Name: dose uptake of platinum- and ruthenium-based compound exposure in zebrafish by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with broader applications
Uploaded: 2022-04-21T13:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dose Uptake of Platinum- and Ruthenium-based Compound Exposure in Zebrafish by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Broader Applications at JoVE.

Funding: NJAES-Rutgers NJ01201, NIEHS Training Grant T32-ES 007148, NIH-NIEHS P30 ES005022. Additionally, Brittany Karas is supported by training grant T32NS115700 from NINDS, NIH. The authors acknowledge Andreia Valente and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (Fundac&#807;a&#771;o para a Cie&#770;ncia e Tecnologia, FCT; PTDC/QUI-QIN/28662/2017) for the supply of PMC79.

The AB strain zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used for all experiments (see the Table of Materials), and the husbandry protocol (#08-025) was approved by the Rutgers University Animal Care and Facilities Committee.
1. Zebrafish husbandry
<ol>
	<li>Breed and maintain the zebrafish in a recirculating aquatic habitat system on a 14 h light:10 h dark cycle.
	<ol>
		<li>Purify municipal tap water through sand and carbon filtration to obtain fish system wate...

<ol>
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Z., Bo, H. -. B., Hao, X. -. J., Wang, J. -. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+ruthenium+complex+in+tumor+diagnosis+and+therapy.">Applications of ruthenium complex in tumor diagnosis and therapy.</a> Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9, 1323 (2018).</li><li>Howe, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+zebrafish+reference+genome+sequence+and+its+relationship+to+the+human+genome.">The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome.</a> Nature. 496 (7446), 498-503 (2013).</li><li>Wiley, D. S., Redfield, S. E., Zon, L. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+screening+in+zebrafish+for+novel+biological+and+therapeutic+discovery.">Chemical screening in zebrafish for novel biological and therapeutic discovery.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 138, 651-679 (2017).</li><li>Bambino, K., Chu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+in+toxicology+and+environmental+health.">Zebrafish in toxicology and environmental health.</a> Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 124, 331-367 (2017).</li><li>Rubinstein, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+assays+for+drug+toxicity+screening.">Zebrafish assays for drug toxicity screening.</a> Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism &amp; Toxicology. 2 (2), 231-240 (2006).</li><li>Cassar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+zebrafish+in+drug+discovery+toxicology.">Use of zebrafish in drug discovery toxicology.</a> Chemical Research in Toxicology. 33 (1), 95-118 (2020).</li><li>Westerfield, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The zebrafish book. A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). 4th edition. , (2000).</li><li>Material safety data sheet: cisplatin injection). Pfizer Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/products/material_safety_data/PZ01470.pdf">https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/products/material_safety_data/PZ01470.pdf</a> (2011)</li><li>Nasiadka, A., Clark, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+breeding+in+the+laboratory+environment.">Zebrafish breeding in the laboratory environment.</a> ILAR Journal. 53 (2), 161-168 (2012).</li><li>OECD. Test No. 236: Fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-236-fish-embryo-acute-toxicity-fet-test_9789264203709-en">https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-236-fish-embryo-acute-toxicity-fet-test_9789264203709-en</a> (2013)</li><li>EMD Millipore Corporation. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet:+OmniTrace+Nitric+Acid.">Material Safety Data Sheet: OmniTrace Nitric Acid.</a> EMD Millipore Corporation. , (2013).</li><li>Safety data sheet: Hydrogen peroxide 30% Suprapur. EMD Millipore Corporation Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.merckmillipore.com/IN/en/product/Hydrogen-peroxide-300-0">https://www.merckmillipore.com/IN/en/product/Hydrogen-peroxide-300-0</a> (2014)</li><li>Karas, B. 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Toxicology &amp; Pharmacology: CBP. 153 (1), 91-98 (2011).</li><li>Mandrell, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+zebrafish+chorion+removal+and+single+embryo+placement:+optimizing+throughput+of+zebrafish+developmental+toxicity+screens.">Automated zebrafish chorion removal and single embryo placement: optimizing throughput of zebrafish developmental toxicity screens.</a> Journal of Laboratory Automation. 17 (1), 66-74 (2012).</li><li>Karas, B. F., Hotz, J. M., Buckley, B. T., Cooper, K. 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The protocol described here has been implemented to determine the delivery and uptake of metal-based anticancer drugs containing either Pt or Ru. Although these methods have already been published, this protocol discusses important considerations and details to adapt this methodology for a range of compounds. The OECD protocol coupled with tissue digestion and ICPMS analysis allowed us to determine that PMC79 was more potent than cisplatin and resulted in disparate tissue accumulation, suggesting separate mechanisms. Fur...

Metals and metal-based compounds continue to have pharmacological and toxicological relevance. The prevalence of heavy metal exposure and its impact on health has exponentially increased scientific investigation since the 1960s and reached an all-time high in 2021. The concentrations of heavy metals in drinking water, air pollution, and occupational exposure exceeds regulatory limits worldwide and remain an issue for arsenic, cadmium, mercury, chromium, lead, and other metals. Novel methods to quantify environmental exposure and analyze pathological development continue to be in high demand1,2,3.
Conversely, the medical field has harnessed the physiochemical properties of various metals for clinical treatment. Metal-based drugs or metallodrugs have a rich history of medicinal purposes and have shown activity against a range of diseases, with the highest success as chemotherapeutics4. The most famous of metallodrugs, cisplatin, is a Pt-based anticancer drug deemed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the world&#39;s essential drugs5. In 2010, cisplatin and its Pt derivatives had up to a 90% success rate in several cancers and were used in approximately 50% of chemotherapy regimens6,7,8. Although Pt-based chemotherapeutics have had irrefutable success, the dose-limiting toxicity has set in motion investigations of alternative metal-based drugs with refined biological delivery and activity. Of these alternatives, Ru-based compounds have become the most popular9,10,11,12.
Novel models and methodology are required to keep pace with the rate of need for metal pharmaco- and toxicokinetic studies. The zebrafish model lies at the intersection of complexity and throughput, being a high-fecundity vertebrate with 70% conserved gene homology13. This model has been an asset in pharmacology and toxicology, with extensive screenings for various compounds for lead discovery, target identification, and mechanistic activity14,15,16,17. However, high-throughput screening of chemicals typically relies on waterborne exposures. Given that uptake can be variable based on the physicochemical properties of the compound in solution (i.e., photodegradation, solubility), this can be a major limitation of correlating dose delivery and response.
To overcome this limitation for comparison of dose to higher vertebrates, a methodology was designed to analyze trace metal concentrations in zebrafish larval tissue. Here, dose-response curves of lethal and sublethal endpoints were evaluated for cisplatin and novel Ru-based anticancer compounds. Lethality and delayed hatching were evaluated for nominal concentrations of 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/L cisplatin. Pt accumulation in organism tissue was determined by ICPMS analysis, and organism uptake of respective doses were 0.05, 8.7, 23.5, 59.9, 193.2, and 461.9 ng (Pt) per organism. Additionally, zebrafish larvae were exposed to 0, 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, 12.4 mg/L of PMC79. These concentrations were analytically determined to contain 0, 0.17, 0.44, 0.66, and 0.76 mg/L of Ru. This protocol also allowed for the distinguishment of concentrations of Pt sequestered in the chorion of the larvae compared with the zebrafish tissue. This methodology was able to provide reliable, robust data for comparisons of pharmaco- and toxicokinetic activity between a well-established chemotherapeutic and a novel compound. This method can be applied to a wide range of metals and metal-based compounds.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AB Strain Zebrafish (Danio reri)</td>
			<td>Zebrafish International Resource Center</td>
			<td>Wild-Type AB</td>
			<td>Wild-Type AB Zebrafish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACS Grade Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>VWR BDH Chemicals</td>
			<td>BDH3130-2.5LP</td>
			<td>Nitric Acid (68-70%); used to make 10% HNO3 acid-bath solution for soaking/pre-celaning centrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aquatox Fish Diet (Flake)</td>
			<td>Zeigler Bros, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Flake food to be mixed in a 1:4 ratio of Aquatox Fish Diet to TetraMin Tropical Flakes and used as feed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Artemia cysts, brine shrimp</td>
			<td>PentairAES</td>
			<td>BS90</td>
			<td>Brine shrimp eggs sold in 15-ozz, vacuum-packed cans to be hatched and used as feed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ASX-510 Autosampler for ICPMS</td>
			<td>Teledyne CETAC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Automatic sampler with conifgurable XYZ movement, flowing rinse station, and 0.3 mm inner dimension probe. Compatible with Nu AttoLab software for programmable batch analyses.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>CL 2</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific CL 2 compact benchtop centrifuge with variable speed range up to 5200 rpm; used to bring sample and acid condensate to the bottom of the centrifuge tube bewteen microwave digestion intervals; aids in sample retention</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21008-105</td>
			<td>Ultra high performance polypropylene centrifuge tubes with flat cap; 15 mL volume; leak-proof with conical bottom</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Class A Clear Glass Threaded Vials</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>03-339-25B</td>
			<td>Individual glass vials for exposure containment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td>Solvent or vehicle for hydrophobic compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed Speed Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10153-834</td>
			<td>Vortex mixer; used to homogenize sample after acid digestion and dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Purity Hydrogen Peroxide</td>
			<td>Merk KGaA, EDM Millipore</td>
			<td>1.07298.0250</td>
			<td>Suprapur Hydrogen peroxide (30%); used for sample digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Purity Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>EDM Millipore</td>
			<td>NX0408-2</td>
			<td>Omni Trace Ultra Nitric Acid (69%); used for sample digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instant Ocean Sea Salt</td>
			<td>Spectrum Brands, Inc.</td>
			<td>Instant Ocean&#174; Sea Salt</td>
			<td>Egg water solution contains instand ocean sea salt with a final concentration of 60 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mars X Microwave Digestion System</td>
			<td>CEM, Matthews, NC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microwave acid digestion system used to digest and homogenize samples under uniform conditions. For this methodology the open vessel digestion method was completed using single-use polypropylene centrifuge tubes at low power (300 W).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-element Solution 3</td>
			<td>SPEX CertiPREP</td>
			<td>CLMS-3</td>
			<td>Contains 10 mg/L Au, Hf, Ir, Pd, Pt, Fu, Sb, Sr, Te, Sn in 10% HCl/1% HNO3; used as a quality control standard for Pt and Ru analyses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nu Instruments AttoM High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (HR-ICP-MS)</td>
			<td>Nu Instruments/Amatek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Double focussing magnetic sector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer with flexible low to high resolution slit system, and dynamic range detector system. Data processing and quantification is done using NuQuant companion software.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum (Pt) standard solution, NIST 3140</td>
			<td>National Institute of Standards and Technology</td>
			<td>3140</td>
			<td>Prepared from ampoule containing 9.996 mg/g Pt in 10% HCl; ; used as a quality control standard for Pt analyses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum (Pt) standard solution, single-element</td>
			<td>High Purity Standards</td>
			<td>100040-2</td>
			<td>Contains 1000 mg/L Pt in 5% HCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruthenium (Ru) standard solution, single-element</td>
			<td>High Purity Standards</td>
			<td>100046-2</td>
			<td>Contains 1000 mg/L Ru in 2% HCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TetraMin Tropical Flakes</td>
			<td>Tetra</td>
			<td>77101</td>
			<td>Flake food to be mixed in a 1:4 ratio of Aquatox Fish Diet to TetraMin Tropical Flakes and used as feed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trace Metal Grade Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>VWR BDH Chemicals</td>
			<td>87003-261</td>
			<td>Aristar Plus Nitric Acid (67-70%); used for rinse solution in ASX-510 Autosampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic water bath</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>B2500A-DTH</td>
			<td>Ultrasonic water bath used to aid in acid digestion prior to microwave digestion</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dose uptake of platinum- and ruthenium-based compound exposure in zebrafish by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with broader applications

Metals and metal-based compounds comprise multifarious pharmaco-active and toxicological xenobiotics. From heavy metal toxicity to chemotherapeutics, the toxicokinetics of these compounds have both historical and modern-day relevance. Zebrafish have become an attractive model organism in elucidating pharmaco- and toxicokinetics in environmental exposure and clinical translation studies. Although zebrafish studies have the benefit of being higher-throughput than rodent models, there are several significant constraints to the model.
One such limitation is inherent in the waterborne dosing regimen. Water concentrations from these studies cannot be extrapolated to provide reliable internal dosages. Direct measurements of the metal-based compounds allow for a better correlation with compound-related molecular and biological responses. To overcome this limitation for metals and metal-based compounds, a technique was developed to digest zebrafish larval tissue after exposure and quantify metal concentrations within tissue samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS).
ICPMS methods were used to determine the metal concentrations of platinum (Pt) from cisplatin and ruthenium (Ru) from several novel Ru-based chemotherapeutics in zebrafish tissue. Additionally, this protocol distinguished concentrations of Pt that were sequestered in the chorion of the larval compared with the zebrafish tissue. These results indicate that this method can be applied to quantitate the metal dose present in larval tissues. Further, this method may be adjusted to identify specific metals or metal-based compounds in a broad range of exposure and dosing studies.

These results have been previously published24. Tissue uptake studies were conducted with waterborne exposures of cisplatin and a novel Ru-based anticancer compound, PMC79. Lethality and delayed hatching were evaluated for nominal concentrations of cisplatin 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg/L cisplatin. Pt accumulation in organism tissue was determined by ICPMS analysis, and organism tissue contained respective doses of 0.05, 8.7, 23.5, 59.9, 193.2, and 461.9 ng (Pt) per organism (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dose Uptake of Platinum- and Ruthenium-based Compound Exposure in Zebrafish by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Broader Applications at JoVE.

Dose Uptake of Platinum- and Ruthenium-based Compound Exposure in Zebrafish by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry with Broader Applications

The increased rate of pharmaco- and toxicokinetic analyses of metals and metal-based compounds in zebrafish can be advantageous for environmental and clinical translation studies. The limitation of unknown waterborne exposure uptake was overcome by conducting trace metal analysis on digested zebrafish tissue using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Metals and metal-based compounds comprise multifarious pharmaco-active and toxicological xenobiotics. From heavy metal toxicity to chemotherapeutics, the ...

Zebrafish are an attractive model, but scientists don't know how much the organism is uptaking with waterborne dosing. We developed a technique to digest tissue after exposure and quantify metals via ICPMS. This technique allows us to accurately quantify and validate the dose response using ICPMS.This method has a lot of potential. Pharmacological or environmental metal exposures can be applied from the cellular level all the way to entire organ systems in animal models. Add approximately 0.25 milliliters of high purity nitric acid to the 15 milliliter polypropylene centrifuge tubes for up to 10 larvae.Ultrasonicate for one hour to predigests the samples. For ultrasonication, perform short cycles of tissue digestion with five minute intervals in an acid safe microwave digester until all tissue is visibly oxidized, producing a uniform, clear yellow solution. Monitor the integrity of the tubes carefully to avoid rupture and conduct short spins in the centrifuge between cycles.Once the tissue is visibly oxidized, dilute the samples in a fume hood to 3.5%nitric acid using 6.75 milliliters of high purity water and vortex to mix thoroughly. Then to conduct a matrix-matched, 7-point calibration curve to account for any potential isobaric interferences. Using a stock concentration of the aqueous certified elemental standard, take a 0.1 milliliter aliquot, and by pipet into a new 15 milliliter centrifuge tube.Dilute with 3.5%nitric acid to a final volume of 10 milliliters to produce 10 parts per billion standard solutions. Using the 10 parts per billion stock, make the serial dilutions 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 parts per billion standard solutions in 3.5%nitric acid. Using the 0.1 stock, make the serial dilutions 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01 parts per billion standard solutions in 3.5%nitric acid.Then before preparing the ICPMS instrument for sample analysis, ensure that the argon gas valve is open, all tubing is securely connected and clean, 5%nitric acid is open for rinsing tubing and glassware between sample analyses. Check the condition of the torch and cones and ensure that the torch box is securely latched. And the spray chamber drainage tube is connected correctly to the peripump.Open the software, check the vacuum readings, and ensure all turbo pumps are running at 100%Click START in the Plasma Control system status window to initiate the start sequence. Turn on the plasma pump and plasma chiller, perch the nebulizer and light the plasma. Wait for the plasma to be lit and stable when the Status window indicates that the startup sequence is complete.At this point, observe the green dots on the system state window that indicate that all power supplies are on. In the menu bar, click on Control, Autosampler in the dropdown menu. Enter the autosampler rack position for the tube containing 5%nitric acid, allow the acid to enter the plasma.In the menu bar, click on Scans, Magnet in the dropdown menu. In the MagnetScan window, type 115 into the Marker Mass Position and click enter. Allow the magnet to scan across the mass range for 30 minutes while the instrument warms up.After 30 minutes, use the autosampler control to move to the position of a one parts per billion multielement tuning solution. Aspirate the tuning solution and tune the instrument to optimize the signal reading. Adjust the torch position for X, Y, Z coordinates, such that the torch aligns with the center of the cones and nebulizer flow rate in the Plasma Control window.Make the necessary adjustments in the Ion Optics Tuning window for the Source, Detector, and Analyzer. Once the signal reading is optimized, click Stop in the Magnet Scan window, click Calibrate Magnet and select a Low Resolution in the popup window. Click OK And open the Mass Calibration smc file to calibrate the magnet.Click Save, Use to apply the current magnet calibration to the analyses. When measuring unknown samples with a huge range of concentrations, perform a detector calibration to compare ion pulse count signals at low concentrations to attenuated ion signals produced at higher concentrations. Initiate sample analysis by clicking on Data Acquisition, then click on Method Setup in the dropdown menu.Use an existing method provided by the manufacturer or create a method based on the elements of interest. If necessary, adjust the Analysis Mode, Dwell Time, Switch Delay, Number of Sweeps and Cycles, Resolution, Detection Mode and the Park Mass for deflector settings. Click Save to record the method settings.Optimize the parameters for each metal and isotype. In the menu bar, click on Data Acquisition. Click on Batch Run in the dropdown menu.Alternatively, click on the BATCH icon below the menu bar, import the batch parameters from a spreadsheet or create a sequence in the Batch Run window. Enter the sample type, the autosampler rack position, transfer time, wash time, replicates, sample ID, and method file. Arrange the batch run for standard solutions for calibration curve, followed by a quality control standard, then unknown samples.Monitor the instrument drift and sample reproducibility by including a 0.5 parts per billion quality control standard every 5 to 10 samples. Tissue uptake studies were conducted with waterborne exposures of cisplatin and a novel ruthenium-based anti-cancer compound PMC79. Lethality and delayed hatching were evaluated for nominal concentrations of cisplatin.0, 3.75, 7.5 15, 30 and 60 milligrams per liter of cisplatin. Platinum accumulation in organism tissue was determined by ICPMS analysis and organism tissue contained respective doses of 0.05, 8.7, 23.5, 59.9, 193.2, and 461.9 nanograms per organism. Delayed hatching was observed at all cisplatin concentrations.Post dechorionation, chorions were collected and analyzed for platinum separately. Nonlethal doses of cisplatin used for dechorionation studies determined that 93 to 96%of the total delivered dose of cisplatin had accumulated in the chorion, with the remaining dose within the larval tissue. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to 0, 3.1, 6.2, 9.2, and 12.4 milligrams per liter of PMC79.These concentrations were analytically determined to contain 0, 0.17, 0.44, 0.66, and 0.76 milligrams per liter of ruthenium. Unlike this cisplatin, delayed hatching was not observed in the PMC79 exposed larvae. Chorions were not included in ruthenium analysis as they naturally degraded prior to larval collection.The massive metal within larval tissues analyzed at each concentration was 0.19, 0.41, and 0.68 nanograms of ruthenium per larva. Any of the reagents added to the exposure protocol give the potential for isobaric interferences. When possible, consider alternatives like rapid cooling compared to tricaine.This method allows metal dose quantification for toxicity, efficacy, experiments to be compared across higher vertebrates. We were especially excited that our threshold dose was within an order of magnitude given to patients.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high ...

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Visualization of Ambient Mass Spectrometry with the Use of Schlieren Photography

This manuscript outlines how to visualize mass spectrometry ambient ionization sources using schlieren photography. In order to properly optimize the mass ...

A Practical Guide on Coupling a Scanning Mobility Sizer and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (SMPS-ICPMS)

A Practical Guide on Coupling a Scanning Mobility Sizer and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer SMPS-ICPMS

A large variety of analytical methods are available to characterize particles in aerosols and suspensions. The choice of the appropriate technique depends ...

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental ...

Synthesis and Evaluation of a Ruthenium-based Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor

We detail the synthesis and purification of a mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, [(OH2)(NH3)4Ru(&#181;-O)Ru(NH3)4(OH2)]5+. The optimized synthesis of ...

Analyzing Protein Architectures and Protein-Ligand Complexes by Integrative Structural Mass Spectrometry

Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules that play many key roles in cellular functions including gene expression, catalyzing ...

Integrated Cell Manipulation Platform Coupled with the Single-probe for Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites in Single Suspension Cells

Single cell mass spectrometry (SCMS) enables sensitive detection and accurate analysis of broad ranges of cellular species on the individual-cell level. ...

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry CE-ICP-MS for Quantification of Iron Redox Species FeII, FeIII

Dyshomeostasis of iron metabolism is accounted in the pathophysiological framework of numerous diseases, including cancer and several neurodegenerative ...