Bu eser ABD Ordu Araştırma Laboratuvarı, Adelphi, MD, ABD, Grant W91ZLK-12-P-0447 altında tarafından desteklenmiştir. Rezonans ölçümleri Michael Stone ve Anthony Brock yardımıyla yapılmıştır. Termal Kamera ölçüm George Washington Üniversitesi'nden Damon Conover yardımıyla yapılmıştır.

1. seçme ve Optimum bir yapısını tasarlama
<ol><li>Geniş frekans ayarlama için sabit-sabit ışın seçin (diğer adaylara göre bu frekans (TCF) ve ihmal edilebilir termal genleşme sürekli onun büyük sıcaklık katsayısı nedeniyle ısıtıldığında geniş ayarlama sağlar).</li>
	<li>Amaç verimlilik iyileştirme ayarlama, daha uzun bir ışın tasarlayın. Amaç frekans atlamalı veya sinyal izleme uygulamaları ise daha kısa bir ışın tasarlayın.</li>
</ol>2. modelleme ve Tamamlayıcı Metal oksit yarı iletkeni (CMOS) içinde imalat
<ol><li>Tasarım ve 3D model MEMS Filtresi için FEM tabanlı bir programda oluşturun.</li>
	<li>Bir tümleşik devre (IC) tasarım aracı, katman katman gds dosyası oluşturmak için aynı düzende yeniden.</li>
	<li>Gds Resimi (biz CMOS 0.6 µm teknoloji kullanılan) imalat için CMOS döküm gönderin.</li>
	<li>CMOS işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra Post-processing ile devam (Not fişleri polysilikon, alüminyum ve oksit Katmanlar olmalıdır).<ol>
<li>CHF3/O2 kuru kuralları etch işlem İndüktif eşleşmiş plazma (ICP) yolu ile sistem etch. Alüminyum katmanlar arasında SiO2 etch ve kirişler 5,7 oranında oluştururlar. Bu işlem için aşağıdaki parametreleri kullanın: CHF3 40 sccm, O2 5 sccm adlı, basıncı 0,5 Pa, 500 W gücünde ICP ve örnek güç 100 W ile 56 min Toplam etch zaman.</li>
		<li>XeF uygulamak2 etch kirişler altında 9 µm derinliği boşluğu oluşturmak için silikon substrat sürecinde. Bu işlem için 60 s/döngüsü için 3T, adlı 3 kür için sistem aşındırma XeF2 kullanın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) düzgün cihazlarında emin olmak için aygıtlarla karakterize. Bu adımda, gerilim 2,58 için hızlandırılması ışın değiştirmek kV ve 9,5 mm çalışma mesafesi.</li>
</ol>3. cihaz test
Not: Cihaz test test ve frekans yanıtı testi Isıtma Joule dahil olmak üzere birçok adımlardan oluşur.
<ol><li>
Katıştırılmış ısıtıcılar için termal kamera testi
	<ol>
<li>Termal kamerayı çip üzerine yerleştirin ve belgili tanımlık ışık ısı sağlamak için gömülü ısıtıcılar sınayın.</li>
		<li>Küçük parça paket güç kaynağını bağlayın ve 5,7 V kiriş boyunca sıcaklığı artırmak için küçük artışlarla için 0 V ısıtıcılar katıştırılmış bir DC gerilim uygulayın.</li>
		<li>Sıcaklık profil boyunca küçük parça paket Termal Kamera ile Isıtma işlemi sırasında kayıt. Bir sayısal bilgisayar programında sağlamaları ve Isıtma profil çiz.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
LDV ve test Kur ayarlama
	<ol>
<li>Lazer 120 µm uzun kirişler üzerine getirin.</li>
		<li>Hem 7 V DC uygulamak için iki 120 µm uzun kiriş ve 3 V AC gerilimi rezonans işlemi arasında güç kaynağını bağlayın. Ek bir DC önyargı voltaj 5,7 V kirişler için rezonans işlemi sırasında Isıtma Joule uygulamak için fazla katıştırılmış Isıtma cihazları bağlayın.</li>
		<li>Lazer ışını bir düşük gürültü lazer yansıma almak için farklı bir noktaya taşıyın. Gürültü azaltmak için mavi çubuğun yoğunluğunu artırmak emin olun.</li>
		<li>Ekran ayarlama ve ölçüm Kur'u başlatmak için birden çok görünüm bölün.</li>
		<li>Satın alma ayarları'na gidin, FFT için ölçüm modunu ayarlamak, değil herhangi bir filtre kullanın ve 2 MHz bant genişliği ayarla.</li>
		<li>O-ebilmek çekmek 2.5 MHz maksimum frekans hızı değiştirin.</li>
		<li>Periyodik cıvıltı dalga formu kullanın. Not: Burada, genlik AC gerilimi anlamına gelir ve ofset DC gerilim için duruyor.</li>
		<li>Ölçüm bu yeni kuruluma başlayın.</li>
		<li>Satın alma ayarlarını 1 V DC gerilimi değiştirerek güncelleştirin.</li>
		<li>Başv1 kırmızı alarm (sinyal gürültülü anlamına gelir) gösterdiğinde uygulanan önyargı voltaj satın alma ayarları penceresinde azaltın.</li>
		<li>Lazer ışını sinyal-gürültü oranı daha da artırmak için farklı bir noktaya taşıyın. Zaman zaman, kırmızı alarm titreşim çubuğunda neden kiriş üzerindeki kötü noktalar olabilir; Bu durumda, için iyi bir yer aramaya devam edin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
68 µm uzun MEMS filtreleri LDV üzerinden test
	<ol>
<li>Test için 68 µm uzun MEMS filtreyi seçin.</li>
		<li>25 V DC gerilimi ve 5 V AC gerilim iki 68 µm uzun bitişik kirişler arasında birlikte uygulanır. Burada, bükme DC gerilimi sağlar ve AC gerilimi rezonans işlemi sağlar.</li>
		<li>68 µm uzun ışını yerleştirilen katıştırılmış ısıtıcılar ek bir DC gerilim uygulamak ve 0 V gerilim 5,7 V küçük artışlarla için artırın. Bu frekans Joule üzerinde dayanan ayarlama Isıtma sağlar.</li>
		<li>Gözlemlemek ve rezonans frekans ve faz yanıtı ile ilgili uygulamalı önyargı voltaj her adımda kayıt ve bir tablodaki sonuçları özetlemek. Katıştırılmış ısıtıcı 5.7 V DC gerilim uygulandığında, bu örnek için toplam frekans ayarlama civarında 874 kHz işte. Not: Simülasyonları (sağ tarafta) ve (sol tarafta) gerçek ölçüm eşitlenir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Daha yüksek modları ölçüm
	<ol>
<li>Bölüm 3.2 gösterdi satın alma ayarları penceresine gitmek için A/D düğmeye ve o-ebilmek çekmek çok yüksek frekanslarda hızı değiştirin.</li>
		<li>İlk ve ikinci modu onların faz ile ölçmek. Not: Birincil rezonans deplasman modu-1 için Y yönde ve modu-2 (yani doğru mikroskop) Z yönde içindir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. kaçınarak aygıt hatası
<ol><li>
Düşük frekans kare dalga sinyali uygulama stiction çözmek için
	<ol>
<li>Elektrostatik iki bitişik kirişler arasında şarj üzerinden sonuç stiction sorunu çözmek için 1 Hz kare dalga sinyali uygulanır.</li>
		<li>Mahsup kutusuna git ve DC gerilimi 1 V AC gerilim tutarken V, 1'e ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>Frekans kutusuna gidin ve sıklığını ayarlamak için 1 Hz.</li>
		<li>Etkinleştirmek ve bu yeni kurulum kirişler üzerinde uygulayın.</li>
		<li>Belgili tanımlık ışık ayrılması gözlemlemek.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Yüksek termal stres ve yanma
	<ol>
<li>İlave bir örnek termal stres testi için kullanın.</li>
		<li>Katıştırılmış ısıtıcı üzerinde uygulanan önyargı voltaj cihaz yüksek termal stres nedeniyle başarısız olmadan önce en fazla izin verilen gerilim bulmak için küçük artışlarla artırmak.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. ayarlama becerisini artırılması
<ol><li>25 V DC gerilimi ve 5 V AC gerilim birlikte uygulanan önyargı voltaj 0 V toplam 661 kHz frekans kayması için katıştırılmış ısıtıcı için 5,7 V, üzerinde artırırken iki 68 µm bitişik kirişler arasında geçerlidir.</li>
	<li>Ek baharın etkisi ise 1 V AC gerilim uygulayarak ve katıştırılmış ısıtıcılar aynı önyargı voltaj Kur tutmak iki 68 µm uzun bitişik kirişler arasında yumuşama eklemek için 35 V 25 V uygulanan önyargı voltajı yükseltin.</li>
	<li>875 etkisi yumuşatma ek bu bahar geliyor kHz 661 kHz artırması gerektiğini % 32 iyileştirme toplam Frekans kayma kaydedin. Not: bizim bilgi en iyi şekilde, MEMS rezonatörler ayarlama becerisini değişen Bu eser ilk kez elde edildi.</li>
</ol>

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İfşa etmek yok.

MEMS filtreleri binada önemli adımlardan birini uygulama alana dayalı aygıt tasarlamaktır. Işın için daha ince veya daha uzun olması daha iyi verimlilik (ppm/mW), ama daha kısa veya daha ince frekans atlamalı veya sinyal izleme uygulamaları için ayarlama. Aynı şekilde, net sinyal algılama LDV üzerinden en az 3-4 µm kalınlık ile ışın tasarlamak iyidir bu yüzden test aygıtı önemlidir. Aksi takdirde sinyal gürültülü olacak, hatta 100 X mercek ve birden çok nokta (LDV yazılım gömülü) gür...

MEMS filtreleri nedeniyle onların yüksek güvenilirlik, düşük güç tüketimi, kompakt tasarımı, yüksek kalite faktörü ve düşük maliyet için büyüyen bir talep vardır. Bunlar yaygın olarak sensörleri ve kablosuz iletişim çekirdek bölümleri olarak kullanılır. Sıcaklık sensörleri1, biyo-sensörler2,3, gaz-sensörler4, filtreler5,6,7ve osilatörler en popüler uygulama alanları vardır. En popüler Elektrostatik MEMS filtreleri olan sabit-sabit ışın5,8, konsol2, tuning çatal6, ücretsiz-ücretsiz ışın6,7, bükülme disk tasarım7, ve kare şekli tasarım9.
Tasarım Metodolojisi (yapı uygulama tabanlı en iyi duruma getirme, geniş frekans ayarlama aralığı ve hataları önleme) ve karakterizasyonu (hızlı prototipleme paraziter kaçınarak, gibi bir MEMS filtre fark birçok kritik adım vardır capacitances ve saptamak daha yüksek modları). Yeteneği ayarlama frekans frekans değişiklikleri imalat toleransları veya ortam sıcaklığı farklılıklar nedeniyle telafi etmek için gereklidir. Farklı teknikler10,11,12 bu gereksinime yönelik olarak literatürde rapor; Ancak, sınırlı frekans ayarlama yeteneği, düşük Merkezi frekans, ek post işleme gereksinimleri ve dış ısıtıcı10,11gibi bazı dezavantajları var.
Bu çalışmada biz mevcut geniş frekans Joule tarafından ayarlama ayarlama aralığı bir elastik modül ile sınırlı bir frekans üzerinde yöntem5,13 Isıtma (DC önyargı voltaj iki bitişik kirişler arasında artan)12 değiştirmek ve bir malzeme faz geçiş yöntemi10,11. Ayrıca, en uygun yapısı seçimi ve uygulama tabanlı tasarım Göktaş ve Zaglul13' te özetlenebilir. İşte, katıştırılmış ısıtıcı yardımıyla LDV, uygulanan DC gerilimi artırarak bir sabit-sabit ışını rezonans frekansını ayarlamak nasıl göstermektedir. Sonlu elemanlar analizi (FEM) simülasyon LDV ölçüm ayarlama mekanizması görselleştirme uğruna aynı çerçevede eşitlenir. Bu Isıtma ve ışın boyunca profil bükme Joule içerir.
Biz de olası hataları (yanmış aygıtlar ve stiction) ve önerilen çözümleri sunuyoruz. Yöntem yüksek termal stres ile birlikte sabit-sabit ışının Isıtma Joule geniş frekans ayarlama sağlar ama aynı zamanda belirli bir sıcaklık düzeyde yanmış cihazlar neden olabilir. Bu farklı malzeme14arasında yüksek termal stres atfedilir. Hangi sırayla ayar aralığı (%32) artırır ve yüksek sıcaklık ortadan kaldırır iki bitişik kirişler arasında DC gerilimi artırmak için çözümdür. Bu "ayarlama ayarlama aralığı" yöntemi ilk Göktaş ve Zaglul5' te gösterilen, Göktaş ve Zaglul13' te daha ayrıntılı olarak açıklandığı ve burada yeniden sunulan. Stiction, öte yandan, üretim süreci veya rezonans işlemi sırasında yer alabilir. Birçok teknik yüzey kaplama yapışma enerji15,16, artan yüzey pürüzlülüğü17ve lazer onarım süreci18azaltmak için uygulama gibi bu sorunu çözmek için önerilen oldu. Buna ek olarak, biz nerede düşük frekans kare dalga sinyali arasında iki ekli kiriş uygulandı ve ayırma başarıyla LDV tarafından kaydedildi basit bir teknik mevcut. Bu yöntem ortadan kaldırabilir ekstra maliyet ve tasarım karmaşıklığı azaltmak.
Bir sanat devlet MEMS filtre binada başka bir önemli adım karakterizasyonu ve doğrulama gereğidir. Bir ağ çözümleyicisi ile karakterizasyonu en popüler ve yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemlerden biridir; Bununla birlikte, bunun bazı dezavantajları vardır. Hatta küçük parazit kapasite sinyal öldürebilir ve bu genellikle gürültü eleme için bir amplifikatör devre3,6,8 gerektirir ve bu sadece ilk modu rezonans algılayabilir. Öte yandan, karakterizasyonu LDV ile bu parazit kapasitans sorundan ücretsizdir ve çok daha küçük deplasman algılayabilir. Bu hızlı prototipleme, ayrıcılıklarına olan gereksinimi amplifikatör tasarım sağlar. Ayrıca, LDV MEMS filtre daha yüksek modu rezonans algılayabilir. Bu özellik çok umut verici, son derece hassas biyosensörler alanında özellikle. Daha yüksek bir konsol modu çok daha fazla duyarlılık19sağlayabilir. Bir sabit-sabit ışın LDV ile daha yüksek modu ölçümü gösterildiği ve FEM simülasyon ölçüm için uygulanmıştır. FEM simülasyon erken sonuçlarından en çok 46 kez iyileştirme sabit-sabit ışın ilk moduna göre duyarlılık sunuyoruz.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Laser Doppler Vibrometer</td><td>Polytec</td><td>Polytec MSA-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermal Camera</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Supply&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Egilent</td><td>(E3631A)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>X</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Coventor</td><td>Coventor</td><td></td><td>Simulation Tool</td></tr><tr><td>Cadence Virtuoso</td><td>Cadence</td><td></td><td>Simulation Tool</td></tr><tr><td>Multisim</td><td>Multisim</td><td></td><td>Simulation Tool</td></tr></tbody></table>

design and characterization methodology for efficient wide range tunable mems filters

Burada, biz göstermek lazer Doppler vibrometer (LDV) avantajları geleneksel teknikleri (ağ Çözümleyicisi) yanı sıra bir uygulama tabanlı mikroelektromekanik sistemler (MEMS) filtresi ve nasıl verimli bir şekilde kullanmak () oluşturmak için teknikler Yani, ayarlama yeteneği ayarlama ve başarısızlık ve stiction kaçınarak). LDV daha yüksek modu algılama (son derece hassas Biyoalgılayıcı uygulaması) ve rezonans ölçüm için çok küçük cihazlar (hızlı prototipleme) gibi ağ çözümleyicisi ile imkansız çok önemli ölçümleri sağlar. Buna göre LDV frekans ayar aralığı ve bu çalışma için inşa MEMS filtreleri farklı mod frekansta rezonans karakterize etmek için kullanıldı. Bu geniş frekans ayarlama mekanizması sadece katıştırılmış ısıtıcılar ve nispeten yüksek termal stres ile ilgili bir sabit-sabit ışın sıcaklığını Isıtma Joule temel alır. Ancak, bu yöntemin başka sınırlama belgili tanımlık aygıt-ebilmek yanmak elde edilen yüksek termal stres, olduğunu göstermektedir. Daha fazla iyileşme elde ve ayarlama becerisini iki bitişik kirişler arasında uygulanan DC önyargı voltaj (25 V 35 V) bir artış ile 32 oranında artış olmuştur öyle ki bu çalışmada ilk kez gösterilen. Bu önemli bulgu daha geniş frekans ayar aralığı Isıtma ilave Joule gereksinimini ortadan kaldırır. Başka bir olası stiction ve yapısını en iyi duruma getirme gerekliliğini başarısızlıktır: basit ve kolay tekniği başarıyla kirişler ayırabilirsiniz ve daha ortadan kaldırır düşük frekans kare dalga sinyali uygulamanın önerdiğimiz literatürde verilen gelişmiş ve karmaşık yöntemler. Yukarıdaki bulgular bir tasarım metodolojisi gerektirebilir ve bu yüzden de bir uygulama tabanlı tasarım sağlar.

Stiction düşük frekans kare dalga sinyali uygulayarak kaçınılması ve bu LDV (şekil 1) kullanılarak doğrulandı. Olası hatası nedeniyle nispeten yüksek önyargı DC gerilim için katıştırılmış ısıtıcılar uygularken yüksek termal stres14 mikroskop altında (Şekil 2) doğrulandı. Kiriş (şekil 3) için daha yüksek modları türetmek için FEM programı...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters at JoVE.com

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Tasarım ve karakterizasyon yöntemleri verimli geniş sıra Tunable MEMS filtreler için

Tuning, tuning yeteneklilik ve kaçınma aygıt hatası ve stiction, değişiklik frekans ölçümü de dahil olmak üzere bir lazer Doppler vibrometer (LDV), kullanarak sabit-sabit ışın dizaynı için bir protokol sunulmuştur. LDV yöntemi ağ Çözümleyicisi üzerinde üstünlüğü nedeniyle daha yüksek modu kapasitesini gösterilmiştir.

Here, we demonstrate the advantages of the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) over conventional techniques (the network analyzer), as well as the techniques ...

design-characterization-methodology-for-efficient-wide-range-tunable

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

6.1K Görüntüleme.  Harran University. Tuning, tuning yeteneklilik ve kaçınma aygıt hatası ve stiction, değişiklik frekans ölçümü de dahil olmak üzere bir lazer Doppler vibrometer (LDV), kullanarak sabit-sabit ışın dizaynı için bir protokol sunulmuştur. LDV yöntemi ağ Çözümleyicisi üzerinde üstünlüğü nedeniyle daha yüksek modu kapasitesini gösterilmiştir.

Video: Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

Silika Ultra Yüksek Kalite Faktörü Microresonators Fabrikasyon

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Mühendislik

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Metamaterials (MM), artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature, have been widely explored since the first theoretical1 and experimental demonstration2 of their unique properties. MMs can provide a highly controllable electromagnetic response, and to date have been demonstrated in every technologically relevant spectral range including the optical3, near IR4, mid IR5 , THz6 , mm-wave7 , microwave8 and radio9 bands. Applications include perfect lenses10, sensors11, telecommunications12, invisibility cloaks13 and filters14,15. We have recently developed single band16, dual band17 and broadband18 THz metamaterial absorber devices capable of greater than 80% absorption at the resonance peak. The concept of a MM absorber is especially important at THz frequencies where it is difficult to find strong frequency selective THz absorbers19. In our MM absorber the THz radiation is absorbed in a thickness of ~ &lambda;/20, overcoming the thickness limitation of traditional quarter wavelength absorbers. MM absorbers naturally lend themselves to THz detection applications, such as thermal sensors, and if integrated with suitable THz sources (e.g. QCLs), could lead to compact, highly sensitive, low cost, real time THz imaging systems.

This protocol outlines the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. Such absorbers, when coupled with an appropriate sensor, have applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy.

THz metamalzeme Emiciler Simülasyon, Üretimi ve Karakterizasyonu

Metamaterials (MM),  artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in  nature, have been widely explored since the first ...

Real-Time DC-dynamic Biasing Method for Switching Time Improvement in Severely Underdamped Fringing-field Electrostatic MEMS Actuators

Mechanically underdamped electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators are well known for their fast switching operation in response to a unit step input bias voltage. However, the tradeoff for the improved switching performance is a relatively long settling time to reach each gap height in response to various applied voltages. Transient applied bias waveforms are employed to facilitate reduced switching times for electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators with high mechanical quality factors. Removing the underlying substrate of the fringing-field actuator creates the low mechanical damping environment necessary to effectively test the concept. The removal of the underlying substrate also a has substantial improvement on the reliability performance of the device in regards to failure due to stiction. Although DC-dynamic biasing is useful in improving settling time, the required slew rates for typical MEMS devices may place aggressive requirements on the charge pumps for fully-integrated on-chip designs. Additionally, there may be challenges integrating the substrate removal step into the back-end-of-line commercial CMOS processing steps. Experimental validation of fabricated actuators demonstrates an improvement of 50x in switching time when compared to conventional step biasing results. Compared to theoretical calculations, the experimental results are in good agreement.

The robust device design of fringing-field electrostatic MEMS actuators results in inherently low squeeze-film damping conditions and long settling times when performing switching operations using conventional step biasing. Real-time switching time improvement with DC-dynamic waveforms reduces the settling time of fringing-field MEMS actuators when transitioning between up-to-down and down-to-up states.

Real-Time DC-dinamik Öngerilimlenmesi Yöntem Ciddi Underdamped saçak-alanında Elektrostatik MEMS Eyleyiciler Zaman İyileştirme Anahtarlama

Mechanically underdamped electrostatic fringing-field MEMS actuators are well known for their fast switching operation in response to a unit step input ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

Fabrikasyon ve mikroakışkan optomechanical Osilatörler Testi

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to Develop Diagnostic Tools

Using Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems MEMS to Develop Diagnostic Tools

I'm U De Mercy, I'm the principal investigator of Bio Stick MAMs in Medicine Labs. I did my PhD at Stanford University in electrical engineering. I did a postdoc at Harvard Medical School at MGH working on bio acoustic MAMs or mostly bio MAs.And now I'm continuing as a faculty at Harvard Medical School at Harvard MIT Health Sciences and Technology. And continuing with my research that I enjoy very much. The work that I did during my PhD was very much related to droplets and using acoustics to generate precise size droplets and control their location and position to deposit very sensitive polymers.Now we apply similar technologies to encapsulate cells in droplets and then position them on the surfaces for various applications in tissue engineering to print cells on the surfaces to pattern cells. Also, there are applications where you want to see that you can encapsulate few cells or a single cell or from the same population and to see the differences between the same population from one cell to another there being able to encapsulate cells in droplets at high throughput rates like 10, 000 cells per second kind of rates becomes very important and very useful to understand biological problems. So my research currently has two legs, I would say.One is this cell encapsulation work that I just talked about. How do we pack a cell in a droplet that's, and how can we do this repeatedly and reliably and without harming the cells? So after the cell is ejected or encapsulated in the droplet, we should be able to precisely located on a surface the cell should be functional and alive and viable.It shouldn't be harmed by the effects of ejection and so forth. So currently we have a system where we use acoustic drop focused waves to generate these droplets from open pools where we can encapsulate down to single cells in these really small droplets that are comparable to the cell size. That's very exciting in terms of applying this to cell printing and tissue engineering.The other side of my research is again using these MAMs micro electromechanical system technologies to develop low cost diagnostic tools. Mostly this research uses microfluidic approaches where we can introduce whole blood, very small volumes such as blood from a prick finger prick, less than 10 microliters that you can introduce to a chip. And from that blood we can encapsulate or you can capture certain sub-cellular populations from whole blood.Why is this important? Why should this be cheap for global health applications On top of the mountain in Africa, you want to be able to tell for a HIV patient, for instance, how many CD four T lymphocytes this patient has. Because World Health Organization says that below 200 CD four cells per microliter, you have to start treating the patients In the developed world, you use hundreds of thousands dollars of vert flow cytometers to be able to get this data.And it takes of course time to use and skill of course to be able to use these like huge table size machines. Our small chip can be introduced this small finger brick 10 microliters of whole blood and it'll capture the CD four cells using the surface protein affinities. And then you can rapidly count these cells that are captured because you know that there are CD four cells which are attached to CD four proteins antibodies on the surface of the chip.By controlling the flow rates and shear, you can make sure that the specificity and efficiency for these cell types are optimized. And there's of course always non specific binding, but by our sheer approaches we minimize these effects and make sure that between plus minus 10%errors, which is sufficient to make a diagnostic or prognostic decision on top mountain in Africa. So this has interesting applications for global health as well as these low cost techniques that are disposable can impact the developed world because now these fast blood tests which are really low cost can impact the tests that we use in the developed world.If they're optimized to higher levels of efficiency and specificity, which our initial data shows that they can be, then it'll definitely impact our lives. When I first finished my PhD, I knew more about microfluidics and that in MAMs more than anything else I could see, especially with the droplet application, I could see that if I could print cells and encapsulate cells or manipulate the few cells, single cells, that it'll have great applications in biotechnology area. And I was very interested in working on things that will actually impact people's lives.I used to apply these technologies to semiconductor industry, but then I wanted to to be useful directly to people. So I, that's what directed me towards problems in healthcare. And then that's why I made a big shift and came to a hospital, mass general hospital to the postdoc.And there, you know, I got exposed more and more to problems and it seems, and it's all clear that one of the biggest problems of the world today is global health and there comes illnesses like tuberculosis, HIV that kills thousands of people per day. And these people die not because the drugs are not there, but because there aren't enough diagnostic tools which is much more expensive than the existing drugs. So I know the technology side of the things very well.I get, I got exposed to the biological problems and the more I learned about them, the more I could see that I could make an impact. And that's how it all grew from there. And it's still continuing now.Like I seen biotechnology and in medicine there are like so many problems that actually directly cause our result into loss of people's lives and the technologies, the technology aspect of it and being able to apply it to real world medical problems is a great, I think path to follow. This is like how this whole biotechnology area I think is kind of growing and it's becoming very impactful. If you think about it, HIV cancer, those are big killers in the world.And current micro technologies, current approaches could maybe benefit from early detection of cancer by capturing these cells from blood or making it really cheap, which will make it available to masses. So all these things coming together, I think this whole microtechnology applications in healthcare in medicine could impact the future of human beings. So that's how all these things kind of come together I guess.And being in the Harvard MIT health sciences and technology where on one end you have the technology and on the other end you direct aspect, direct access to patients, direct access to doctors in Brigham and Women's Hospital where I work is a great environment. cause every person that you talk to have their problems and you could maybe it's coming from a different background, provide interesting solutions to those existing real world problems. So this is, I think how I see the whole perspective of how these medical problems meet the technology side.And we try to impact people's lives in a positive way. In single cell cap encapsulation or in cell encapsulation, the major challenge is to be able to encapsulate reliably and repeatably single cells. So you're ejecting 10, 000 hundred thousand cells per second.And how do you make sure that each droplet that you eject has a single cell? This statistics where you are changing the droplet size and minimizing the, optimizing the cell size over the droplet size, which goes into the old problem of packing spheres in a volume and what is the most efficient way to do it. So that's the biggest challenge in the cell printing area for from the technological side.The other aspect of it is now you can say print and precisely locate these cells. How can you generate these three dimensional tissues and how can you keep them alive and how can you transplant them? There comes in the biological end of the problems where you want to now exactly mimic the tissue.We have current approaches to be able to print an eyelet, a pancreas eyelet, and to be able to print using smooth muscle cells, a bladder tissue, directly mimicking what is in human or red bladder so that then we can make this tissue and test how well it performs compared to the real world existing native tissues. So that's the major challenge I guess by taking these novel technologies, how can you make this the ideal tissue that can be replaced, that can be transplanted, that's the, you know, biggest problem from the beginning because the control on single cell gives you the capability to precisely locate them. And then how do you kind of grow it from there?So it's something transplantable there where the impact of human life comes. So that's on that end, what the challenges are in the tissue engineering side of the things in southern encapsulation and in diagnostics using microfluidics, the challenge is to be able to capture a cell out of billions of cells. It's like you have a sugar particle in a salt can and you're trying to pull out that sugar particle and that's like one in a billion.So you, you're processing microliters to milliliters of whole blood and you want to be able to specifically and efficiently without any technological problems like clogging or any biological problems like non-specific binding, you want to be able to isolate at one cell out of billion cells in one microliter of whole blood, you have a few millions of cells. And for the CD four T lymphocyte case in that one microliter, we are after about thousand cells per microliter. So it's like one cell in a thousand kind of a problem where we have shown that it's doable.But when you want to go after circulating tumor cells for cancer, then the challenge becomes one in a billion. So to some summarize it, the challenge is how do we capture this one cell out of billions of other cells around it? And what is the technological aspects?What are the flow rates? What is the device design? What, what are the flow rates?What, what are the volumes of blood that has to be processed and how do you make sure that the cells you capture are the ones that you actually wanted to capture? All these aspects kind formed the whole challenge that can be summarized in one sentence, which is how do you capture this one rare cell out of billion others? So it's really a needle in a haystack kind of problem, which is exciting.And I think this is moving the technologies forward to address these problems is the current technological challenge. Being able to bring them to a level where they do the job that they're supposed to do is one thing. And then taking it to the clinic and making it a product has all different expertise such as being able to start a company, being able to patent these things and all those other aspects come into the picture.And I think we as scientists primarily don't have all of those skills that takes the products from desktop to products. So there comes in again, the importance of collaborations with people who have different backgrounds. And there are many technologies out there that I think could be very impactful and useful.They sometimes don't make it to the clinic or to the use of humankind either because it just didn't happen, wasn't the right time or other effects came into the picture that I just talked about. Or sometimes there isn't a direct link that you couldn't see that the technology could actually solve that problem. And the person who deals with the problem, or let's say the biologists or people in medicine are used to doing it one way for many years.And the people on the technology side mostly if you're not having a biotechnology focus, are not aware of the problems in medicine. So bringing these two sides together is a serious interdisciplinary research. And I think in the past years, the whole emphasis both at NIH level and that we see in research labs and universities is to generate interdisciplinary research.So people end up getting PhDs where they have to know multiple fields. For instance, for my PhD, I had to know acoustics, I had to know mems, I had to know microfluidics and I had to apply this for polymers. So now you see kinda very depth of knowledge in one field where you had to know actually three other fields quite well to be able to solve that problem.So I think the answer is in interdisciplinary research combined with people with business skills to make it available to use of the people, it's a whole big process and some inefficiencies that come in at certain locations. Cause that low percent of tech transfer.

Teşhis Araçları Geliştirmek İçin Mikro-Elektro-Mekanik Sistemler (MEMS)

Biyoloji

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

MEMS Muayene ve Karakterizasyonu için kompakt Lens az Dijital Holografik Mikroskop

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Microfluidic Pneumatic Cages: A Novel Approach for In-chip Crystal Trapping, Manipulation and Controlled Chemical Treatment

The precise localization and controlled chemical treatment of structures on a surface are significant challenges for common laboratory technologies. Herein, we introduce a microfluidic-based technology, employing a double-layer microfluidic device, which can trap and localize in situ and ex situ synthesized structures on microfluidic channel surfaces. Crucially, we show how such a device can be used to conduct controlled chemical reactions onto on-chip trapped structures and we demonstrate how the synthetic pathway of a crystalline molecular material and its positioning inside a microfluidic channel can be precisely modified with this technology. This approach provides new opportunities for the controlled assembly of structures on surface and for their subsequent treatment.

Herein, we describe the fabrication and operation of a double-layer microfluidic system made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We demonstrate the potential of this device for trapping, directing the coordination pathway of a crystalline molecular material and controlling chemical reactions onto on-chip trapped structures.

Mikroakışkan Pnömatik Kafesler: Bir In-yonga Kristal Bindirme, Manipülasyon için Yeni Yaklaşım ve Kontrollü Kimyasal Arıtma

The precise localization and controlled chemical treatment of structures on a surface are significant challenges for common laboratory technologies. ...

Kimya

Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) for the detection of faint astrophysical signatures, as well as for quantum computing applications and materials characterization. In this paper, procedures are presented for the fabrication and characterization of thin-film superconducting microwave resonators. The fabrication methodology allows for the realization of superconducting transmission-line resonators with features on both sides of an atomically smooth single-crystal silicon dielectric. This work describes the procedure for the installation of resonator devices into a cryogenic microwave testbed and for cool-down below the superconducting transition temperature. The set-up of the cryogenic microwave testbed allows one to do careful measurements of the complex microwave transmission of these resonator devices, enabling the extraction of the properties of the superconducting lines and dielectric substrate (e.g., internal quality factors, loss and kinetic inductance fractions), which are important for device design and performance.

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for detection of light, quantum computing applications and materials characterization. This work presents a detailed procedure for fabrication and characterization of superconducting microwave resonator scattering parameters.

Süperiletken Rezonatörler Fabrikasyon ve Karakterizasyonu

Superconducting microwave resonators are of interest for a wide range of applications, including for their use as microwave kinetic inductance detectors ...

Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems (C-MEMS)

A wide range of carbon sources are available in nature, with a variety of micro-/nanostructure configurations. Here, a novel technique to fabricate long and hollow glassy carbon microfibers derived from human hairs is introduced. The long and hollow carbon structures were made by the pyrolysis of human hair at 900 &#176;C in a N2 atmosphere. The morphology and chemical composition of natural and pyrolyzed human hairs were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively, to estimate the physical and chemical changes due to pyrolysis. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the glassy nature of the carbon microstructures. Pyrolyzed hair carbon was introduced to modify screen-printed carbon electrodes ; the modified electrodes were then applied to the electrochemical sensing of dopamine and ascorbic acid. Sensing performance of the modified sensors was improved as compared to the unmodified sensors. To obtain the desired carbon structure design, carbon micro-/nanoelectromechanical system (C-MEMS/C-NEMS) technology was developed. The most common C-MEMS/C-NEMS fabrication process consists of two steps: (i) the patterning of a carbon-rich base material, such as a photosensitive polymer, using photolithography; and (ii) carbonization through the pyrolysis of the patterned polymer in an oxygen-free environment. The C-MEMS/NEMS process has been widely used to develop microelectronic devices for various applications, including in micro-batteries, supercapacitors, glucose sensors, gas sensors, fuel cells, and triboelectric nanogenerators. Here, recent developments of a high-aspect ratio solid and hollow carbon microstructures with SU8 photoresists are discussed. The structural shrinkage during pyrolysis was investigated using confocal microscopy and SEM. Raman spectroscopy was used to confirm the crystallinity of the structure, and the atomic percentage of the elements present in the material before and after pyrolysis was measured using EDX.

Fabrication of 3D Carbon Microelectromechanical Systems C-MEMS

Long and hollow glassy carbon microfibers were fabricated based on the pyrolysis of a natural product, human hair. The two fabrication steps of carbon microelectromechanical and carbon nanoelectromechanical systems, or C-MEMS and C-NEMS, are: (i) photolithography of a carbon-rich polymer precursor and (ii) pyrolysis of the patterned polymer precursor.

3D Karbon Mikroelektromekanik Sistemlerin (C-MEMS) İmalatı

A wide range of carbon sources are available in nature, with a variety of micro-/nanostructure configurations. Here, a novel technique to fabricate long ...

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the nonlinearity in a propagation Kerr medium. The development of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) in high-Q microcavities drives a novel, compact, chip-scale soliton source. When DKSs serve as femtosecond pulses, the repetition rate fluctuation can be applied to ultrahigh precision metrology, high-speed optical sampling, and optical clocks, etc. In this paper, the rapid repetition rate fluctuation of soliton crystals (SCs), a special state of DKSs where particle-like solitons are tightly packed and fully occupy a resonator, is measured based on the well-known delayed self-heterodyne method. The SCs are generated using a thermal-controlled method. The pump is a frequency fixed laser with a linewidth of 100 Hz. The integral time in frequency fluctuation measurements is controlled by the length of the delay fiber. For a SC with a single vacancy, the repetition rate fluctuations are ~53.24 Hz within 10 &#181;s and ~509.32 Hz within 125 &#181;s, respectively.

Here, we present a protocol to generate soliton crystals in a butterfly-packaged micro-ring resonator using a thermal tuned method. Further, the repetition rate fluctuations of a soliton crystal with a single vacancy are measured using a delayed self-heterodyne method.