Bu eser Office deniz araştırma tarafından (ONR N00014-15-1-0020) [Tkacik ve Keanini] desteklenen ve Kuzey Carolina Üniversitesi Charlotte'un Motorsporları Araştırma Lab. medya Rosler tarafından bağışlanan parlatma, gerçekleştirilen.

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	<li>Berne, B. J., Pecora, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dynamic Light Scattering. , (1976).</li><li>Boon, J. P., Yip, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Hydrodynamics. , (1980).</li><li>Brown, J. C., Pusey, P. N., Goodwin, J. W., Ottewill, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+scattering+study+of+dynamic+and+time-averaged+correlations+in+dispersions+of+charged+particles.">Light scattering study of dynamic and time-averaged correlations in dispersions of charged particles.</a> J. Phys. A: Math Gen. 5 (8), 664-682 (1975).</li><li>Wainwright, T. E., Alder, B. J., Gass, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decay+of+time+correlations+in+two+dimensions.">Decay of time correlations in two dimensions.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 4, 233-236 (1971).</li><li>Evans, D. J., Morriss, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical Mechanics of Nonequilibrium Liquids. , (2007).</li><li>Levesque, D., Verlet, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+"experiments"+on+classical+fluids,+III.+time-dependent+self+correlation+functions.">Computer "experiments" on classical fluids, III. time-dependent self correlation functions.</a> Phys. Rev. A. 2, 2514-2528 (1970).</li><li>Levesque, D., Ashurst, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-time+behavior+of+the+velocity+autocorrelation+function+for+a+fluid+of+soft+repulsive+particles.">Long-time behavior of the velocity autocorrelation function for a fluid of soft repulsive particles.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 33, 277-280 (1970).</li><li>Lovesey, S. W., Lovesey, S. W., Springer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Dynamics of solids and liquids by neutron scattering. , (1977).</li><li>Forster, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Hydrodynamic fluctuations, broken symmetry, and correlation functions. , (1990).</li><li>Mountain, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generalized+hydrodynamics.">Generalized hydrodynamics.</a> Adv. Mol. Relax. Processes. 9, 225-291 (1977).</li><li>Zwanzig, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-correlation+functions+and+transport+coefficients+in+statistical+mechanics.">Time-correlation functions and transport coefficients in statistical mechanics.</a> Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 16, 67-102 (1965).</li><li>Keanini, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macroscopic+liquid-state+molecular+hydrodynamics.">Macroscopic liquid-state molecular hydrodynamics.</a> Sci. Rep. 7, 41658 (2017).</li><li>Kushick, J., Berne, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+attractive+forces+in+self-diffusion+in+dense+Lennard-Jones+fluids.">Role of attractive forces in self-diffusion in dense Lennard-Jones fluids.</a> J. Chem. Phys. 59 (7), 3732-3736 (1973).</li><li>Mullany, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+application+of+computational+fluid+dynamics+to+vibratory+finishing+processes.">The application of computational fluid dynamics to vibratory finishing processes.</a> CIRP Annals. , (2017).</li><li>Fleischhauer, E., Azimi, F., Tkacik, P. T., Keanini, R. G., Mullany, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+particle+imaging+velocimetry+(PIV)+to+vibrational+finishing.">Application of particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) to vibrational finishing.</a> J. Mater. Process. Technol. 229, 322-328 (2016).</li><li>Navare, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Experimental and computational evaluation of a vibratory finishing process. , (2017).</li><li>Bolmatov, V., Brazhkin, V., Trachenko, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+phonon+theory+of+liquid+thermodynamics.">The phonon theory of liquid thermodynamics.</a> Sci. Rep. 2, 421 (2012).</li><li>Elton, D. C., Fernandez-Serra, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hydrogen-bond+network+of+water+supports+propagating+optical+phonon-like+modes.">The hydrogen-bond network of water supports propagating optical phonon-like modes.</a> Nat. Commun. 7, 10193 (2016).</li><li>Pathria, R. K., Beale, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical mechanics. , (2011).</li><li>Gibbs, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Elementary principles in statistical mechanics. , (1902).</li><li>Toda, M., Kubo, R., Saito, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical physics I. , (1992).</li><li>Kubo, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+mechanical+theory+of+irreversible+processes.">Statistical mechanical theory of irreversible processes.</a> I. J. Phys. Soc. Japan. 12, 570-586 (1957).</li><li>Kubo, R., Toda, M., Hashitsume, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Statistical physics II: nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. , (1991).</li></ol>

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Sıkıştırılmış tahıl yığınları makroskopik analogları moleküler hidrodinamik işlemleri soruşturma için kullanmak için bir deneyci gerekir, bir yandan, öğrenmek ve dört temel ölçü birimlerinin kullanın ve diğer taraftan, denge birkaç temel unsurları master ve denge istatistiksel mekanik. İlk deneysel ölçümler odaklanarak, bu içerir: i) bireysel tahıl dinamiği tek-parçacık hızı otokorelasyon işlevi, zaman ortalama/uzun-zamanlı-ölçekli yüzey tahıl hız ölçümü II) ölçümü il...

Moleküler hidrodinamik dinamikleri ve bireysel moleküllerin istatistiksel mekanik ve koleksiyonları içinde sıvı moleküllerinin çalışmaları. Moleküler hidrodinamik sistemleri1,2, ışık saçılma1,2,3, moleküler dinamik simülasyon4eğitimi için geliştirilen birçok deneysel teknik arasında 5,6,7 ve daha az bir ölçüde, esnek olmayan nötron saçılma8 en yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Ne yazık ki, önemli kısıtlamalar için ikinci iki teknik iliştirin. Moleküler dinamiği (MD) simülasyonları, örneğin: i) olan sınırlı küçük kayma ve temporal <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq1.jpg"> görece az sayıda molekülleri içeren etki alanları <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq2.jpg"> </img>, II) kullanılmasını gerektiren yaklaşık arası parçacık potansiyelleri III) genellikle periyodik tanıtmak sınır koşulları, denge toplu akış koşulları ve IV altında geçersiz) şu anda, nasıl moleküler ölçekli dinamikleri, tek molekülleri ya da moleküllerin koleksiyonları içeren temel soruya cevap veremez etkilenen ve çift toplu olarak, denge sıvı akış geri döndü. Nötron saçılma ile ilişkili ana sınırlama nötron ışın kaynaklarının mevcut sınırlı sayıda erişim zorluğu bağlıdır.
Bu makalede sunulan analog deneysel tekniği için bağlam sağlamak için basit yoğun gaz ve sıvı-devlet sıvılar için uygulanan ışık saçılım teknikleri vurgulayın. Bir tipik ışık saçılması deneyi polarize lazer ışık ışını sabit sıvı örnek içeren bir küçük sorgulama birime yönlendirilir. Örnek içinde molekülleri saçılan ışık sonra olay ışın göre sabit bir açıyla algılanır. Bağlı olarak moleküler dinamik rejimi ilgi, algılama ve dağınık ışık sinyali analizini içerir ışık filtreleme veya ışık algılama yöntemleri karıştırma. Berne ve Pecora1tarafından belirtildiği gibi filtreleme teknikleri, hangi zamanında sıvı devlet moleküler dinamiği yoklama daha kısa ölçekler <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq3.jpg"> s, sonrası saçılmasını Girişmölçeri veya kırınım ızgara tanıtmak ve spektral yoğunluğu tarama izin dağınık ışık. Optik yavaş zaman ölçekli dynamics için kullanılan teknikler, karıştırma <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq4.jpg"> s, buna karşılık, dağınık sinyal spektral içeriğini ölçülen dağınık ışıktan çıkarılan bir sonrası saçılmasını autocorrelator veya spektrum analizörü, dahil yoğunluk.
Genel olarak, lazer probları, en az bu spektrum görünür aralığında işletim devlet dışı sıvı molekülleri arasındaki karakteristik aralığı daha uzun dalga boyları var. Bu şartlar altında sonda ışın heyecanlandıran beş toplu, yavaş zaman ölçeği, uzun dalga boyu hidrodinamik modları2,9,10 (karakteristik çarpışma Frekansa göre yavaş): iki viscously sönümlü, ses dalgaları, iki edilişi, tamamen diffusive vorticity modu ve bir tek diffusive termal (entropi) modu karşı yayılıyor. Kıvırma modları enine yönde heyecanlı iken ses modları olay ışın (boyuna) yönünde heyecanlı mısın.
Teknikleri, kalp denge ve denge moleküler, istatistiksel mekaniği yalan iki temel soru saçılma tamamen deneysel dikkate alınarak sıvı-devlet sistemleri, ışık ve nötron saçılma ölçüleri dışında kalır: 1) klasik Newtonian dynamics veya kuantum dinamiği, tabi bireysel sıvı-devlet moleküller rasgele, çarpışma - ve alt-collision-zaman-ölçek dinamiği içinde değişiklik titiz bağımsız değişkenleri9,11 gösteri genelleştirilmiş Langevin denklemler (k) şeklinde. K'ın, sırayla, bir merkezi teorik araç denge istatistiksel mekanik yoğun gaz ve sıvı olarak insan oluşturmaktadır. Ne yazık ki, bireysel (makromoleküllerin olmayan) molekülleri dinamikleri de saçılma tekniği ile çözümlenemeyen beri şu anda k'ın geçerliliğini sınamak için doğrudan yolu yoktur, MD simülasyonları, ötesinde. 2) makroskopik sürekliliği akışkan dinamiği kalbinde yatan temel bir hipotez de microscale moleküler hidrodinamik, manzara arz ediyor bu üzerinde uzunluğu - ve zaman-ölçekler büyük molekül çapları ve çarpışma kez, ama küçük süreklilik göre göreli uzunluk ve zaman ölçekler, yerel termodinamik denge (LTE) hakim. Sürekli akış ve ısı transferi modelleri, Navier-Stokes (NS) denklemler gibi LTE gerekli9 özünde denge, süreklilik ölçekli akışı ve enerji taşıma özellikleri çift için varsayılır — hangi tarihlerde viskoz kesme vurguluyor ve Termal iletken — kesinlikle denge termodinamik özellikleri, sıcaklık ve iç enerji gibi. Aynı şekilde, bu microscale momentum ve enerji taşıma özünde denge süreçler, birleştiğinde, microscale kitle, görünümünü yansıtan iken bu microscale süreçlerin momentum ve enerji akımları, modelleri varsayalım akımları LTE9küçük tedirginlikler temsil eder. Yine, bizim bilgi en iyi şekilde, LTE varsayım doğrudan hiçbir deneysel test edilmiştir. Özellikle, görünen o ki hiçbir moleküler hidrodinamik saçılma deneyler yoğun, hareketli, denge sıvı akışı içinde çalıştı.
Bu yazıda, biz hangi makroskopik, tek parçacık ve toplu parçacık dinamiği sıkıştırılmış tahıl kazık, standart parçacık görüntüleme velosimetri (PIV), kullanarak ölçülen dolaylı olarak tahmin etmek için kullanılabilir bir analog deneysel teknik anahat, yorumlamak ve tek ve çoklu molecule hidrodinamik yoğun gaz ve sıvı bulaşmasına neden. Önerilen tekniği etkinleştirmek fiziksel ve teorik öğeleri bizim grup12tarafından yayınlanan son kağıt belirtilmiştir. Deneysel, makroskopik sistem sergilemek gerekir: (zayıf) sigara denge dalgalanmaları taklit yerel, macroscale istatistiksel mekanik denge ve (ii) küçük, doğrusal hareketle denge doğru sürekli (i) bir eğilim içinde gözlenen Moleküler hidrodinamik sistemleri. Teorik olarak: (i) klasik microscale modelleri, denge ve zayıf-sigara-denge istatistiksel mekaniği yoğun açıklayan etkileşen N-parçacık sistemleri macroscale formunda değişiklik gerekir ve güvenilir bir şekilde elde edilen (II macroscale modelleri gerekir Tek ve birden çok parçacık dinamiği, kısa, parçacık-çarpışma-zaman-ölçekler uzun, Sürenim-akış-zaman-ölçekler için tahmin.
Burada, detaylı bir deneysel protokol yanı sıra yeni tekniği ile elde edilen temsilcisi sonuçlar mevcut. MD simülasyonları ve ışık ve nötron saçılma yöntemleri aksine yeni tekniği, ilk kez, akan, güçlü denge, yoğun gaz ve sıvı içinde moleküler hidrodinamik işlemlerin ayrıntılı bir çalışma sağlar.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratory Polishing Bowl</td>
			<td>Raytech</td>
			<td>AV-75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Meter</td>
			<td>Peristaltic Pumps</td>
			<td>913 Mity Flex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Pelouze</td>
			<td>4040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triaxial Accelerometer</td>
			<td>PCB Piezotronics</td>
			<td>PCB 356B11</td>
			<td>Accelerometer with Sensor Signal Conditioner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition Computer</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td>Thinkpad</td>
			<td>Used with high speed camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Camera</td>
			<td>Redlake</td>
			<td>Motionxtra HG-XR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoom Lens</td>
			<td>Tamron</td>
			<td>Model A18</td>
			<td>18-250mm F/3.5-6.3&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High intensity Light</td>
			<td>ARRI</td>
			<td>EB 400/575 D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Processing Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Dell Precision Tower 7910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PIV Software&#160;</td>
			<td>Dantec Dynamics</td>
			<td>Dynamic Studio 2013</td>
			<td>version 3.41.38</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition Hardware</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>SCXI</td>
			<td>SCXI-1000 Chasis with SCXI 1100 Card and SCXI 1303 Adapter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition Software</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>LabVIEW 2012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Processing Software</td>
			<td>MATHWORKS</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polishing Media</td>
			<td>Rosler</td>
			<td>RSG 10/10S</td>
			<td>Multiple media types used (mixed, spherical, triangular)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polishing Solution</td>
			<td>Rosler</td>
			<td>FC KFL (3%)</td>
			<td>3% soap solution with water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruled Scale</td>
			<td>Swiss Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>13-911-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graduated Cylinder</td>
			<td>Global Scientific</td>
			<td>601082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an analog macroscopic technique for studying molecular hydrodynamic processes in dense gases and liquids

Moleküler ölçekli hidrodinamik süreçlerinde yoğun gaz ve sıvı çalışmak için bir analog, makroskopik yöntemi açıklanmıştır. Ölçmek için bir standart sıvı dinamik tanı, partikül imaj velosimetri (PIV), teknik geçerlidir: i) hızları bireysel parçacıkların (tahıl), kısa, tahıl-çakışmasıyla kaybolmamış zaman ölçekler, II) sistemleri hem kısa parçacıkların hızları çarpışma-zaman - ve uzun, sürekli akışı zaman ölçekleri III) yoğun moleküler sıvıları ve IV bulunduğunun bilinmesi toplu hidrodinamik modları) kısa ve uzun-zamanlı-ölçekli hızı otokorelasyon işlevler, parçacık ölçekli dinamiklerini anlamak için merkezi güçlü etkileşim, yoğun sıvı sistemleri. Temel sistem bir görüntüleme sistemi, ışık kaynağı, titreşim sensörleri, bilinen bir ortam ve PIV ve analiz yazılımı ile titreşim sistemi oluşmaktadır. Gerekli deneysel ölçümler ve zaman ölçeği moleküler hidrodinamik süreçleri çalışmaya analog tekniği kullanarak gerekli teorik araçlar bir taslağını vurgulanır. Önerilen tekniği fotonik nispeten kolay bir alternatif sağlar ve nötron saçılma yöntemleri geleneksel olarak moleküler hidrodinamik çalışmalarda kullanılan ışınla.

Temsilcisi sonuçlarını sunan, biz sürekli-zaman-ölçek işlemleri bu gözlenen ve tahmini olarak zaman-ölçekler üzerinde bakın <img alt="Equation 25" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq25.jpg"> bu kadar karakteristik tahıl çarpışma zaman ölçeği göre çoğu <img alt="Equation 26" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq26.jpg"> <img alt="Equation 27" src="/files/ftp_upload/56632/56632eq27.jpg"> ve parçacık-zaman-ölçek işler bu gözlenen ve zaman-ölçe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids at JoVE.com

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Moleküler hidrodinamik oluşum yoğun sıvılar içinde çalışmak için deneysel olarak erişilebilir bir analog yöntem sunulmaktadır. Teknik partikül imaj velosimetri sıkıştırılmış, yüksek-restitüsyon tahıl kazık kullanır ve doğrudan, makroskopik gözlem dinamik süreçlerin bilinen ve güçlü etkileşim, yüksek yoğunluk gaz ve sıvı var tahmin sağlar.

Moleküler hidrodinamik süreçlerinde yoğun gaz ve sıvı için Analog bir makroskopik yüntem

An analog, macroscopic method for studying molecular-scale hydrodynamic processes in dense gases and liquids is described. The technique applies a ...

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8.4K Görüntüleme.  University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Moleküler hidrodinamik oluşum yoğun sıvılar içinde çalışmak için deneysel olarak erişilebilir bir analog yöntem sunulmaktadır. Teknik partikül imaj velosimetri sıkıştırılmış, yüksek-restitüsyon tahıl kazık kullanır ve doğrudan, makroskopik gözlem dinamik süreçlerin bilinen ve güçlü etkileşim, yüksek yoğunluk gaz ve sıvı var tahmin sağlar.

Video: An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted significant interests across the research fields of materials science, physics, chemistry and biology. The key enabling technology is a liquid cell. We fabricate liquid cells with thin viewing windows through a sequential microfabrication process, including silicon nitride membrane deposition, photolithographic patterning, wafer etching, cell bonding, etc. A liquid cell with the dimensions of a regular TEM grid can fit in any standard TEM sample holder. About 100 nanoliters reaction solution is loaded into the reservoirs and about 30 picoliters liquid is drawn into the viewing windows by capillary force. Subsequently, the cell is sealed and loaded into a microscope for in situ imaging. Inside the TEM, the electron beam goes through the thin liquid layer sandwiched between two silicon nitride membranes. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids, such as nucleation and growth of nanocrystals, diffusion and assembly of nanoparticles, etc., have been imaged in real time with sub-nanometer resolution. We have also applied this method to other research areas, e.g., imaging proteins in water. Liquid cell TEM is poised to play a major role in revealing dynamic processes of materials in their working environments. It may also bring high impact in the study of biological processes in their native environment.

We have developed a self-contained liquid cell, which allows imaging through liquids using a transmission electron microscope. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids can be revealed in real time with sub-nanometer resolution.

Sıvı Hücre Transmisyon Elektron Mikroskobu kullanarak Sıvılarda Malzemelerin Dinamik Süreçler Revealing

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted ...

Mühendislik

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to that layered structure, (1) percolation of liquid metal in a solid silicate matrix by planet differentiation, and (2) inner core crystallization by subsequent planet cooling. We conduct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments to simulate both processes in the laboratory. Formation of percolative planetary core depends on the efficiency of melt percolation, which is controlled by the dihedral (wetting) angle. The percolation simulation includes heating the sample at high pressure to a target temperature at which iron-sulfur alloy is molten while the silicate remains solid, and then determining the true dihedral angle to evaluate the style of liquid migration in a crystalline matrix by 3D visualization. The 3D volume rendering is achieved by slicing the recovered sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) and taking SEM image of each slice with a FIB/SEM crossbeam instrument. The second set of experiments is designed to understand the inner core crystallization and element distribution between the liquid outer core and solid inner core by determining the melting temperature and element partitioning at high pressure. The melting experiments are conducted in the multi-anvil apparatus up to 27 GPa and extended to higher pressure in the diamond-anvil cell with laser-heating. We have developed techniques to recover small heated samples by precision FIB milling and obtain high-resolution images of the laser-heated spot that show melting texture at high pressure. By analyzing the chemical compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases, we precisely determine the liquidus curve, providing necessary data to understand the inner core crystallization process.

The high-pressure and high-temperature experiments described here mimic planet interior differentiation processes. The processes are visualized and better understood by high-resolution 3D imaging and quantitative chemical analysis.

Planetary İçişleri Farklılaşma Simülasyon Laboratuvarı Süreçleri

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Gas-phase molecular physics and physical chemistry experiments commonly use supersonic expansions through pulsed valves for the production of cold molecular beams. However, these beams often contain multiple conformers and clusters, even at low rotational temperatures. We present an experimental methodology that allows the spatial separation of these constituent parts of a molecular beam expansion. Using an electric deflector the beam is separated by its mass-to-dipole moment ratio, analogous to a bender or an electric sector mass spectrometer spatially dispersing charged molecules on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio. This deflector exploits the Stark effect in an inhomogeneous electric field and allows the separation of individual species of polar neutral molecules and clusters. It furthermore allows the selection of the coldest part of a molecular beam, as low-energy rotational quantum states generally experience the largest deflection. Different structural isomers (conformers) of a species can be separated due to the different arrangement of functional groups, which leads to distinct dipole moments. These are exploited by the electrostatic deflector for the production of a conformationally pure sample from a molecular beam. Similarly, specific cluster stoichiometries can be selected, as the mass and dipole moment of a given cluster depends on the degree of solvation around the parent molecule. This allows experiments on specific cluster sizes and structures, enabling the systematic study of solvation of neutral molecules.

We present a technique that allows the spatial separation of different conformers or clusters present in a molecular beam. An electrostatic deflector is used to separate species by their mass-to-dipole moment ratio, leading to the production of gas-phase ensembles of a single conformer or cluster stoichiometry.

Moleküler Konformatörlerin ve Kümelerin Mekansal Ayrımı

Gas-phase molecular physics and physical chemistry experiments commonly use supersonic expansions through pulsed valves for the production of cold ...

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Polar Dielektrik Sıvılar gelen elektrohidrodinamik Köprülerin Hazırlanması

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

Formation of Thick Dense Yttrium Iron Garnet Films Using Aerosol Deposition

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a thick-film deposition process that can produce layers up to several hundred micrometers thick with densities greater than 95% of the bulk. The primary advantage of AD is that the deposition takes place entirely at ambient temperature; thereby enabling film growth in material systems with disparate melting temperatures. This report describes in detail the processing steps for preparing the powder and for performing AD using the custom-built system. Representative characterization results are presented from scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, and ferromagnetic resonance for films grown in this system. As a representative overview of the capabilities of the system, focus is given to a sample produced following the described protocol and system setup. Results indicate that this system can successfully deposit 11 &#181;m thick yttrium iron garnet films that are &#160;&#62; 90% of the bulk density during a single 5 min deposition run. A discussion of methods to afford better control of the aerosol and particle selection for improved thickness and roughness variations in the film is provided.

This report describes the use of a custom-built system to perform aerosol deposition of thick films of yttrium iron garnet onto sapphire substrates at RT. The deposited films are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, profilometry, and ferromagnetic resonance to give a representative overview of the capabilities of the technique.

Aerosol Birikimi Kullanarak Kalın Yoğun Yttrium Iron Garnet Filmleri oluşumu

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a thick-film deposition process that can produce layers up to several hundred micrometers thick with densities greater than 95% ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

Şekil Bellek İncelenmesi Tabanlı Elastocaloric Soğutma Süreçler ve Model Doğrulama için Deneysel Yöntemler

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

This paper reports an array-designed C84-embedded Si substrate fabricated using a controlled self-assembly method in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The characteristics of the C84-embedded Si surface, such as atomic resolution topography, local electronic density of states, band gap energy, field emission properties, nanomechanical stiffness, and surface magnetism, were examined using a variety of surface analysis techniques under ultra, high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as in an atmospheric system. Experimental results demonstrate the high uniformity of the C84-embedded Si surface fabricated using a controlled self-assembly nanotechnology mechanism, represents an important development in the application of field emission display (FED), optoelectronic device fabrication, MEMS cutting tools, and in efforts to find a suitable replacement for carbide semiconductors. Molecular dynamics (MD) method with semi-empirical potential can be used to study the nanoindentation of C84-embedded Si substrate. A detailed description for performing MD simulation is presented here. Details for a comprehensive study on mechanical analysis of MD simulation such as indentation force, Young&#39;s modulus, surface stiffness, atomic stress, and atomic strain are included. The atomic stress and von-Mises strain distributions of the indentation model can be calculated to monitor deformation mechanism with time evaluation in atomistic level.

Probing C84-embedded Si Substrate Using Scanning Probe Microscopy and Molecular Dynamics

This paper reports the nanomaterial fabrication of a fullerene Si substrate inspected and verified by nanomeasurements and molecular dynamic simulation.

C problama<sub&gt; 84</sub&gt; Taramalı Uç Mikroskobu ve Molecular Dynamics Kullanarak Si Maddesini Gömülü

This paper reports an array-designed C84-embedded Si substrate fabricated using a controlled self-assembly method in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The ...

Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a microfluidic chamber assembled in the specimen holder for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and STEM. The microfluidic system consists of two silicon microchips supporting thin Silicon Nitride (SiN) membrane windows. This article describes the basic steps of sample loading and data acquisition. Most important of all is to ensure that the liquid compartment is correctly assembled, thus providing a thin liquid layer and a vacuum seal. This protocol also includes a number of tests necessary to perform during sample loading in order to ensure correct assembly. Once the sample is loaded in the electron microscope, the liquid thickness needs to be measured. Incorrect assembly may result in a too-thick liquid, while a too-thin liquid may indicate the absence of liquid, such as when a bubble is formed. Finally, the protocol explains how images are taken and how dynamic processes can be studied. A sample containing AuNPs is imaged both in pure water and in saline.

This protocol describes the operation of a liquid flow specimen holder for scanning transmission electron microscopy of AuNPs in water, as used for the observation of nanoscale dynamic processes.

Tarama Transmisyon Elektron Mikroskobu kullanılarak Sıvı Nano-ölçekli Nesnelerin dinamik Süreçlerinin İncelenmesi

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a ...

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify their influence on void formation in composite parts. Wicking in a fibrous medium described by the Washburn equation was considered equivalent to a flow under the effect of capillary pressure according to the Darcy law. Experimental tests for the characterization of wicking were conducted with both carbon and flax fiber reinforcement. Quasi-unidirectional fabrics were then tested by means of a tensiometer to determine the morphological and wetting parameters along the fiber direction. The procedure was shown to be promising when the morphology of the fabric is unchanged during capillary wicking. In the case of carbon fabrics, the capillary pressure can be calculated. Flax fibers are sensitive to moisture sorption and swell in water. This phenomenon has to be taken into account to assess the wetting parameters. In order to make fibers less sensitive to water sorption, a thermal treatment was carried out on flax reinforcements. This treatment enhances fiber morphological stability and prevents swelling in water. It was shown that treated fabrics have a linear wicking trend similar to those found in carbon fabrics, allowing for the determination of capillary pressure.

An experimental method to measure geometrical parameters and the apparent advancing contact angles describing capillary wicking in unidirectional synthetic and natural fabrics is proposed. These parameters are mandatory for the determination of the capillary pressures that must be taken into account for liquid composite molding (LCM) applications.

Tek yönlü Kumaşlar Testleri esneklik: Kılcal Parametrelerinin Ölçümleri Sıvı Kompozit Kalıp Süreçlerinde Kılcal Basınç değerlendirin

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

Işık tarafından indüklenen makroskopik salınım hareketi için sıvı kristal ağlar hazırlanması

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...