Name: studying synaptic vesicle pools using photoconversion of styryl dyes
Uploaded: 2010-02-15T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes at JoVE.com

1) ड्रोसोफिला मेलानोगास्टर neuronal पेशी जंक्शन तैयार (NMJ) <ol><li> तैयार मानक ड्रोसोफिला खारा (130 मिमी NaCl, 36 मिमी sucrose, 5 मिमी KCl, 2 मिमी 2 CaCl, 2 मिमी 2 MgCl, 5 मिमी Hepes, 7.3 पीएच 4. </li><li> खारा (1.1) में तैयारी काटना. ड्रोसोफिला ?...

<ol>
	<li>Betz, W. J., Bewick, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+analysis+of+synaptic+vesicle+recycling+at+the+frog+neuromuscular+junction.">Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction.</a> Science. 255, 200-203 (1992).</li><li>Henkel, A. W., L&#252;bke, J., Betz, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FM1-43+dye+ultrastructural+localization+in+and+release+from+frog+motor+nerve+terminals.">FM1-43 dye ultrastructural localization in and release from frog motor nerve terminals.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93, 1918-1923 (1996).</li><li>Sandell, J. H., Masland, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoconversion+of+some+fluorescent+markers+to+a+diaminobenzidine+product.">Photoconversion of some fluorescent markers to a diaminobenzidine product.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 36, 555-559 (1988).</li><li>Kuromi, H., Kidokoro, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+optically+determined+size+of+exo/endo+cycling+vesicle+pool+correlates+with+the+quantal+content+at+the+neuromuscular+junction+of+Drosophila+larvae.">The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurosci. 19, 1557-1565 (1999).</li><li>Denker, A., Kr&#246;hnert, K., Rizzoli, S. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+synaptic+vesicle+pool+localization+in+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">Revisiting synaptic vesicle pool localization in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> J Physiol (Lond). 587, 2919-2926 (2009).</li><li>Rizzoli, S. O., Betz, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structural+organization+of+the+readily+releasable+pool+of+synaptic+vesicles.">The structural organization of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles.</a> Science. 303, 2037-2039 (2004).</li><li>Darcy, K. J., Staras, K., Collinson, L. M., Goda, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constitutive+sharing+of+recycling+synaptic+vesicles+between+presynaptic+boutons.">Constitutive sharing of recycling synaptic vesicles between presynaptic boutons.</a> Nat Neurosci. 9, 315-321 (2006).</li><li>Harata, N., Ryan, T. A., Smith, S. J., Buchanan, J., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+recycling+synaptic+vesicles+in+hippocampal+neurons+by+FM1-43+photoconversion.">Visualizing recycling synaptic vesicles in hippocampal neurons by FM1-43 photoconversion.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98, 12748-12753 (2001).</li><li>Lange, R. P. J. d. e., de Roos, A. D. G., Borst, J. G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+modes+of+vesicle+recycling+in+the+rat+calyx+of+Held.">Two modes of vesicle recycling in the rat calyx of Held.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 10164-10173 (2003).</li><li>Richards, D. A., Guatimosim, C., Rizzoli, S. O., Betz, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+vesicle+pools+at+the+frog+neuromuscular+junction.">Synaptic vesicle pools at the frog neuromuscular junction.</a> Neuron. 39, 529-541 (2003).</li></ol>

कुछ महत्वपूर्ण कदम ध्यान में रखा जाना चाहिए: <ul><li> थपका ऊष्मायन तैयारियाँ पूरी तरह से और धोने और शमन के बाद ही किया जाना चाहिए. अन्यथा गैर - प्रतिक्रिया व्यक्त glutaraldehyde थपका के साथ बातचीत और उसके वर्षा के का?...

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studying synaptic vesicle pools using photoconversion of styryl dyes

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The vesicles are then retrieved from the plasma membrane (endocytosis) and grouped together with the general pool of vesicles within the nerve terminal, until they undergo a new exo- and endocytosis cycle (vesicle recycling). These processes have been studied using a variety of techniques such as electron microscopy, electrophysiology recordings, amperometry and capacitance measurements. Importantly, during the last two decades a number of fluorescently labeled markers emerged, allowing optical techniques to track vesicles in their recycling dynamics. One of the most commonly used markers is the styryl or FM dye 1; structurally, all FM dyes contain a hydrophilic head and a lipophilic tail connected through an aromatic ring and one or more double bonds (Fig. 1B). A classical FM dye experiment to label a pool of vesicles consists in bathing the preparation (Fig. 1Ai) with the dye during the stimulation of the nerve (electrically or with high K+). This induces vesicle recycling and the subsequent loading of the dye into recently endocytosed vesicles (Fig. 1Ai-iii). After loading the vesicles with dye, a second round of stimulation in a dye-free bath would trigger the FM release through exocytosis (Fig. 1Aiv-v), process that can be followed by monitoring the fluorescence intensity decrease (destaining).

Although FM dyes have contributed greatly to the field of vesicle recycling, it is not possible to determine the exact localization or morphology of individual vesicles by using conventional fluorescence microscopy. For that reason, we explain here how FM dyes can also be used as endocytic markers using electron microscopy, through photoconversion. The photoconversion technique exploits the property of fluorescent dyes to generate reactive oxygen species under intense illumination. Fluorescently labeled preparations are submerged in a solution containing diaminobenzidine (DAB) and illuminated. Reactive species generated by the dye molecules oxidize the DAB, which forms a stable, insoluble precipitate that has a dark appearance and can be easily distinguished in electron microscopy 2,3. As DAB is only oxidized in the immediate vicinity of fluorescent molecules (as the reactive oxygen species are short-lived), the technique ensures that only fluorescently labeled structures are going to contain the electron-dense precipitate. The technique thus allows the study of the exact location and morphology of actively recycling organelles.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes at JoVE.com

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

एफएम रंजक अमूल्य मदद की synaptic गतिशीलता को समझने में किया गया है. एफएमएस अलग उत्तेजना की स्थिति के दौरान सामान्य फ्लोरोसेंट खुर्दबीन के नीचे पीछा कर रहे हैं. हालांकि, एफएम इलेक्ट्रॉन माइक्रोस्कोपी के साथ संयुक्त रंगों के photoconversion अलग synaptic पुटिका पूल के दृश्य की अनुमति देता है, अन्य ultrastructure घटकों के बीच synaptic BOUTONS में,.

Synaptic पुटिका Styryl रंगों की Photoconversion का उपयोग ताल का अध्ययन

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The ...

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Neuroscience

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

संवर्धित अनुमस्तिष्क ग्रेन्युल न्यूरॉन्स एफएम रंगों का उपयोग करने में Synaptic पुटिका पूल पुनःपूर्ति के मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

के लेटरल और सभ्य न्यूरॉन्स में झिल्ली प्रोटीन का प्रसार exocytosis प्रतिदीप्ति रिकवरी और प्रतिदीप्ति नुकसान Photobleaching का उपयोग मूल्यांकन

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

पैदा की, सहज, और लघु Synaptic गतिविधियों के दौरान एफएम रंगों का उपयोग synaptic पुटिका रीसाइक्लिंग के परीक्षा

Synaptic vesicles in functional nerve terminals undergo exocytosis and endocytosis. This synaptic vesicle recycling can be effectively analyzed using ...

Deriving the Time Course of Glutamate Clearance with a Deconvolution Analysis of Astrocytic Transporter Currents

Astrocytic ट्रांसपोर्टर धाराओं के एक Deconvolution विश्लेषण के साथ ग्लूटामेट क्लीयरेंस का टाइम कोर्स पाने

The highest density of glutamate transporters in the brain is found in astrocytes. Glutamate transporters couple the movement of glutamate across the ...

Preparation of Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Proteins Using a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient

एक असंतत सुक्रोज ढाल का उपयोग Synaptic प्लाज्मा झिल्ली और postsynaptic घनत्व प्रोटीन की तैयारी

Neuronal subcellular fractionation techniques allow the quantification of proteins that are trafficked to and from the synapse. As originally described in ...

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

कल्चरल हिप्पोकैम्पस न्यूरॉन्स में Synaptic पुटिका Endocytosis को मापने

During endocytosis, fused synaptic vesicles are retrieved at nerve terminals, allowing for vesicle recycling and thus the maintenance of synaptic ...

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

तेज, सरल, और सस्ती AWESAM प्रोटोकॉल का उपयोग कर Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes मेंसंवर्धन

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like ...

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

कृत्रिम microRNAs के साथ Optogenetics का मेल करने के लिए बरकरार न्यूरॉन सर्किट के भीतर Presynaptic समारोह पर जीन पछाड़ना के प्रभाव की विशेषता

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

कल्चरल न्यूरॉन्स में Synaptic पुटिका रीसाइक्लिंग के लिए एक ऑप्टिकल परख Presynaptic प्रोटीन को व्यक्त

At active presynaptic nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles undergo cycles of exo- and endocytosis. During recycling, the luminal domains of SV transmembrane ...

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

पूरे सेल पैच का उपयोग कर Synaptic बहुलता का मूल्यांकन-क्लैंप इलेक्ट्रोफिजियोलॉजी

In the central nervous system, a pair of neurons often form&#160;multiple synaptic contacts and/or functional neurotransmitter release sites (synaptic ...