALT1 Paracaspase Activity

Besides its function in lymphoid cells, which has been addressed by numerous studies, the paracaspase MALT1 also plays an important role in innate cells ...

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires ...