Name: Preparação de Metabólitos a partir de Holobionte de Coral, Tecido Hospedeiro de Coral Separado e Células de Symbiodiniaceae para Análise por Cromatografia Gasosa e Espectrometria de Massas
Uploaded: 2023-10-13T13:30:00
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preparation of metabolites from a coral holobiont, separated coral host tissue, and symbiodiniaceae cells for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis

Perfil de metabólitos de amostras de coral duro usando GC-MS

Metabolites represent the end products of cellular processes, and metabolomics - the study of the suite of metabolites produced by a given organism or ecosystem - can provide a direct measure of organismal functioning1. This is particularly critical for exploring ecosystems, symbiotic interactions, and restoration tools, as the goal of most management strategies is to preserve (or restore) specific ecosystem service functions2. Coral reefs are one aquatic ecosystem that demonstrates the potential value of metabolomics for elucidating symbiotic interactions and linking coral physiological responses to community-level and ecosystem-level impacts3. The application of high-throughput gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is especially valued due to its capacity to rapidly analyze a broad range of metabolite classes simultaneously with high selectivity and sensitivity, provide rapid compound identification when spectral libraries are available, and provide a high level of reproducibility and accuracy, with a relatively low cost per sample.
Corals are holobionts consisting of the coral animal, photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts (family: Symbiodiniaceae4), and a complex microbiome5,6. Overall, the fitness of the holobiont is maintained primarily through the exchange of small molecules and elements to support the metabolic functioning of each member7,8,9,10. Metabolomic approaches have proven especially powerful for elucidating the metabolic basis of symbiosis specificity9,11, the bleaching response to thermal stress7,8,12,13, disease responses14, pollution exposure responses15, photoacclimation16, and chemical signalling17 in corals, as well as aiding in biomarker discovery18,19. Additionally, metabolomics can provide valuable confirmation of the conclusions inferred from DNA- and RNA-based techniques9,20. There is, therefore, considerable potential for the use of metabolomics for assessing reef health and developing tools for reef conservation3, such as through the detection of metabolic biomarkers of stress18,19 and for examining the potential of active management strategies such as nutritional subsidies21.
Separating the host and symbiont cells and analyzing their metabolite profiles independently, rather than together as the holobiont, can yield more information about the partner interactions, independent physiological and metabolic statuses, and potential molecular mechanisms for adaptation11,12,22,23,24. Without separating the coral and Symbiodiniaceae, it is almost impossible to elucidate the contribution and metabolism of coral and/or Symbiodiniaceae independently, except for with complex genome reconstruction and metabolic modeling25, but this has yet to be applied to the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Furthermore, attempting to extract information about the individual metabolism of the host or algal symbiont from the metabolite profile of the holobiont can lead to misinterpretation.
For example, until recently, the presence of C18:3n-6, C18:4n-3, and C16 polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracts from coral and holobiont tissues was thought to be derived from the algal symbiont, as corals were assumed to not possess the &#969;x desaturases essential for the production of omega-3 (&#969;3) fatty acids; however, recent genomic evidence suggests that multiple cnidarians have the ability to produce &#969;3 PUFA de novo and further biosynthesize &#969;3 long-chain PUFA26. Combining GC-MS with stable isotopic labeling (e.g., 13C-bicarbonate, NaH13CO3) can be used to track the fate of photosynthetically fixed carbon through coral holobiont metabolic networks under both control conditions and in response to external stressors27,28. However, a critical step in the tracking of 13C fate is the separation of the coral tissue from the algal cells-only then can the presence of a 13C-labeled compound in the coral host fraction be unequivocally assigned as a Symbiodiniaceae-derived metabolite translocated to the coral or a downstream product of a translocated labeled compound. This technique has demonstrated its power by challenging the long-held assumption that glycerol is the primary form in which photosynthate is translocated from symbiont to host29, as well as elucidating how inter-partner nutritional flux changes during bleaching27,28 and in response to incompatible Symbiodiniaceae species11.
While the decision to separate tissues is primarily driven by the research question, the practicality, reliability, and potential metabolic impacts of this approach are important to consider. Here, we provide detailed, demonstrated methods for the extraction of metabolites from the holobiont, as well as the separate host and symbiont fractions. We compare the metabolite profiles of the host and symbiont independently and how these profiles compare to the holobiont metabolite profile.

Autor em destaque: Separação de tecidos hospedeiros de coral e simbiontes de algas e análise de seus metabólitos 

Metabolômica Direcionada Baseada em Cromatografia Gasosa e Espectrometria de Massas de Amostras de Corais Duros

As with every organism, corals depend on superlative nutrition to grow and construct reefs for immunity and reproduction and to withstand changing environmental conditions. But we know very little about optimal nutrition for corals under normal or changing conditions, and how each member of the coral holobiont contributes to this nutritional status. Corals are holobionts comprised of the host and various symbiotic microorganisms.These include Symbiodiniaceae, protists, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The fitness of the holobiont depends on the metabolic interactions between these members. For instance, Symbiodiniaceae provide photosynthate to support the host's metabolism and help it adapt to changing conditions.To understand this crucial partnership, we need to study each partner's chemical and metabolic composition separately. These findings demonstrated that more information could be obtained by separating host and symbiont fractions for metabolic analysis. However, the decision to analyze separate fractions versus the holobiont is ultimately governed by the research question.So in cases where analysis of the holobiont is preferable, we provided a methodology for holobiont metabolite extractions, and suggestions to obtain as much information as possible during analysis. The methods used in this study open up new avenues for research. These include revealing potential biomarkers, identifying key metabolites during specific life stages or stress conditions, understanding the advantages of associating with certain species, and exploring interactions within the holobiont.Future research will focus on applying the protocols established here to several research areas, including the detection of biomarkers with applications in coral reef conservation and restoration. This methodology can also be applied where the separation of fractions isn't possible for other physiological measures. For example, when analyzing volatile metabolite emissions from coral colonies.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Metabolites from a Coral Holobiont, Separated Coral Host Tissue, and Symbiodiniaceae Cells for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis at

Preparação de Metabólitos a partir de Holobionte de Coral, Tecido Hospedeiro de Coral Separado e Células de Symbiodiniaceae para Análise por Cromatografia Gasosa e Espectrometria de Massas

Para extrair metabólitos intracelulares do holobiont liofilizado adicionar 400 microlitros de metanol 100% frio com padrões internos ao holobionte liofilizado. Em seguida, adicione 10 miligramas de contas de vidro lavadas com ácido e coloque o tubo em um moinho de contas pré-refrigerado. Introduzir a 50 hertz durante três minutos.Após a lise, adicione 600 microlitros de metanol frio e vórtice por um minuto. Coloque o tubo em um agitador rotisserie a quatro graus Celsius por 30 minutos. Para extrair metabólitos de células symbiodiniacae liofilizadas separadas, adicionar 200 microlitros de metanol frio com padrões internos às células secas de symbiodiniacae.Em seguida, adicione contas de vidro lavadas com ácido e coloque o tubo em uma pastilha de moinho de contas pré-refrigerada a 50 hertz. Após três minutos, adicione 800 microlitros de metanol e vórtice por 30 segundos. Para extração de metabólitos do tecido hospedeiro liofilizado separado, adicione um mililitro de metanol frio contendo padrões internos ao material hospedeiro seco e vórtice por 20 segundos.Em seguida, coloque o tubo em um suporte de tubo flutuante para sonicação a quatro graus Celsius por 30 minutos. Em seguida, para purificação do extrato de metabólito, centrifugar todas as amostras a 3000G por 30 minutos a quatro graus Celsius. Transfira cuidadosamente o sobrenadante para um novo tubo de microcentrífuga de dois mililitros sem perturbar o pellet.Ressuspenda o pellet em um mililitro de metanol 50% frio e vórtice vigorosamente por um minuto. Centrifugar novamente, em seguida, coletar e agrupar os extratos polares sobrenadantes com os extratos semipolares da mesma amostra. Centrifugar os extratos agrupados a 16, 100G por 15 minutos para remover os precipitados.Para análise, aliquote 50 microlitros de cada extrato em uma pastilha de vidro e concentre-se usando um concentrador a vácuo por 30 minutos a 30 graus Celsius. A análise do GCMS revelou 107 metabólitos anotados em todos os tratamentos, incluindo um conjunto de aminoácidos, ácidos orgânicos, carboidratos, ácidos graxos e estéreis. K significa que o agrupamento identificou três agrupamentos distintos de amostras.As amostras de holobionte foram intermediárias entre as frações hospedeira e simbionte separadas. Embora K signifique distribuições de agrupamento, coordenadas paralelas e visualização do mapa de calor no metabólito, a abundância relativa indicou que o perfil de holobionte mais próximo do perfil da fração hospedeira diferiu significativamente dos perfis de hospedeiro e simbionte. Os perfis hospedeiro e simbionte foram significativamente distintos entre si, com 100 metabólitos individuais, significativamente diferentes entre as frações hospedeira e simbionte.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Preparation of Metabolites from a Coral Holobiont, Separated Coral Host Tissue, and Symbiodiniaceae Cells for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis