Name: microinjection techniques for studying mitosis in the drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo
Uploaded: 2009-09-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo at JoVE.com

此协议是目前使用在我们的实验室，多年来一直细化很多人，包括博士大卫夏普，Mijung跆拳道，派翠吉雅Sommi，Dhanya Cheerambathur。我们感谢条例草案“沙利文博士（UCSC）提供优秀的意见，我们的操纵和早期果蝇胚胎显微注射时，我们在这个系统中的工作正在启动（注释13 ）。我们感谢所​​有成员的Scholey实验室。我们在果蝇有丝分裂的工作是由美国国立卫生研究院授予GM55507支持。

食谱： 葡萄汁板： <ul><li> 5.5克细菌用琼脂</li><li> 14.5克葡萄糖或葡萄糖</li><li> 7.15 g蔗糖</li><li> 45毫升葡萄浓缩汁（100％纯果汁）。 </li><li> 204.5毫升H 2 0 </li><li> 625μL10N氢氧化钠</li></ul>沸腾混合，直到所有的成分和微波。 添加2.8毫升混合酸（酸混合：丙酸20.9毫升，2.1毫升磷酸，27毫升H 2 0） 混合，倒到35毫米的培养皿...

<ol>
	<li>Brust-Mascher, I., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitotic+spindle+dynamics+in+Drosophila.">Mitotic spindle dynamics in Drosophila.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 259, 139-172 (2007).</li><li>Duffy, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GAL4+system+in+Drosophila:+a+fly+geneticist's+Swiss+army+knife.">GAL4 system in Drosophila: a fly geneticist's Swiss army knife.</a> Genesis. 34, 1-15 (2002).</li><li>Morris, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+methods+for+analyzing+the+functions+of+kinesins+in+early+embryos.">Microinjection methods for analyzing the functions of kinesins in early embryos.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 164, 163-172 (2001).</li><li>Brust-Mascher, I., Sommi, P., Cheerambathur, D. K., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinesin-5-dependent+poleward+flux+and+spindle+length+control+in+Drosophila+embryo+mitosis.">Kinesin-5-dependent poleward flux and spindle length control in Drosophila embryo mitosis.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 20, 1749-1762 (2009).</li><li>Brust-Mascher, I., Civelekoglu-Scholey, G., Kwon, M., Mogilner, A., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+for+anaphase+B:+role+of+three+mitotic+motors+in+a+switch+from+poleward+flux+to+spindle+elongation.">Model for anaphase B: role of three mitotic motors in a switch from poleward flux to spindle elongation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 15938-15943 (2004).</li><li>Brust-Mascher, I., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+flux+and+sliding+in+mitotic+spindles+of+Drosophila+embryos.">Microtubule flux and sliding in mitotic spindles of Drosophila embryos.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 13, 3967-3975 (2002).</li><li>Cheerambathur, D. K., Brust-Mascher, I., Civelekoglu-Scholey, G., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+partitioning+of+mitotic+kinesin-5+crosslinkers+between+microtubule-bound+and+freely+diffusing+states.">Dynamic partitioning of mitotic kinesin-5 crosslinkers between microtubule-bound and freely diffusing states.</a> J Cell Biol. 182, 421-428 (2008).</li><li>Cheerambathur, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+an+anaphase+B+switch:+predicted+role+for+a+microtubule+catastrophe+gradient.">Quantitative analysis of an anaphase B switch: predicted role for a microtubule catastrophe gradient.</a> J Cell Biol. 177, 995-1004 (2007).</li><li>Kwon, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chromokinesin,+KLP3A,+dives+mitotic+spindle+pole+separation+during+prometaphase+and+anaphase+and+facilitates+chromatid+motility.">The chromokinesin, KLP3A, dives mitotic spindle pole separation during prometaphase and anaphase and facilitates chromatid motility.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 15, 219-233 (2004).</li><li>Sharp, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+coordination+of+three+mitotic+motors+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Functional coordination of three mitotic motors in Drosophila embryos.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 11, 241-253 (2000).</li><li>Sharp, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bipolar+kinesin,+KLP61F,+cross-links+microtubules+within+interpolar+microtubule+bundles+of+Drosophila+embryonic+mitotic+spindles.">The bipolar kinesin, KLP61F, cross-links microtubules within interpolar microtubule bundles of Drosophila embryonic mitotic spindles.</a> J Cell Biol. 144, 125-138 (1999).</li><li>Sharp, D. J., Rogers, G. C., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+dynein+is+required+for+poleward+chromosome+movement+during+mitosis+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Cytoplasmic dynein is required for poleward chromosome movement during mitosis in Drosophila embryos.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 2, 922-930 (2000).</li><li>Sharp, D. J., Yu, K. R., Sisson, J. C., Sullivan, W., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antagonistic+microtubule-sliding+motors+position+mitotic+centrosomes+in+Drosophila+early+embryos.">Antagonistic microtubule-sliding motors position mitotic centrosomes in Drosophila early embryos.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 1, 51-54 (1999).</li><li>Waterman-Storer, C. M., Desai, A., Bulinski, J. C., Salmon, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+speckle+microscopy,+a+method+to+visualize+the+dynamics+of+protein+assemblies+in+living+cells.">Fluorescent speckle microscopy, a method to visualize the dynamics of protein assemblies in living cells.</a> Curr Biol. 8, 1227-1230 (1998).</li></ol>

此协议相对简单，但是，每一步都需要练习，以确保胚胎不被损坏。总是需要做的工作，以确保获得可靠的结果，正在认真对照实验。通过显微注射到缓冲区或若丹明微管蛋白表达GFP -微管蛋白的控制，以确保有丝分裂的收益，通过所有周期通常在胚胎表面（周期10至13）的胚胎开始，这是一个好办法。在控制胚胎，你不应该观察主轴之间的任何物理连接，这往往是导致过多脱水，所以较低的脱水?...

microinjection techniques for studying mitosis in the drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo

本协议描述了果蝇合胞胚胎的研究有丝分裂 1的使用 。果蝇有用的基因序列的基因组，它可以很容易地维护和操纵。许多有丝分裂突变体的存在，并且已经和正在产生荧光表达功能（如GFP）的转基因果蝇 - 标记的有丝分裂的蛋白质。有针对性的基因表达是可以使用GAL4/UAS系统2。 果蝇的早期胚胎进行多个有丝分裂非常迅速（细胞周期的持续时间，≈10分钟）。它非常适合成像有丝分裂，因为在周期10-13，原子核分裂迅速，不干预在胚胎表面胞质在下方的皮质单单层同步。这些迅速分裂的细胞核可能使用其他细胞的有丝分裂机械，但他们对速度进行了优化;检查点一般认为不严格，允许的情况下会导致细胞周期阻滞细胞具有较强的检查站有丝分裂蛋白的研究。胚胎表达绿色荧光蛋白标记的蛋白或注射荧光标记的蛋白质，可以很容易地成像遵循生活动态（图1）。此外，显微注射胚胎可以阻断功能的特定蛋白的抗体或抑制剂， 研究其功能3的损失或扰动的影响。这些试剂可以弥漫整个胚胎，达成许多纱锭产生抑制剂的浓度梯度，而这反过来导致在一个渐变的突变的等位基因系列相媲美的缺陷。理想的情况下，如果目标蛋白的荧光标记，抑制梯度可以直接可视化4。据推测，最强的表型是空​​的表型相媲美，虽然这是很难正式排除这样的可能性，该抗体可能有在极少数情况下，如此严格的控制和谨慎的解释占主导地位的影响，必须应用。进一步远离注射部位，蛋白质的功能是只有部分丧失使靶蛋白的其他功能才能显现。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo at JoVE.com

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

本协议描述了利用显微注射和高分辨率成像<em&gt;果蝇</em合胞体胚胎研究有丝分裂。

研究有丝分裂的显微注射技术果蝇合胞体胚胎

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

在果蝇幼虫中枢神经系统的剖析

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

科研

生物学

Studying Aggression in Drosophila (fruit flies)

Studying Aggression in Drosophila fruit flies

学习在果蝇的侵略（果蝇）

Aggression is an innate behavior that evolved in the framework of defending or obtaining resources.  This complex social behavior is influenced by ...

High-Resolution Video Tracking of Locomotion in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

高分辨率视频跟踪移动的，在成年果蝇。

Flies provide an important model for studying complex behavior due to the plethora of genetic tools available to researchers in this field.  Studying ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

Electrophysiological Recording in the Drosophila Embryo

在电生理记录果蝇胚胎

Drosophila is a premier genetic model for the study of both embryonic development and functional neuroscience. Traditionally, these fields are quite ...

Monitoring Heart Function in Larval Drosophila melanogaster for Physiological Studies

Monitoring Heart Function in Larval Drosophila melanogaster for Physiological Studies

在幼虫的监测心脏功能果蝇生理研究

We present various methods to record cardiac function in the larval Drosophila. The approaches allow heart rate to be measured in unrestrained  and  ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

膜片钳和灌注技术研究离子通道的表达爪蟾卵母细胞

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

龙虎斗动粒蛋白的动态行为与染色体运动，在生活学习有丝分裂关卡<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;合胞胚胎

The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) mechanism is an active signal, which monitors the interaction between chromosome kinetochores and spindle ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

寿命测量<em&gt;果蝇</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

通过影像学的蛹壳<em&gt;果蝇</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster

增强Northern印迹检测小RNA种类的<em&gt;果蝇</em

The last decades have witnessed the explosion of scientific interest around gene expression control mechanisms at the RNA level. This branch of molecular ...