Name: rapid in vivo assessment of adjuvant's cytotoxic t lymphocytes generation capabilities for vaccine development
Uploaded: 2018-06-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 3 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development at JoVE.com

Biz bizim teknik görevlileri için borçlu bulunmaktadır: U. Bröder ve H. Shkarlet, deneysel işlemler sırasında bize yardım etti. Bu eser kısmen EU hibe (sözleşme UniVax, Sözleşme No 601738 ve TRANSVAC2, No. 730964) ve bir Helmholtz Derneği hibe (HAI-IDR) tarafından finanse edildi. Finansman kaynakları araştırma etkilemek değil tasarım, makale veya yayın için göndermek için karar nesil.

Bu çalışmada kullanılan tüm fareler C57BL/6 kökenli idi. Bütün hayvanlar patojen-Alerjik koşullar altında tutuldu. Tüm deneyler Alman hayvanları koruma kanunu (TierSchG BGBl. normatif göre gerçekleştirilen BEN S 1105; 25.05.1998) ve izni numarası altında 33.4-42502-04-13/1281 ve 162280 hayvan deneyleri etik ve devlet ofis (tüketicinin korunması, alt Saksonya eyalet Office ve gıda güvenliği), alt Saksonya Komitesi tarafından kabul edildi.
1. CFSE OT boyama-ı T hücreleri ve evlat edinen Transfer
Not: OT-ben fareler T hücre reseptör (TCR) sabit α ve β zincirleri birlikte OVA, IMMUNO-baskın peptid tanımak express transgenically oluşturulan hayvanlar vardır SIINFEKL10,11. Sonuç olarak, bu fareler SIINFEKL özgü CD8 oldukça yüksek bir dizi var+ T hücreleri normal ya da OVA aşı fareler (≤ % 1)13ile karşılaştırıldığında (%97)12 .
<ol><li>İzlenebilir CD8 yalıtım+ T hücreleri OT-ben fareler T lenfosit özgü Thy1bir (Thy1.1) gen ifade:<ol>
<li>6-9 haftalık OT ötenazi-ben fare CO2 Solunduğunda servikal çıkığı14tarafından takip. Cerrahi makas, cerrahi pense ve forseps yardımıyla vücut cilt ayırma ile deri kesim tarafından dalak ve büyük lenf düğümleri (sadece kasık, aksiler ve servikal çiftleri) teşrih ve yer onları Petri yemekler (60 x 15 mm) içeren her bir 100 µm gözenek kafes Kupası doku bileme ve hücre serbest bırakılması için.</li>
		<li>Buzda muhafaza tam RPMI Orta (RPMI 1640, % 10 v/v FCS, 100 U/mL penisilin, 50 µg/mL streptomisin) 3-5 ml Petri yemekler (her bir kafes Kupası) korumak.</li>
		<li>Organları bir şırınga dalgıç veya benzer bir steril aleti yardımıyla püre (önceki kesme gerekli değildir) ve 15 mL santrifüj tüpleri elde edilen tek hücre süspansiyon toplamak.</li>
		<li>Hücre süspansiyon vasıl 300 x g 4 ° C'de 10 dakika santrifüj kapasitesi Süpernatant atmak. 10 mL soğuk PBS hücrelerde Santrifüjü tarafından yıkama ve dalak üzerinden eritrositler pelet 1 mL/dalak amonyum klorür arabelleği (ACK arabellek, piyasada bulunan) yeniden askıya tarafından parçalayıcı. Buz üzerinde 1,5 dk için hücreleri kuluçkaya ve daha sonra (daha önce yapılan gibi) Santrifüjü tarafından 10 mL soğuk PBS hücrelerle yıkayın.</li>
		<li>Pelet PBS (pH 7.2) içeren % 5 fetal Sığır serum Manyetik izolasyon için 1 mL aynı tüpte yeniden askıya.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Manyetik izolasyon gerçekleştirmek için CD8 negatif seçime devam etmek+ T hücreleri üretici yönergelerine uygun bir manyetik izolasyon kit kullanarak veya iletişim kuralları15yayınlandı.</li>
	<li>CFSE boyama gerçekleştirmek için önce CD8 saymak+ T hücreleri elde OT-ben fare bir otomatik hücre sayaç (parçacık counter) kullanarak. 1-5 x 107 hücre/mL 5 mikron PBS CFSE 15 ml şahin tüp ışıkta korunuyorsunuz 37 ° C'de 7 dakika ile 1-5 mL hacminde leke.</li>
	<li>Hücrelere fetal Sığır serum aynı cilt (1:1) ekleyerek CFSE boyama gidermek ve onları ışıktan korunan 37 ° C'de ek 7 min için kuluçkaya. PBS 10 mL hücrelerle iki kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Bir otomatik hücre sayaç kullanarak hücreleri saymak. 3-5 x 106 hücreler/fare 100 µL intravenöz enjekte için 3-5 x 107 hücre/mL PBS için cep numarasını ayarla (IV) kuyruk damar yolu ile.</li>
	<li>Kuyruk ven enjeksiyonları gerçekleştirmek için uygun restrainers farelerde hareketsiz. Sıcak arka alan ve kuyruk farelerin 20-25 cm uzakta fare kuyruğu ven vazodilatasyon izin vermek 1-3 dakika arasında bir kırmızı ışık lamba kullanarak enjekte edilir. Not: Bu kolaylığı ven algılama ve hücre süspansiyon yönetimi için yardımcı olur.</li>
	<li>(Eliyle fareler ve lamba arasında yer) sağlamak değil de fareler için sıcak ve kuyruk damarları açıkça izlenebiliyor, enjeksiyon için devam olduğunu. Hücreleri bir 1 mL şırınga ile 25'lik iğne16kullanarak yan veya dorsal kuyruk damar içine enjekte.</li>
</ol>2. aşılama (+/-adjuvan OVA Endo-ücretsiz)
<ol><li>OT ile nakledilen fareler koyun-hücreleri (adım 1.7, Şekil 1) bir anestezi odasında ve bir anestezi makinesi14tarafından isoflurane oksijen yönetmek.</li>
	<li>Ne zaman fare anestezi altında tamamen uyuyor, odasından çıkar ve temiz enjeksiyon gerçekleştirmek için bir elektrikli saç kesme makinesi kullanarak gluteus superficialis (yanal alt sırt) alan üzerinde fare kürk tıraş uygulama alanını iyi bir görünüm ile.</li>
	<li>Aşının, SC 25'lik iğne kullanarak traş alanında 50 µL enjekte.</li>
</ol>3. yalıtım lenfositleri ve Akış Sitometresi Analizi için boyama
<ol><li>Yalıtım lenfositleri ve splenocytes<ol>
<li>Aşı fareler tarafından servikal yerinden çıkması takip CO2 Solunduğunda ötenazi.</li>
		<li>Boşaltma ve uzak lenf düğümleri ve dalak ayıklamak ve ayrı Petri yemeklerinde 100 µm gözenek örgü bardak doku bileme ve hücre serbest bırakılması için içeren koyun. 1.1.2 1.1.3 aracılığıyla adımları.</li>
		<li>Süpernatant Santrifüjü sonra dikkatle boşaltmak ve hücre granül (yaklaşık 100 µL) kalan PBS aynı birimdeki yeniden askıya alma.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Akış Sitometresi Analizi için boyama<ol>
<li>Tablo 1' de tasvir konsantrasyonlarda boyama antikorlar içeren bir ana karışımı bir 15 mL santrifüj tüpü hazırlayın, böylece 2 x verimli boyama mix yoğunlaşmıştır. Yeterli hacim örnek başına 100 µL için ana karışımı hazırlayın. Mix hücreleri ve ana mix 1:1 ve 30 dk için 4 ° C'de kuluçkaya. Not: Son boyama hacim örnek başına 200 µL (hücre Pelet + 100 µL antikor ana Mix 100 µL) olmalıdır.</li>
		<li>Hücreleri tarafından iki kez aralıklarla iki kez PBS, 10 mL ekleme 1.1.3 içinde açıklandığı gibi yıkayın.</li>
		<li>0.5-1 lekeli hücreleri yeniden askıya PBS mL toplama ve transferi akış sitometresi tüpler süspansiyon. Her zaman buz üzerinde örnekleri tutmak ve ışıktan korunan.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. akış sitometresi
<ol><li>Her zaman 70-100 µm filtreleri kullanarak hücre örnekleri ön filtre.</li>
	<li>Tek boyama tazminat denetimleri tablo 1 (boncuk veya hücreleri) ayrıntılı fluorophores için hazır olun. Not: Tazminat sitometresi veya analiz yazılımı17,18,19 yılında gerçekleştirilen ve tüm örnekler için uygulanan gerekir.</li>
	<li>Şekil 2' de tasvir gating strateji izleyin. Kısaca, kapı nüfus ileri dağılım yüksekliği ileri dağılım alanı (Şekil 2A) ve tekrar yan yan dağılım alanı (SSA, Şekil 2B) birini dışlamak için geniş dağılım vs.</li>
	<li>Kapı BV 650 (auto-floresan) vs FITC (CFSE) doğru CFSE ayırımcılık için komplo tarafından Şekil 2B popülasyondan yüksek otomatik floresan hücreleri hücrelerden lekeli. Boncuk veya BV 650 için tazminat denetimlere Birleşik antikor ile lekeli hücreler içerir. Bu arsa (Şekil 2C) BV 650 vs FITC OT kapı için kullanılır-ben CFSE hücreleri lekeli.</li>
	<li>Şekil 2 c nüfus için Pe-Cy7 (Thy1.1 - CD90.1-) APC (CD8) vs vs alıcı fareler donörden türetilmiş hücre ayırmak için kapı. Not: Hücreleri OT türetilmiş-ben donör fareler WT (C57BL/6, alıcı) hücrelerin farelerde elde edilen Thy1.2+ (CD90.2) (Şekil 2B) ise Thy1.1+ (CD90.1), değildir. Bazı laboratuvarlar OT var-ben bir Thy1.2 arka plan ve WT (C57BL/6) bir Thy1.1 içinde fareler. Bu durumda Thy1.2 karşı antikor OT için kullanmak zorunda-geçişi hücre.</li>
	<li>CD8 yeniden kapı+ hücreleri Thy1.1+ popülasyondan APC (CD8) BV 450 (CD4) oluşan bir kapıya komplo tarafından (Şekil 2E).</li>
	<li>CD8 çubuk grafik görünümünü kullanarak Şekil 2E içinde geçişli nüfus görüntülemek+ CFSE (FITC, 530/15 Kanal - mavi lazer-), gösterilen hücre kapısı proliferated nüfus yoğunluklarını 10 dahil ederek2 düzeyine kadar nerede bölünmemiş denetim nüfus (yoğunluklarda ~ 105, CFSE boyama ve akış sitometresi voltaj ayarı etkinliğini bağlı olarak) vardır (Şekil 2F).</li>
	<li>Ölü hücreleri paralel yayılması değerlendirme olarak değerlendirmek amacıyla bir ek Kapısı (Şekil 2 değil görüntülenen) çizim FITC vs L/D işaretleyici (450/20 kanal, UV Lazer) olun.</li>
	<li>Tazminat denetimleri için en az 5000 olaylar ve 10.000 olayları (gate E, Şekil 2) bir akış sitometresi adlı örneklerinden elde etmek. Düşük veya orta akış sitometresi çalıştırmak (20.000 olaylar/s akış hızı fazla olamaz).</li>
</ol>

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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+I+interferon+protects+antiviral+CD8++T+cells+from+NK+cell+cytotoxicity.">Type I interferon protects antiviral CD8+ T cells from NK cell cytotoxicity.</a> Immunity. 40, 949-960 (2014).</li><li>Volk, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three+humanized+mouse+models+for+adoptive+T+cell+transfer.">Comparison of three humanized mouse models for adoptive T cell transfer.</a> The journal of gene medicine. 14, 540-548 (2012).</li><li>Safinia, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+Mice+as+Preclinical+Models+in+Transplantation.">Humanized Mice as Preclinical Models in Transplantation.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1371, 177-196 (2016).</li><li>Grover, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanized+NOG+mice+as+a+model+for+tuberculosis+vaccine-induced+immunity:+a+comparative+analysis+with+the+mouse+and+guinea+pig+models+of+tuberculosis.">Humanized NOG mice as a model for tuberculosis vaccine-induced immunity: a comparative analysis with the mouse and guinea pig models of tuberculosis.</a> Immunology. 152, 150-162 (2017).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Modern aşılar ideal Avusturyalıanti arıtılmış antijen ve adjuvan lipozomlar, virüs gibi parçacıklar, nano tanecikleri veya canlı vektörel çizimler gibi bir iletim sistemi mümkün ilavesi ile vardır. Bir aşı tasarlarken önemli bir yönü klinik gereksinimlerinize uygun bir doğru adjuvan seçmektir. Kapsamı parçası humoral ve hücresel immün yanıt (veya her ikisi), sistemik bir immün yanıt (veya her ikisi) vs yerel seçim ve aşı hedef popülasyon oluşturmak için gereken bellek tür lehine içe...

Aşılar inducing sitotoksik T lenfositler (CTL) belirli türde kanser1mücadele için geliştirilmiş anahtar tedavi müdahaleler vardır. CTL de intrasellüler patojenlerin2karşı koruyucu aşıları için önemli. Ayrıca, CTL bir kaç bağışıklık savunma mekanizmaları da erken hayat enfeksiyonlar5mücadele için CTL üzerinde bağlıdır kime risk nüfus yenidoğan bebeklerin3,4 gibi işlevsel olarak etkin bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, CTL yanıt (şap) temin etmez bir adjuvan ile geliştirilen aşılar karşı solunum sinsityal virüs (RSV) aşı bebeklerde6adet enfeksiyondan üzerine ciddi komplikasyonlara yol tam bir başarısızlık sonuçlandı. Aşı bu olumsuz etkileri bir CD8 tarafından ters+ T hücre yanıt7. Biz daha önce interferon genler (STING) agonistler bazı uyarıcı tarafından elde edildi (tip ı interferonlar) ana sitokinler bu adjuvan8tarafından kısmen yayılması ölçerek oluşturulan CTL yanıt için gerekli olduğunu göstermiştir OT-ı T hücreleri sonra aşı ve yetenekleri inducing CTL ölçüsü gözlenen bu sonuçları kullanarak aşılama programları9erişmek. OT yayılması ölçümü-ben CD8+ T hücreleri bir vahşi türü (WT) C57BL/6 alıcı fare carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) boya tarafından seyreltme bir aşı adjuvan yeteneği oluşturmak için sağlam bir tahmin olduğunu. SIINFEKL, (ovalbumin, OVA IMMUNO-baskın peptid), çapraz-astar. Bu tekniğin varyasyonları yaygın OT yayılması değerlendirilmesi için kullanılan-ben CD8+ ve OT-II CD4+ T hücreleri. Örneğin, seçili sitokinler (KO fareler) ya da antijen hatırlama WT hayvanlarda sonra aşı etkinliği ölçmek için yokluğunda kullanılmıştır. Hangi OT CFSE lekeli pasif transfer sonra kısa protokol (4 gün deneme) geliştirmiştir-ben CD8+ T hücreleri, 50 bir doz oluşan bir cilt altı (SC) bağışıklama endotoksin-Alerjik OVA test adjuvan ile desteklenmiş µg yönetilen (Şekil 1). 48 h sonrasi hipererjik sonuçları takip adjuvan kapasitesi CTL yanıt-e doğru oluşturmak için güvenilir bir kanıtı sağlar. Bu strateji, dalak (veya uzak lenf düğümleri) CTL etkinliğini ölçerek ölçüde yanıt yanı sıra bağışıklama sonra drenaj lenf nodu yerel Bağışıklık yanıtında potens değerlendirmek mümkündür.

<table><tbody><tr><td>BD LSR Fortessa Cell Analyzer</td><td>BD</td><td>Special Order</td><td>Flow Cytometer</td></tr><tr><td>CFSE</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>C34554</td><td>Proliferation Dye</td></tr><tr><td>MojoSort Mouse CD8 T Cell Isolation Kit</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>480007</td><td>Magnetic Isolation Beads and antibodies for negative selection of untouched CD8 T cells.</td></tr><tr><td>LIVE/DEAD Fixable Blue Dead Cell Stain Kit, for UV excitation</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>L23105</td><td>Dead Cell Marker</td></tr><tr><td>CD90.1 (Thy-1.1) Monoclonal Antibody (HIS51), PE-Cyanine7</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>25-0900-82</td><td>antibody</td></tr><tr><td>APC anti-mouse CD8a Antibody</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>100712</td><td>antibody</td></tr><tr><td>BV421 Rat Anti-Mouse CD4</td><td>BD</td><td>740007</td><td>antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Z2 coulter Particle count and Size Analyzer</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>9914591DA</td><td>Cell counter. Z2 Automated particle/cell counter</td></tr><tr><td>EndoGrade Ovalbumin (10 mg)</td><td>Hyglos(Germany)</td><td>321000</td><td>Ovalbumin endotoxin free tested.</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Strainer 100&amp;micro;m nylon</td><td>Corning</td><td>352360</td><td>Cell strainer (100 &amp;micro;m pore mesh cups).</td></tr><tr><td>Sample Vials</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>899366014</td><td>Sample vials for Z2 automated counter</td></tr><tr><td>C57BL/6 mice (CD90.2)</td><td>Harlan (Rossdorf, Germany)</td><td></td><td>Company is now Envigo</td></tr><tr><td>OT-I (C57BL/6 background, CD90.1)</td><td>Harlan (Rossdorf, Germany)</td><td></td><td>Inbreed at our animal facility. Company from where adquired is now Envigo</td></tr><tr><td>FACS tubes</td><td>Fischer (Corning)</td><td>14-959-5</td><td>Corning Falcon Round-Bottom Polystyrene Tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 15 mL tubes</td><td>Fischer (Corning)</td><td>05-527-90</td><td>Falcon 15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td></tr><tr><td>PBS (500 mL)</td><td>Fischer (Gibco)</td><td>20-012-027</td><td>Gibco PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline), pH 7.2</td></tr><tr><td>Red lamp (heating lamp)</td><td>Dirk Rossmann GmbH (Germany)</td><td>405096</td><td>Heating infrred lamp (100 wats)</td></tr><tr><td>IsoFlo (Isoflurane)</td><td>Abbott Laboratories (USA)</td><td>5260.04-05.</td><td>Isoflurane anesthesic (250 mL flask).</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Tabletop Anesthesia Machine/Mobile Anesthesia Machine with CO2 Absorber&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>Parkland Scientific</td><td>V3000PK</td><td>Isoflurane anesthesia machine.</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640 medium</td><td>Gibco (distributed by ThermoFischer)</td><td>11-875-093</td><td>Base medium with Glutamine (500 mL)</td></tr><tr><td>Pen-Strept antibiotic solution (Gibco)</td><td>Gibco (distributed by ThermoFischer)</td><td>15-140-148</td><td>Gibco Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bobine Serum (Gibco)</td><td>Gibco (distributed by ThermoFischer)</td><td>10082147</td><td>Fetal Bovine Serum, certified, heat inactivated, US origin</td></tr><tr><td>ACK Lysing Buffer (100 ml)</td><td>Gibco (distributed by ThermoFischer)</td><td>A1049201</td><td>Amonium Chloride Potasium (ACK) Whole Blood Lysis Buffer, suitable for erytrocyte lysis in spleen suspensions also</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Petri Dishes</td><td>Nunc (distributed by ThermoFischer)</td><td>150340</td><td>60 x 15mm Plastic Petri Dish, Non-treated</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Clump Filter</td><td>CellTrics (Sysmex)</td><td>04-004-2317</td><td>CellTrics&amp;reg; 50 &amp;mu;m, sterile</td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid in vivo assessment of adjuvant's cytotoxic t lymphocytes generation capabilities for vaccine development

Modern alt birim aşılar değerlendirilmesi antikorları nötralize üretimi önemli ancak adjuvan seçim için yeterli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle, adjuvan sitotoksik T lenfositler (CTL) yanıt teşvik edebiliyoruz humoral ve hücresel immün uyarıcı yetenekleri ile acilen ihtiyaç vardır. Böylece, çapraz-astar ikna etmek ve daha sonra CTL üretimi geliştirmek adjuvan adayları sadık izleme aşı geliştirmede önemli bir adımı temsil eder. Burada biz SIINFEKL özgü kullanan bir yöntem için bir uygulama mevcut (OT-ben) T hücreleri farklı adjuvan adayların huzurunda modeli antijen ovalbumin (OVA) vivo içinde çapraz sunumunu izlemek için. Bu yöntem en iyi çapraz-astar yetenekleri ile adjuvan seçmek için hızlı bir test temsil eder. CD8 yayılması+ T hücreleri çapraz-astar en değerli belirtisi olduğunu ve aynı zamanda adjuvan kaynaklı çapraz-sunum ilişkili kabul edilir. Bu özellik, lenf düğümleri ve dalak gibi farklı bağışıklık organlarında değerlendirilebilir. CTL oluşturma kapsamını da izlenebilir, böylece bir yerel doğa üzerinde anlayışlar veren (lenf nodu esas olarak boşaltılmasına) ya da sistemik yanıtın (uzak lenf düğümleri ve/veya dalak). Bu tekniği daha da belirli çapraz-sunum yolları inhibe olabilir ve ayrıca geleneksel ve genetiği değiştirilmiş fare farklı suşları kullanılmak üzere imkanı sunuyor ilacını test için birden fazla değişiklik sağlar. Özetle, burada mevcut uygulama geliştirmek veya aşı araştırma ve geliştirme için kimyasal adjuvan değiştirme aşı laboratuarlar sanayi veya Akademi için faydalı olacaktır.

Adjuvan (ADJ1 ve ADJ2) farklı bir birleşimini kullanarak uygulamaları test etmek için biz CTL üretimi kapasitesi adoptively transfer edilen OT yayılması ölçerek değerlendirildi var-ben CD8+ T hücreleri tarafından akış sitometresi (Şekil 2). Bunun için biz daha önce drenaj lenf düğümleri ve dalak (Tablo 1) izole hücrelerden lekeli. CD8 yayılması ölçme tarafından+ T hücreler lenf düğümleri ve ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development at JoVE.com

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

Burada bir standart immünolojik tekniği için bir uygulama mevcut (CFSE lekeli OT-Ben nükleer silahların yayılmasına karşı) hızla adjuvan-aracılı sitotoksik T lenfosit (CTL) üretimi izlemek amacıyla içinde vivo. Bu hızlı tahmini bir CTL kapasite hücre içi patojenlere karşı koruyucu aşıları aynı zamanda tedavi kanser aşıları gelişimi için yararlıdır.

Adjuvan'ın sitotoksik T lenfositler nesil yeteneklerini hızlı Vivo içinde değerlendirilmesi için aşı geliştirme

The assessment of modern sub-unit vaccines reveals that the generation of neutralizing antibodies is important but not sufficient for adjuvant selection. ...

rapid-vivo-assessment-adjuvant-s-cytotoxic-t-lymphocytes-generation

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

8.6K Görüntüleme.  Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research. Burada bir standart immünolojik tekniği için bir uygulama mevcut (CFSE lekeli OT-Ben nükleer silahların yayılmasına karşı) hızla adjuvan-aracılı sitotoksik T lenfosit (CTL) üretimi izlemek amacıyla içinde vivo. Bu hızlı tahmini bir CTL kapasite hücre içi patojenlere karşı koruyucu aşıları aynı zamanda tedavi kanser aşıları gelişimi için yararlıdır.

Video: Rapid In Vivo Assessment of Adjuvant's Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are upregulated upon this ongoing antigen exposure and contribute to loss of proliferation, reduced cytolytic function, and impaired cytokine production by CD4 and CD8 T cells. In the murine model of LCMV infection, administration of blocking antibodies against these two pathways augmented T cell responses. However, there is currently no in vitro assay to measure the impact of such blockade on cytokine secretion in cells from human samples. Our protocol and experimental approach enable us to accurately and efficiently quantify the restoration of cytokine production by HIV-specific CD4 T cells from HIV infected subjects.
Here, we depict an in vitro experimental design that enables measurements of cytokine secretion by HIV-specific CD4 T cells and their impact on other cell subsets. CD8 T cells were depleted from whole blood and remaining PBMCs were isolated via Ficoll separation method. CD8-depleted PBMCs were then incubated with blocking antibodies against PD-L1 and/or IL-10R&#945; and, after stimulation with an HIV-1 Gag peptide pool, cells were incubated at 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2. After 48 hr, supernatant was collected for cytokine analysis by beads arrays and cell pellets were collected for either phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry or transcriptional analysis using qRT-PCR. For more detailed analysis, different cell populations were obtained by selective subset depletion from PBMCs or by sorting using flow cytometry before being assessed in the same assays. These methods provide a highly sensitive and specific approach to determine the modulation of cytokine production by antigen-specific T-helper cells and to determine functional interactions between different populations of immune cells.

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

We developed an in vitro assay to investigate the role of immunoregulatory pathways in the regulation of cytokine secretion by HIV-specific CD4 T cells.

Vitro Testi HIV-spesifik CD4 T hücre efektör işlevi üzerinde immünoregülatör yolları etkisini değerlendirmek için

T cell exhaustion is a major factor in failed pathogen clearance during chronic viral infections. Immunoregulatory pathways, such as PD-1 and IL-10, are ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of immunotherapies. Here we describe the use of fluorescent target array (FTA) technology, which utilizes vital dyes such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE), violet laser excitable dyes (CellTrace Violet: CTV) and red laser excitable dyes (Cell Proliferation Dye eFluor 670: CPD) to combinatorially label mouse lymphocytes into &#62;250 discernable fluorescent cell clusters. Cell clusters within these FTAs can be pulsed with major histocompatibility (MHC) class-I and MHC class-II binding peptides and thereby act as target cells for CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, respectively. These FTA cells remain viable and fully functional, and can therefore be administered into mice to allow assessment of CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of FTA target cells and CD4+ T cell-meditated help of FTA B cell target cells in real time in vivo by flow cytometry. Since &#62;250 target cells can be assessed at once, the technique allows the monitoring of T cell responses against several antigen epitopes at several concentrations and in multiple replicates. As such, the technique can measure T cell responses at both a quantitative (e.g.&#160;the cumulative magnitude of the response) and a qualitative (e.g.&#160;functional avidity and epitope-cross reactivity of the response) level. Herein, we describe how these FTAs are constructed and give an example of how they can be applied to assess T cell responses induced by a recombinant pox virus vaccine.

The Use of Fluorescent Target Arrays for Assessment of T Cell Responses In vivo

The ability to monitor T cell responses in detail in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response. Here we describe the use of fluorescent target arrays (FTAs) in an in vivo T cell assay that assesses &#62;250 parameters simultaneously by flow cytometry.

T hücre yanıtlarının Değerlendirme Floresan hedef Dizilerin Kullanımı<em&gt; In vivo</em

The ability to monitor T cell responses in vivo is important for the development of our understanding of the immune response and the design of ...

Whole-animal Imaging and Flow Cytometric Techniques for Analysis of Antigen-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses after Nanoparticle Vaccination

Traditional vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, elicit suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. To address this major challenge in vaccine development, various nanoparticle systems have been engineered to mimic features of pathogens to improve antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes and increase antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, leading to new vaccine formulations optimized for induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. In this article, we describe the synthesis of a &#8220;pathogen-mimicking&#8221; nanoparticle system, termed interbilayer-crosslinked multilamellar vesicles (ICMVs) that can serve as an effective vaccine carrier for co-delivery of subunit antigens and immunostimulatory agents and elicitation of potent cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. We describe methods for characterizing hydrodynamic size and surface charge of vaccine nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analyzer and present a confocal microscopy-based procedure to analyze nanoparticle-mediated antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we show a new bioluminescence whole-animal imaging technique utilizing adoptive transfer of luciferase-expressing, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells into recipient mice, followed by nanoparticle vaccination, which permits non-invasive interrogation of expansion and trafficking patterns of CTLs in real time. We also describe tetramer staining and flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for longitudinal quantification of endogenous T cell responses in mice vaccinated with nanoparticles.

We describe whole-animal imaging and flow cytometry-based techniques for monitoring expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in response to immunization with nanoparticles in a murine model of vaccination.

Nanopartikül Aşılama sonrası analizi antijene özgü CD8 + T hücresi tepkileri için tüm hayvan Görüntüleme ve Akış Sitometrisi Teknikleri

Traditional vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, elicit suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. To address this major challenge in vaccine development, various ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol specifically intended to measure antigen-specific killing without an infection. This protocol is designed and describes methods to overcome these limitations by allowing for the detection of antigen-specific killing of a target cell by CD8+ T cells in vivo. This is accomplished by merging a vaccination model with a traditional CFSE-labeled target killing assay. This combination allows the researcher to assess the antigen-specific CTL potential directly and quickly as the assay is not dependent upon tumor growth or infection. In addition, the readout is based on flow cytometry and so should be readily accessible to most researchers. The major limitation of the study is identifying the timeline in vivo that is appropriate to the hypothesis being tested. Variations in antigen strength and mutations in the T cells that may result in differential cytolytic function need to be carefully assessed to determine the optimal time for cell harvest and assessment. The appropriate concentration of peptide for vaccination has been optimized for hgp10025-33 and OVA257-264, but further validation would be needed for other peptides that may be more appropriate to a given study. Overall, this protocol allows a quick assessment of killing function in vivo and can be adapted to any given antigen.

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

The goal of this protocol is to allow for detection of in vivo antigen-specific killing of a target cell in a murine model.

Vivo Tahlil antijen spesifik T-hücre Cytolytic işlevi bir aşı modeli kullanılarak tespiti için

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...

Immunostimulatory Agent Evaluation: Lymphoid Tissue Extraction and Injection Route-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation

For evaluation of a new therapeutic agent for immunotherapy or vaccination, analysis of immune cell activation in lymphatic tissues is essential. Here, we investigated immunological effects of a novel lipid-DNA immunostimulant in nanoparticle form from different administration routes in the mouse: oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, footpad, intraperitoneal, and intravenous. These injections will directly influence the immune response, and harvesting lymphatic tissues and analysis of dendritic cell (DC) activation in the tissues are crucial parts of these evaluations. The extraction of mediastinal lymph nodes (mLNs) is important but quite complex because of the size and location of this organ. A stepwise procedure for harvesting the inguinal lymph node (iLN), mLN, and spleen and analyzing DC activation by flow cytometry is described.

Experimental procedures for the subsequent extraction of lymphatic tissues to test lymphoid dendritic cell activation are described after treatment of an immunostimulating nanomaterial.

Immunostimulatory Ajan değerlendirme: Lenfoid doku çıkarma ve Enjeksiyon rota bağımlı dendritik hücre aktivasyonu

For evaluation of a new therapeutic agent for immunotherapy or vaccination, analysis of immune cell activation in lymphatic tissues is essential. Here, we ...

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses elicited against tumor- and pathogen-derived peptides. They offer several advantages over traditional killing assays. First, they permit the monitoring of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity within architecturally intact secondary lymphoid organs, typically in the spleen. Second, they allow for mechanistic studies during the priming, effector and recall phases of CTL responses. Third, they provide useful platforms for vaccine/drug efficacy testing in a truly in vivo setting. Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the examination of concomitant CTL responses against more than one peptide epitope of a model tumor antigen (Ag), namely, simian virus 40 (SV40)-encoded large T Ag (T Ag). Like most other clinically relevant tumor proteins, T Ag harbors many potentially immunogenic peptides. However, only four such peptides induce detectable CTL responses in C57BL/6 mice. These responses are consistently arranged in a hierarchical order based on their magnitude, which forms the basis for TCD8 &#8220;immunodominance&#8221; in this powerful system. Accordingly, the bulk of the T Ag-specific TCD8 response is focused against a single immunodominant epitope while the other three epitopes are recognized and responded to only weakly. Immunodominance compromises the breadth of antitumor TCD8 responses and is, as such, considered by many as an impediment to successful vaccination against cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular factors and mechanisms that dictate or shape TCD8 immunodominance. The protocol we describe here is tailored to the investigation of this phenomenon in the T Ag immunization model, but can be readily modified and extended to similar studies in other tumor models. We provide examples of how the impact of experimental immunotherapeutic interventions can be measured using in vivo cytotoxicity assays.

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

We describe here a flow cytometry-based in vivo killing assay that enables examination of immunodominance in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to a model tumor antigen. We provide examples of how this elegant assay may be employed for mechanistic studies and for drug efficacy testing.

Tümör-spesifik CD8+ T hücre tepkiler Immunodominance çalışması Için In vivo sitotoksisite assays terzilik

Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-based in vivo cytotoxicity assays enable sensitive and accurate quantitation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte ...

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Epitope peptides have attracted widespread attention in the field of tumor vaccines because of their safety, high specificity, and convenient production; in particular, some MHC I-restricted epitopes can induce effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity to clear tumor cells. Additionally, nasal administration is an effective and safe delivery technique for tumor vaccines due to its convenience and improved patient compliance. However, epitope peptides are unsuitable for nasal delivery because of their poor immunogenicity and lack of delivery efficiency. Nanoemulsions (NEs) are thermodynamically stable systems that can be loaded with antigens and delivered directly to the nasal mucosal surface. Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV) is the core pentapeptide of laminin, an integrin-binding peptide expressed by human respiratory epithelial cells. In this study, an intranasal self-assembled epitope peptide NE tumor vaccine containing the synthetic peptide IKVAV-OVA257-264 (I-OVA) was prepared by a low-energy emulsification method. The combination of IKVAV and OVA257-264 can enhance antigen uptake by nasal mucosal epithelial cells. Here, we establish a protocol to study the physicochemical characteristics by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS); stability in the presence of mucin protein; toxicity by examining the cell viability of BEAS-2B cells and the nasal and lung tissues of C57BL/6 mice; cellular uptake by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM); release profiles by imaging small animals in vivo; and the protective and therapeutic effect of the vaccine by using an E.G7 tumor-bearing model. We anticipate that the protocol will provide technical and theoretical clues for the future development of novel T cell epitope peptide mucosal vaccines.

Preparation, Characteristics, Toxicity, and Efficacy Evaluation of the Nasal Self-Assembled Nanoemulsion Tumor Vaccine In Vitro and In Vivo

Here, we present detailed methods for the preparation and evaluation of the nasal self-assembled nanoemulsion tumor vaccine in vitro and in vivo.

Nazal Kendi Kendine Toplanan Nanoemülsiyon Tümör Aşısının İn Vitro ve İn Vivo Hazırlanması, Özellikleri, Toksisitesi ve Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Epitope peptides have attracted widespread attention in the field of tumor vaccines because of their safety, high specificity, and convenient production; ...

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

As a principal ingredient of vaccines, adjuvants can directly induce or enhance the powerful, widespread, innate, and adaptive immune responses associated with antigens. Ophiopogonin D (OP-D), a purified component extracted from the plant Ophiopogon japonicus, has been found to be useful as a vaccine adjuvant. The problems of the low solubility and toxicity of OP-D can be effectively overcome by using a low-energy emulsification method to prepare nanoemulsion ophiopogonin D (NOD). In this article, a series of in vitro protocols for cellular activity evaluation are examined. The cytotoxic effects of L929 were determined using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Then, the secreted cytokine levels and corresponding immune cell numbers after the stimulation and culture of splenocytes from immunized mice were detected by ELISA and ELISpot methods. In addition, the antigen uptake ability in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and matured after incubation with GM-CSF plus IL-4, was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy (CLSM). Importantly, macrophage activation was confirmed by measuring the levels of IL-1&#946;, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&#945;) cytokines by ELISA kits after coculturing peritoneal macrophages (PMs) from blank mice with the adjuvant for 24 h. It is hoped that this protocol will provide other researchers with direct and effective experimental approaches to evaluate the cellular response efficacies of novel vaccine adjuvants.

In Vitro Cellular Activity Evaluation of the Nanoemulsion Vaccine Adjuvant Ophiopogonin D

The protocol presents detailed methods for evaluating whether the nanoemulsion ophiopogonin D adjuvant promotes effective cellular immune responses.

İn Vitro Nanoemülsiyon Aşısı Adjuvan Ophiopogonin D'nin Hücresel Aktivitesinin Değerlendirilmesi

As a principal ingredient of vaccines, adjuvants can directly induce or enhance the powerful, widespread, innate, and adaptive immune responses associated ...

Determination of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using Bovine Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. They patrol the organism looking for pathogens and play a unique role within the immune system by linking the innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells can phagocytize and then present captured antigens to effector immune cells, triggering a diverse range of immune responses. This paper demonstrates a standardized method for the in vitro generation of bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) isolated from cattle peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and their application in evaluating vaccine immunogenicity.
Magnetic-based cell sorting was used to isolate CD14+ monocytes from PBMCs, and the supplementation of complete culture medium with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was used to induce the differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into naive MoDCs. The generation of immature MoDCs was confirmed by detecting the expression of major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II), CD86, and CD40 cell surface markers. A commercially available rabies vaccine was used to pulse the immature MoDCs, which were subsequently co-cultured with naive lymphocytes.
The flow cytometry analysis of the antigen-pulsed MoDCs and lymphocyte co-culture revealed the stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation through the expression of Ki-67, CD25, CD4, and CD8 markers. The analysis of the mRNA expression of IFN-&#947; and Ki-67, using quantitative PCR, showed that the MoDCs could induce the antigen-specific priming of lymphocytes in this in vitro co-culture system. Furthermore, IFN-&#947; secretion assessed using ELISA showed a significantly higher titer (**p &#60; 0.01) in the rabies vaccine-pulsed MoDC-lymphocyte co-culture than in the non-antigen-pulsed MoDC-lymphocyte co-culture. These results show the validity of this in vitro MoDC assay to measure vaccine immunogenicity, meaning this assay can be used to identify potential vaccine candidates for cattle before proceeding with in vivo trials, as well as in vaccine immunogenicity assessments of commercial vaccines.

The methodology describes the generation of bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and their application for the in vitro evaluation of antigenic candidates during the development of potential veterinary vaccines in cattle.

Sığır Monosit Kaynaklı Dendritik Hücreler Kullanılarak Aşı İmmünojenitesinin Belirlenmesi

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the immune system. They patrol the organism looking for pathogens and ...

An Immunological Technique to Monitor Adjuvant-Mediated Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Generation

Source: Lirussi, D. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/57401">Rapid In Vivo&#160;Assessment of Adjuvant&#39;s Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Generation Capabilities for Vaccine Development.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2018)
The video demonstrates an immunological method to monitor in vivo adjuvant-induced cytotoxic T lymphocyte or CTL production. A mouse is pre-injected with genetically engineered, proliferative dye-stained donor CD8+ T lymphocytes. Subcutaneous injection of ovalbumin with adjuvants generates cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes that are identified post-harvesting through immunostaining and flow cytometry.

Adjuvan Aracılı Sitotoksik T Lenfosit Oluşumunu İzlemek İçin İmmünolojik Bir Teknik

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
All mice ...

Adjuvan'ın sitotoksik T lenfositler nesil yeteneklerini hızlı Vivo içinde değerlendirilmesi için aşı geliştirme

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