Source: Robert M. Rioux & Suprita Jharimune, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

Earth's gravitational force is capable of separating heterogeneous mixtures. However, many systems avert this type of separation owing to the length of time usually required in such cases. Centrifugation is one of the most powerful tools for the separation of heterogeneous mixtures¹. It involves the application of centripetal force for sedimentation of the heavier phase, leading to separation of the two phases, and is a commonly used technique in industrial and laboratory settings.

In a typical centrifugation process, particles suspended in a fluid are spun about the centrifuge axis of rotation, causing a force away from the axis. This force drives the particles to the bottom of the centrifuge sample holder at a rate which is dependent on the size and density of the particles. Centrifugation is therefore a technique to speed up the process of sedimentation.

To ensure safety in the usage of a centrifuge, the user should be properly trained and made aware of the hazards that might result from its usage. The following sections present a discussion of handling and safety while working with centrifuges.