Name: working memory training for older participants: a control group training regimen and initial intellectual functioning assessment
Uploaded: 2020-09-20T12:30:00.000+00:00
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Açıklanan sonuçlar, Polonya'daki Ulusal Bilim Merkezi tarafından 2014/13/B/HS6/03155 sayılı hibe kapsamında desteklenen projeden elde edilmektedir.

<ol>
	<li>Baddeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory:+Looking+back+and+looking+forward.">Working memory: Looking back and looking forward.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. , (2003).</li><li>Au, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+fluid+intelligence+with+training+on+working+memory:+a+meta-analysis.">Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 22, 366-377 (2015).</li><li>Karbach, J., Verhaeghen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+working+memory+work:+A+meta-analysis+of+executive+control+and+working+memory+training+in+younger+and+older+adults.">Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive control and working memory training in younger and older adults.</a> Psychological Science. 25, 11-2027 (2014).</li><li>Melby-Lerv&#229;g, M., Hulme, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+working+memory+training+effective?+A+meta-analytic+review.">Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review.</a> Developmental Psychology. , (2013).</li><li>Melby-Lerv&#229;g, M., Redick, T. S., Hulme, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+Training+Does+Not+Improve+Performance+on+Measures+of+Intelligence+or+Other+Measures+of+&amp;#34;Far+Transfer&amp;#34;:+Evidence+From+a+Meta-Analytic+Review.">Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of &amp;#34;Far Transfer&amp;#34;: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review.</a> Perspectives on Psychological Science. , (2016).</li><li>Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F., B&#252;hner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+Working+Memory+Training+Transfer?+A+Meta-Analysis+Including+Training+Conditions+as+Moderators.">Does Working Memory Training Transfer? A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators.</a> Educational Psychologist. , (2015).</li><li>Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B., Laine, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+revisited:+A+multi-level+meta-analysis+of+n-back+training+studies.">Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. , (2017).</li><li>Au, J., Buschkuehl, M., Duncan, G. J., Jaeggi, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=There+is+no+convincing+evidence+that+working+memory+training+is+NOT+effective:+A+reply+to+Melby-Lerv&#229;g+and+Hulme+(2015).">There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lerv&#229;g and Hulme (2015).</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. , (2016).</li><li>Dougherty, M. R., Hamovitz, T., Tidwell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reevaluating+the+effectiveness+of+n-back+training+on+transfer+through+the+Bayesian+lens:+Support+for+the+null.">Reevaluating the effectiveness of n-back training on transfer through the Bayesian lens: Support for the null.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. , (2016).</li><li>L&#246;vd&#233;n, M., B&#228;ckman, L., Lindenberger, U., Schaefer, S., Schmiedek, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A Theoretical Framework for the Study of Adult Cognitive Plasticity. , (2010).</li><li>Shinaver, C. S., Entwistle, P. C., S&#246;derqvist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cogmed+WM+Training:+Reviewing+the+Reviews.">Cogmed WM Training: Reviewing the Reviews.</a> Applied Neuropsychology: Child. , (2014).</li><li>Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., Engle, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+working+memory+training+generalize?.">Does working memory training generalize?.</a> Psychologica Belgica. , (2010).</li><li>Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., Engle, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+working+memory+training+effective?.">Is working memory training effective?.</a> Psychological Bulletin. 138 (4), 628-654 (2012).</li><li>Weicker, J., Villringer, A., Th&#246;ne-Otto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+impaired+working+memory+functioning+be+improved+by+training?+A+meta-analysis+with+a+special+focus+on+brain+injured+patients.">Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training? A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients.</a> Neuropsychology. , (2016).</li><li>Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., B&#228;ckman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working-memory+training+in+younger+and+older+adults:+Training+gains,+transfer,+and+maintenance.">Working-memory training in younger and older adults: Training gains, transfer, and maintenance.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. , (2012).</li><li>Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., B&#228;ckman, L., Nyberg, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. , (2008).</li><li>Dorbath, L., Hasselhorn, M., Titz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+and+executive+functioning:+A+training+study+on+focus-switching.">Aging and executive functioning: A training study on focus-switching.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. , (2011).</li><li>Heinzel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+improvements+and+gains+in+non-trained+cognitive+tasks+in+young+and+older+adults.">Working memory training improvements and gains in non-trained cognitive tasks in young and older adults.</a> Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. , (2014).</li><li>Schmiedek, F., L&#246;vd&#233;n, M., Lindenberger, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hundred+days+of+cognitive+training+enhance+broad+cognitive+abilities+in+adulthood:+Findings+from+the+COGITO+study.">Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in adulthood: Findings from the COGITO study.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. , (2010).</li><li>Zinke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+and+transfer+in+older+adults:+Effects+of+age,+baseline+performance,+and+training+gains.">Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains.</a> Developmental Psychology. 50 (1), 304-315 (2014).</li><li>B&#252;rki, C. N., Ludwig, C., Chicherio, C., de Ribaupierre, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+in+cognitive+plasticity:+an+investigation+of+training+curves+in+younger+and+older+adults.">Individual differences in cognitive plasticity: an investigation of training curves in younger and older adults.</a> Psychological Research. , (2014).</li><li>Li, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+Plasticity+in+Old+Age:+Practice+Gain,+Transfer,+and+Maintenance+.">Working Memory Plasticity in Old Age: Practice Gain, Transfer, and Maintenance .</a> Psychology and Aging. , (2008).</li><li>Richmond, L. L., Morrison, A. B., Chein, J. M., Olson, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+and+transfer+in+older+adults.">Working memory training and transfer in older adults.</a> Psychology and Aging. 26 (4), 813-822 (2011).</li><li>von Bastian, C. C., Oberauer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+and+mechanisms+of+working+memory+training:+a+review.">Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review.</a> Psychological Research. 78 (6), 803-820 (2014).</li><li>Zaj&#261;c-Lamparska, L., Trempa&#322;a, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+working+memory+and+attentional+control+training+and+their+transfer+onto+fluid+intelligence+in+early+and+late+adulthood.">Effects of working memory and attentional control training and their transfer onto fluid intelligence in early and late adulthood.</a> Health Psychology Report. 4 (1), 41-53 (2016).</li><li>Verhaeghen, P., Marcoen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+mechanisms+of+plasticity+in+young+and+older+adults+after+instruction+in+the+method+of+loci:+Evidence+for+an+amplification+model.">On the mechanisms of plasticity in young and older adults after instruction in the method of loci: Evidence for an amplification model.</a> Psychology and Aging. , (1996).</li><li>Borella, E., Carbone, E., Pastore, M., De Beni, R., Carretti, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+for+healthy+older+adults:+The+role+of+individual+characteristics+in+explaining+short-+and+long-term+gains.">Working memory training for healthy older adults: The role of individual characteristics in explaining short- and long-term gains.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. , (2017).</li><li>Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Uzendoorn, M. H., Bradley, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Those+who+have,+receive:+The+matthew+effect+in+early+childhood+intervention+in+the+home+environment.">Those who have, receive: The matthew effect in early childhood intervention in the home environment.</a> Review of Educational Research. , (2005).</li><li>Foster, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+the+effects+of+working+memory+training+depend+on+baseline+ability+level?.">Do the effects of working memory training depend on baseline ability level?.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. 43 (11), 1677-1689 (2017).</li><li>Kliegel, M., B&#252;rki, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+training+interventions+require+a+tailor-made+approach:+Commentary+on+McDaniel+and+Bugg.">Memory training interventions require a tailor-made approach: Commentary on McDaniel and Bugg.</a> Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. , (2012).</li><li>Sternberg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory-scanning:+mental+processes+revealed+by+reaction-time+experiments.">Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments.</a> American Scientist. , (1969).</li><li>Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., McHugh, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mini-mental+status.+A+practical+method+for+grading+the+cognitive+state+of+patients+for+the+clinician.">Mini-mental status. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.</a> Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3), 189-198 (1975).</li><li>Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., Perrig, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+fluid+intelligence+with+training+on+working+memory.">Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. , (2008).</li><li>Bolger, N., Laurenceau, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methodology in the Social Sciences. , (2013).</li><li>Kwok, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analyzing+Longitudinal+Data+With+Multilevel+Models:+An+Example+With+Individuals+Living+With+Lower+Extremity+Intra-Articular+Fractures.">Analyzing Longitudinal Data With Multilevel Models: An Example With Individuals Living With Lower Extremity Intra-Articular Fractures.</a> Rehabilitation Psychology. , (2008).</li><li>Bissig, D., Lustig, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Who+benefits+from+memory+training?.">Who benefits from memory training?.</a> Psychological Science. , (2007).</li><li>Borella, E., Carretti, B., Riboldi, F., De Beni, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+Training+in+Older+Adults:+Evidence+of+Transfer+and+Maintenance+Effects.">Working Memory Training in Older Adults: Evidence of Transfer and Maintenance Effects.</a> Psychology and Aging. , (2010).</li><li>Kraemer, K. R., Enam, T., McDonough, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+reserve+moderates+older+adults'+memory+errors+in+an+autobiographical+reality+monitoring+task.">Cognitive reserve moderates older adults' memory errors in an autobiographical reality monitoring task.</a> Psychology and Neuroscience. , (2019).</li><li>L&#243;pez-Higes, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+cognitive+training+in+older+adults+with+and+without+subjective+cognitive+decline+is+associated+with+inhibition+efficiency+and+working+memory+span,+not+with+cognitive+reserve.">Efficacy of cognitive training in older adults with and without subjective cognitive decline is associated with inhibition efficiency and working memory span, not with cognitive reserve.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. , (2018).</li><li>Mill, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A system of logic, ratiocinative and inductive: Being a connected view of the principles of evidence, and the methods of scientific investigation. 1, (1875).</li><li>Redick, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+and+interpreting+interactions+in+intelligence+interventions.">Working memory training and interpreting interactions in intelligence interventions.</a> Intelligence. , (2015).</li><li>Guiney, H., Machado, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volunteering+in+the+Community:+Potential+Benefits+for+Cognitive+Aging.">Volunteering in the Community: Potential Benefits for Cognitive Aging.</a> Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. , (2018).</li><li>Proulx, C. M., Curl, A. L., Ermer, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+Associations+between+Formal+Volunteering+and+Cognitive+Functioning.">Longitudinal Associations between Formal Volunteering and Cognitive Functioning.</a> Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. , (2018).</li><li>Matysiak, O., Kroemeke, A., Brzezicka, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+Capacity+as+a+Predictor+of+Cognitive+Training+Efficacy+in+the+Elderly+Population.">Working Memory Capacity as a Predictor of Cognitive Training Efficacy in the Elderly Population.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 11, 126 (2019).</li></ol>

Yazarların açıklayacak bir şeyi yok.

Burada sunulan çalışmada, yaşlı yetişkinlerin çalışma belleği eğitiminden yararlanıp yararlanamayacağını ve temel bilişlerinin başlangıç seviyesine bağlı olup olmadığını araştırdık. Deneysel bir müdahale olarak bir n-back görevi kullandık ve çalışma belleği kapasitesi (OSPAN görevi ile ölçülür) katılımcıların ilk entelektüel işleyiş seviyesini araştırmak için bir yöntemdi. Protokolde iki kritik adımımız vardı. İlk ve en önemlisi ilk WM seviyesinin değerlendirilmes...

Birçok bilişsel eğitim çalışmasında, çift n-geri görevi çalışma belleği (WM) eğitiminin bir yöntemi olarak kullanılır. WM, diğer, daha üst düzey entelektüel işlevler için önemi nedeniyle bilişsel müdahalelerin ortak bir hedefidir1. Bununlabirlikte, bu tür bir eğitimin etkinliği ve bilişte daha genel bir iyileşme yaratma potansiyeli oldukça tartışılmıştır(meta analiz için bkz. Bazı araştırmacılar ''' iddia ederken... çalışma belleği eğitiminin diğer becerilere genelleştirilmesine dair ikna edici bir kanıt yoktu''4, diğerleri WM eğitiminin son derece önemli etkilerini gösteren meta-analitik veriler sunar 2,3,5, 6,11. Ayrı sorun, WM'nin yaşlı nüfustaki etkinliğidir. Birkaç WM eğitim çalışmaları, genç yetişkinlerde yaşlı yetişkinlere kıyasla daha büyük faydalar olduğunu bildirmektedir15,16,17,18,19,20, diğerleri ise benzer etkilerin her iki yaş grubunda da gözlenebileceğini göstermektedir21,22,23,24,25.
Bellek eğitiminin faydalarını tahmin etmek için çeşitli unsurlara inanılmaktadır26. Bu faktörlerden bazıları WM eğitim etkinliğinin potansiyel moderatörleri gibi görünüyor21. Temel bilişsel kapasite veya genel bilişsel kaynak olarak tanımlanan zihinsel kapasite, bu pozisyon için en güçlü seçimlerden biri gibi görünmektedir. İlk entelektüel seviyenin rolünü değerlendirmek için, bir eğitim rejimi uygulamadan önce bilişsel kapasitenin ölçümüne özel bir vurgu (burada açıklanan yöntem) koyduk. Eğitimin başlangıcında daha yüksek bilişsel kapasite ile karakterize edilen katılımcıların, daha düşük ilk bilişsel işlev seviyelerine sahip olanlara kıyasla önemli ölçüde daha iyi eğitim sonuçları elde ettiğini gösteren veriler tarafından dikte edildi27. Benzer bir fenomen, Matthew etkisi olarak adlandırıldığı eğitim araştırmalarında gözlenir28, başlangıçta daha iyi beceriye sahip insanların söz konusu ön düşük yetenek seviyesine sahip olanlarla karşılaştırıldığında daha da geliştiği bir gözlem.
Yine de, bu konuda çok fazla rapor yayınlanmamış olması düşündürücü21,29. Ayrıca, özellikle yaşlı nüfus söz konusu olduğunda, önemli bireysel farklılıklar bile, veri analizi ve yorumlama sırasında genellikle sahipsiz bırakılıyor30. Bu çalışmada, çalışma belleği kapasitesinin başlangıç seviyesinin sağlıklı yaşlı yetişkinler grubunda WM eğitim başarısı üzerindeki etkisini inceliyoruz. Eğitim rejimlerinin her unsurunu deneysel ve kontrol grupları arasında mümkün olduğunca benzer şekilde sürdürmek için aktif bir kontrol grubu tasarımı istihdam ettik. Bu nedenle, eğitim içeriği (WM anlamsal belleğe karşı) eğitim sonuçlarında beklenen farkı belirleyen tek önemli faktör olarak kaldı. Her iki grup da bilgisayarlı, ev tabanlı eğitimler gerçekleştirdi. Deneysel grubun üyeleri, uyarlanabilir bir çift n-geri eğitim programına ve anlamsal bir bellek testine dayanan bir görevle eğitilmiş aktif bir kontrol grubuna atandı. Buradaki yaklaşımda yeni olan, katılımcıların çalışma belleği kapasitelerini (WMC) değerlendirerek bilişsel seviyelerinin ilk değerlendirmesine vurgudur. Ayrıca, bu makalede sunduğumuz ilk WMC düzeyini değerlendirme yönteminin, sonraki çalışma belleği eğitimi sırasında başarılı olacak ve başarılı olmayacak kişileri ayırt etmede etkili bir araç olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Daha önce bu çalışmanın sonuçlarını açıkladık ve yayınladık44. Bu nedenle, bu makalede kullandığımız protokolün ayrıntılı bir açıklamasına odaklanıyoruz.

<table><tbody><tr><td>GEx</td><td>n/a</td><td>authorial online platform:&lt;br/&gt; used for N-back training, Quiz</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0</td><td>IBM Corporation</td><td>SPSS software was used to compute statistical analysis.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inquisit version 4.0.8.0</td><td>Millisecond Software</td><td>software: tool for designing and administering experiments&lt;br/&gt; used for: The Sternberg Task, The Linear Syllogism Task and presenting the instructions for baseline EEG recording</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB R2018b</td><td>The MathWorks, Inc</td><td>MATLAB software was used to compute statistics and to export databases and&amp;nbsp; visualisation of the results</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PsychoPy version 2 v.1.83.04</td><td>Jonathan Peirce; supported by University of Nottingham</td><td>open-source software&lt;br/&gt; used for: Go/no Go Task, The Switching Task, Running Memory Span Taskckage based on Python</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sublime Text (version 2.0.2)</td><td>n/a</td><td>open-source software: HTML editor&lt;br/&gt; used for: online OSPAN Task</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

working memory training for older participants: a control group training regimen and initial intellectual functioning assessment

Bilişsel eğitim müdahalelerinin etkinliği son zamanlarda oldukça tartışılıyor. Ne tür bir eğitim rejiminin en etkili olduğu konusunda bir fikir birliği yoktur. Ayrıca, eğitim sonucunun tahmincisi olarak bireysel özellikler hala araştırılmaktadır. Bu yazıda, sadece çalışma belleği (WM) eğitiminin yaşlı yetişkinlerde bilişsel etkinlik üzerindeki etkisini değil, aynı zamanda ilk WM kapasitesinin (WMC) eğitimin sonucu üzerindeki etkisini de inceleyerek bu sorunu ele alma girişimini gösteriyoruz. Aktif bir kontrol grubu (bellek testi) ile 5 haftalık uyarlanabilir çift n-geri eğitiminin nasıl gerçekleştirildiğini ayrıntılı olarak açıklıyoruz. Burada eğitimin teknik yönlerinin yanı sıra katılımcıların WMC'lerinin ilk değerlendirmesine odaklanıyoruz. Diğer bilişsel boyutların eğitim öncesi ve sonrası performansının değerlendirilmesi, bellek güncelleme, inhibisyon, dikkat kaydırma, kısa süreli hafıza (STM) ve akıl yürütme testlerinin sonuçlarına dayanıyordu. WMC'nin başlangıç seviyesinin n-back eğitim müdahalesinin verimliliğini öngördük. Ayrıca, ölçtlüğüz bilişsel işleyişin hemen hemen tüm yönlerinde eğitim sonrası iyileşmeyi fark ettik, ancak bu etkiler çoğunlukla bağımsız müdahaleydi.

Eğitimle ilgili etkiler
Araştırmaya 85 denek katılmıştır (29'ı erkekti) ve ortalama 66,7 yaşındaydı. Teknik sorunlar nedeniyle, n-back eğitim grubundaki bir katılımcının verileri kaydedilmedi. Son olarak, n-back eğitim grubundaki 43 ve Quiz eğitim grubundaki 42 katılımcının verileri analiz edildi. Zaman içinde her iki eğitim grubu için de eğitime özgü etkileri analiz etmek için (eği...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment at JoVE.com

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Eğitim öncesi bilişsel yeteneklerin değerlendirilmesi ile birlikte yaşlı popülasyonda bilişsel bir eğitim müdahalesi sunulmaktadır. Eğitimin iki versiyonunu gösteriyoruz - deneysel ve aktif kontrol - ve bilişsel testler dizisi üzerindeki etkilerini gösteriyoruz.

Yaşlı Katılımcılar için Çalışma Belleği Eğitimi: Bir Kontrol Grubu Eğitim Rejimi ve İlk Entelektüel İşleyiş Değerlendirmesi

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...

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Behavior

4.5K Görüntüleme.  SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities. Eğitim öncesi bilişsel yeteneklerin değerlendirilmesi ile birlikte yaşlı popülasyonda bilişsel bir eğitim müdahalesi sunulmaktadır. Eğitimin iki versiyonunu gösteriyoruz - deneysel ve aktif kontrol - ve bilişsel testler dizisi üzerindeki etkilerini gösteriyoruz.

Video: Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

EmoCogMeter, bir Roman Tablet bilgisayar Tabanlı Yaklaşım Kullanarak Bilişsel Fonksiyonlar Yaşa bağlı Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

Davranış

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

Bir Bilişsel Paradigma Dikkatiniz ve kopukluklar tarafından çalışma hafızasındaki Girişim Araştırma

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images.
Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).
The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus.
4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of &#8804;8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55).
In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.

This article describes the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a hippocampus-dependent test of working allocentric spatial memory. The hippocampus is affected early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this article outlines the 4MT methodology and results of patient testing, which demonstrates the value of the 4MT in the diagnosis of pre-dementia AD.

4 Dağ Testi: Alzheimer Hastalığı Ön demans Tanısında Yüksek Hassasiyet ile Mekansal Bellek Kısa Testi

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

Çocuklarda Çalışma Belleğinin Değerlendirilmesi: Çocuklar için Kapsamlı Değerlendirme Aküsü - Çalışma Belleği (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological cognitive decline. It is thus essential that cognitive tests and their administration are as fair as possible. However, an important source of bias during cognitive testing comes from negative aging stereotypes that can impair the memory performance of older adults and inflate age differences on cognitive tasks. The fear of confirming negative aging stereotypes creates an extra pressure among older adults which interferes with their intellectual functioning and leads them to perform below their true abilities. Here, we present a protocol that highlights simple but efficient interventions to alleviate this age-based stereotype threat effect. The first study showed that simply informing older participants about the presence of younger participants (threat condition) led older adults to underperform on a standardized memory test compared with younger participants, and that this performance difference was eliminated when the test was presented as age-fair (reduced-threat condition). The second study replicated these findings on short cognitive tests used to screen for predementia in clinical settings and showed that teaching older adults about stereotype threat inoculated them against its effects. These results provide useful recommendations about how to improve older adults' memory assessment both in Iab studies and in clinical settings.

Here, we present a protocol designed to show how negative aging stereotypes can impair memory performance of older adults during cognitive testing and how to reduce this deleterious effect. This method can help older people to perform at an optimal level during testing in both lab studies and clinical settings.

Büyük Yetişkinlerin Bilişsel Testleri Sırasında Negatif Yaşlanma Stereotiplerinin Etkisini Vurgulama ve Azaltma

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations for their chronological age in the areas of reading, writing, and/or mathematics. Each of the disorders making up the LDs involve different deficits; however, some commonalities can be found within that heterogeneity, such in terms of learning self-regulation and metacognition. Unlike in early ages and later educational levels, there are hardly any evidence-based evaluation protocols for adults with LDs. LDs influence academic performance but also have serious consequences in professional, social, and family contexts. In response to this, the current work proposes a multimodal evaluation protocol focused on metacognitive, self-regulation of learning, and emotional processes, which make up the basis of the difficulties in adults with LDs. The assessment is carried out through analysis of the on-line learning process using a variety methods, techniques, and sensors (e.g., eye tracking, facial expressions of emotion, physiological responses, concurrent verbalizations, log files, screen recordings of human-machine interactions) and off-line methods (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, and self-report measures). This theoretically-driven and empirically-based guideline aims to provide an accurate assessment of LDs in adulthood in order to design effective prevention and intervention proposals.

The current work proposes a multimodal evaluation protocol focused on metacognitive, self-regulation of learning, and emotional processes, which make up the basis of the difficulties in adults with LDs.

Öğrenme Güçlüğü Olan Yetişkinlerde Metabiliş ve Öz-Düzenlemenin Değerlendirilmesi için Multimodal Protokol

Learning disabilities (LDs) encompass disorders of those who have difficulty learning and using academic skills, exhibiting performance below expectations ...

A Computerized Functional Skills Assessment and Training Program Targeting Technology Based Everyday Functional Skills

Today, many functional skills are technology-based, so development of a technology-based training program has broad importance. Here we present a computerized functional skills training program that was paired in half of the participants with a commercially available cognitive training (CCT) program.
Non-impaired older individuals (NC) aged 60+ (n=45) and similarly aged individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n=50) were randomized to receive 12 weeks of twice-weekly computerized functional skills training (CFST) or 12 weeks of twice-weekly sessions split between CCT and CFST. Skills trained were use of an ATM; internet banking; ticket kiosk; telephone and internet prescription refill; medication management; and internet shopping. As with previous functional capacity assessments, we focus on completion time for each simulation.
51 participants completed the training program, either by mastering all 6 tasks (34) or completing 12 weeks of training. 44 more participants completed 4 or more training sessions so they were also analyzed for improvement up to their last training session. Completion time for all 6 tests significantly improved from the baseline assessment to the final training session in both groups of participants (all p&#60;0.001 with an average improvement in task completion time of 45%). Further, there was no differential improvement in MCI and NC in the 6 tests from baseline to end of training (all t&#60;1.66, all p&#62;0.12). Finally, combined CCT plus CFST did not differ from CSFT alone on any of the percent-change score measures (all t&#60;1.64, all p&#62;0.11).
Both NC and MCI groups evidenced substantial improvements in performance. CCT supplementation led to similar functional gains with half as many training sessions. The NC participants proceeded through the training fairly rapidly even without CCT supplementation; MCI participants required more training but learned equivalently. These findings suggest that even in cases with memory impairments, functional skills can be efficiently learned with training.

This training protocol uses computerized training to teach technology-related everyday functional skills. These skills include financial skills, travel and transit, as well as medication management.

Bilgisayarlı Fonksiyonel Beceri Değerlendirme ve Eğitim Programı Hedefleme Teknolojisi Tabanlı Günlük Fonksiyonel Beceriler

Today, many functional skills are technology-based, so development of a technology-based training program has broad importance. Here we present a ...

Tıp

A Metric Test for Assessing Spatial Working Memory in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Impairments to sensory, short-term, and long-term memory are common side effects after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Due to the ethical limitations of human studies, animal models provide suitable alternatives to test treatment methods, and to study the mechanisms and related complications of the condition. Experimental rodent models have historically been the most widely used due to their accessibility, low cost, reproducibility, and validated approaches. A metric test, which tests the ability to recall the placement of two objects at various distances and angles from one another, is a technique to study impairment in spatial working memory (SWM) after TBI. The significant advantages of metric tasks include the possibility of dynamic observation, low cost, reproducibility, relative ease of implementation, and low stress environment. Here, we present a metric test protocol to measure impairment of SWM in adult rats after TBI. This test provides a feasible way to evaluate physiology and pathophysiology of brain function more effectively.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly associated with memory impairment. Here, we present a protocol to assess spatial working memory after TBI via a metric task. A metric test is a useful tool to study spatial working memory impairment after TBI.

Travmatik Beyin Hasarından Sonra Yetişkin Sıçanlarda Mekansal Çalışma Belleğini Değerlendirmek için Bir Metrik Test

Impairments to sensory, short-term, and long-term memory are common side effects after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Due to the ethical limitations of ...

Nörobilim

Metacognitive Development: How Children Estimate Their Memory

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
Human memory is fallible, and people often cannot accurately recall what they have seen or heard. Adults are aware of their limited memory capacity, so they use strategies, such as rehearsal and mnemonic devices, to improve their recall of important information. Because adults understand the limits of memory, they know it makes more sense to write down the items on their shopping list rather than to try to remember the items when they get to the store. This ability to think about one&#8217;s own memory is called metamemory. Metamemory is one component of a broader set of cognitive processes that allow humans to think about their own knowledge and thinking, which is called metacognition.
Although young children understand that people have thoughts and a limited amount of knowledge, they often have trouble acknowledging the limits of their own knowledge and cognitive skills. Children&#8217;s ability to accurately estimate their own memory capacity and abilities improves over the elementary school years. One common way of measuring metamemory and its development is by giving children an opportunity to predict how well they can remember something, and then observing how well their prediction matches their actual recall.
This experiment demonstrates how to measure children&#8217;s metamemory based on the methods developed by Shin, Bjorklund, and Beck.1

Source: Laboratories of Judith Danovitch and Nicholaus Noles&#8212;University of Louisville
Human memory is fallible, and people often cannot accurately ...

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Measuring Verbal Working Memory Span

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University

Why is it relatively hard to remember everything on a shopping list if it includes more than just a handful of items? Why is it possible to remember a phone number that one just heard, but not two or three phone numbers at once? Why is it difficult to remember names when several new people are introduced at the same time?
The answer has to do with the fact that over short-durations people rely on a specialized memory system called working memory. Unlike long-term memory, working memory has a very limited capacity. It is there so that information can be kept in mind, studied, manipulated, and then transferred to other memory and cognitive systems. But in order to serve in this active role, it needs to be selective, admitting only limited amounts of information at a time.
Experimental psychologists tend to think that people possess independent working memory systems for different kinds of information, with a major division between verbal and visual information. Each of these systems has an independent capacity limit.
To measure a person&#8217;s verbal working memory capacity limit&#8212;often called, his or her memory span&#8212;experimental psychologists often use a verbal list paradigm.
This video will demonstrate the measurement of verbal working memory span using a verbal list paradigm.

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University

Why is it relatively hard to remember everything on a shopping list if it includes ...

Yaşlı Katılımcılar için Çalışma Belleği Eğitimi: Bir Kontrol Grubu Eğitim Rejimi ve İlk Entelektüel İşleyiş Değerlendirmesi

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