feeding pocillopora acuta with artemia nauplii

Pocillopora acutaの生息外培養と効果的な摂食技術

Many coral reef ecosystems globally are being lost and degraded as a result of high-temperature stress driven by climate change1,2. Coral bleaching (i.e., the breakdown of the coral-algal symbiosis3) was considered relatively rare in the past4 but is now occurring more frequently5, with annual bleaching expected to occur in many regions by&#160;mid to late century6,7. This shortening of the interim period between bleaching events can limit the capacity for reef resilience8. The direct impacts of high-temperature stress on coral colonies (e.g., tissue damage9; energy depletion10) are intrinsically linked to indirect impacts at the reef-scale level, of which a reduction in reproductive/recruitment capacity is of particular concern11. This has spurred a range of applied research exploring, for example, the active in situ enhancement of recruitment (e.g., reef seeding12), new technologies for scaling-up coral restoration13, and the simulation of reproductive cues to induce reproduction in ex situ systems14. Complementary to these active interventions are the recent recognition of the advantages of heterotrophic feeding in corals under high-temperature stress15 and the exploration of the role that food provision may play in reproduction16.
Heterotrophic feeding is known to influence the performance of corals17 and has been specifically linked to increased coral growth18,19, as well as thermal resistance and resilience20,21. Yet, the benefits of heterotrophy are not ubiquitous among coral species22 and can differ based on the type of food being consumed23, as well as the level of light exposure24. In the context of coral reproduction, heterotrophic feeding has shown variable results, with observations of higher25 as well as lower26 reproductive capacity following heterotrophic feeding being reported. The influence of heterotrophic feeding on coral reproduction across a spectrum of temperatures is rarely assessed, yet in the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa, heterotrophy was found to be more important for reproduction under lower temperature conditions27. A better understanding of the role of temperature and feeding on reproductive output is likely needed to determine whether specific reefs (e.g., reefs associated with high food availability28) possess a higher capacity for recruitment under climate change.
Similar to reproductive output, the effect of temperature and feeding on reproductive timing in corals remains relatively understudied, despite the synchronization of reproduction with abiotic/biotic conditions being an important consideration for recruitment success in a warming ocean29. Warmer temperatures have been shown to result in earlier reproduction in coral thermal conditioning studies conducted in the lab30, and this has also been observed in corals collected from natural reefs across seasons31. Yet, interestingly the opposite trend was recently observed in fed corals cultured over the course of 1 year in an ex situ flow-through system (i.e., reproduction occurred earlier in the lunar cycle at cooler winter temperatures and later in the lunar cycle at warmer summer temperatures)32. This contrasting result suggests that reproductive timing may stray from typical patterns under conditions associated with abundant energetic resources.
Long-term controlled experiments under different temperature scenarios could contribute to a better understanding of the influence of heterotrophy on reproduction in scleractinian corals. Maintaining reproducing coral colonies under ex situ conditions for multiple reproductive cycles, however, can be challenging (but see previous research32,33). Herein, straightforward and effective techniques for the active feeding (food source: Artemia nauplii) and long-term culture of a brooding coral (Pocillopora acuta) in a flow-through aquaculture system are described; yet, it should be noted that all the techniques described can also be used in recirculating aquaculture systems. To demonstrate these techniques, a preliminary comparison of the reproductive output and timing of coral colonies held at 24 &#176;C and 28 &#176;C under &#34;fed&#34; and &#34;unfed&#34; treatments was conducted. These temperatures were chosen to approximate seawater temperatures in winter and summer, respectively, in southern Taiwan30,34; a higher temperature was not chosen because the promotion of long-term ex situ culture, rather than testing coral response to thermal stress, was a primary goal of this experiment. Further, the density of Artemia nauplii before and after the feeding sessions was quantified&#160;to compare the feasibility of heterotrophic feeding at both temperature treatments.
Specifically, 24 colonies of P. acuta (mean total linear extension &#177; standard deviation: 21.3 cm &#177; 2.8 cm) were obtained from flow-through tanks at the research facilities of the National Museum of Marine Biology &#38; Aquarium, southern Taiwan. Pocillopora&#8203;&#160;acuta is a common coral species that possesses both a broadcast spawning, but&#160;typically brooding reproductive strategy35,36. The parent colonies of these corals were originally collected from the Outlet reef (21.931&#176;E, 120.745&#176;N) approximately 2 years earlier for another experiment32. Consequently, the coral colonies used in the present experiment had been reared for their entire lives under ex situ culture conditions; specifically, the colonies were exposed to ambient temperature and a 12 h:12 h light: dark cycle at 250 &#181;mol quanta m&#8722;2&#183;s&#8722;1 and were fed Artemia nauplii twice per week. We recognize that this long-term ex situ culture could have affected how the colonies responded to the treatment conditions in this experiment. We, therefore, would like to emphasize that the primary aim here is to illustrate how the described techniques can be effectively used to culture corals ex situ by demonstrating an applied example wherein the effects of temperature and feeding on coral reproduction were assessed.
Coral colonies were evenly distributed across six flow-through system culture tanks (tank interior length x width x height: 175 cm x 62 cm x 72 cm; tank light regime: 12 h:12h light:dark cycle at 250 &#181;mol quanta m&#8722;2&#183;s&#8722;1) (Figure 1A). The temperature in three of the tanks was set at 28 &#176;C, and the temperature in the other three tanks was set at 24 &#176;C; each tank had a logger that recorded the temperature every 10 min (see the Table of Materials). The temperature was independently controlled in each tank using chillers and heaters, and water circulation was maintained using flow motors (see the Table of Materials). Half of the colonies in each tank (n = 2 colonies/tank) were fed Artemia nauplii twice per week, while the other colonies were not fed. Each feeding session was 4 h in duration and was conducted in two independent temperature-specific feeding tanks. During feeding, all the colonies were moved into the feeding tanks, including the unfed colonies, to standardize the potential stress effect of moving the colonies between the tanks. The colonies in the fed and unfed treatments were positioned in their own compartment using a meshed frame within the temperature-specific feeding tanks so that only the colonies in the fed condition received food. The coral reproductive output and timing were assessed for each colony daily at 09:00 A.M. by counting the number of larvae that had been released into the larval collection containers overnight.

著者スポットライト:気候変動への抵抗性、生息域外養殖、および繁殖戦略の調査によるサンゴ研究の進歩 

繁殖性強膜サンゴPocillopora acutaの給餌と生息域外培養のための効果的な技術

Our lab is interested in understanding climate change, resistance, and resilience in coral and exploring ex-situ aquaculture's role. Specifically, we aim to cultivate coral in a lab that can be used for restoration and research efforts. Over the past few years, we have seen major advances in coral ex-situ aquaculture, including being able to induce reproduction, as well as complete the entire coral life cycle in both broadcast spawning and brooding corals.Maintaining the long-term reproduction of brooding corals in the lab is usually quite challenging, with reproduction typically stopping after a few months. However, we found that if we culture the colonies together in mesocosm tanks and provide them with supplemental food, they can continue to produce larvae each month. In general, we have a good understanding of how feeding and temperature independently affect coral reproduction, but their interactive effects remain relatively understudied.For example, heterotrophy may have different benefits, or limitations at warmer compared to cooler temperatures. Using the protocols that we have described, we can effectively feed and culture the colonies long-term in X2 aquaculture systems, and can ultimately track the reproduction at the colony level to help infer the influence of heterotrophy on reproduction, and recruitment in a warming ocean.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Feeding  Pocillopora acuta with  Artemia Nauplii at JoVE.com

Feeding  Pocillopora acuta with  Artemia Nauplii  

Pocillopora acutaにArtemia Naupliiを給餌する

独立した給餌タンクから2リットルの海水を集め、アルテミアの孵化容器に注ぎます。次に、孵化容器の底に接続されているチューブにエアポンプを接続し、約10分間作動させてからアルテミア嚢胞を追加します。待っている間、計量天秤を使用して8グラムのアルテミア嚢胞を測定します。10分後、測定したアルテミア嚢胞を孵化容器に注ぎます。次に、給餌容器を給餌容器に入れて給餌タンクを準備し、上部が水面より上にあることを確認します。給餌容器のコーナーチューブの外側部分を、気泡石に空気を供給するエアポンプに接続して、給餌中に適切な水循環を確保します。Artemia Naupliiを濃縮するには、希望の給餌時間の2時間前に1.5ミリリットルの濃縮飼料を孵化容器に追加します。2時間後、ハッチングコンテナに空気を供給するバルブをオフにします。ハッチングコンテナの底に光源を配置した後、段ボール箱で覆い、周囲光を排除します。光がアルテミア・ナウプリを容器の底に5分間引き寄せて、生きているアルテミア・ナウプリを空の殻から分離します。5分後、箱と光源を取り外します。孵化容器の下に3リットルの計量水差しを置きます。孵化容器からチューブを取り外し、Artemia Naupliiと海水溶液を水差しに流し込み、給餌タンクのすぐ近くに1リットルの溶液を集めます。アルテミア・ノープリイと海水溶液を100マイクロメートルのストレーナーに注ぎ、海水から分離します。次に、ストレーナー内のArtemia Naupliiを給餌タンクの水で2回すすぎます。ストレーナーを給餌タンクに入れて、Artemia Naupliiを降ろします。次に、タンク内の水をかき混ぜて、ナウプリウスをタンク全体に均等に分散させます。サンゴのコロニーが取り付けられた各吊り下げバーを培養水槽から給餌槽に移動します。吊り下げバーが給餌タンクの上部にしっかりと配置されていることを確認します。4時間の給餌セッションの後、給餌タンクから吊り下げバーを取り出して、サンゴのコロニーを取り除きます。それぞれの培養水槽の海水で各サンゴを十分に洗い流します。残ったアルテミア・ナウプリを除去するには、サンゴが取り付けられた吊り下げバーをそれぞれの培養水槽に戻します。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Feeding Pocillopora acuta with Artemia Nauplii

Effective Techniques for the Feeding and Ex Situ Culture of a Brooding Scleractinian Coral, Pocillopora acuta

Climate change is affecting the survival, growth, and recruitment of corals globally, with large-scale shifts in abundance and community composition ...

生物学

Hanging Pocillopora acuta Colonies in Ex Situ Aquaculture Tanks

Ex Situ水産養殖水槽の吊り下げ式 Pocillopora acuta コロニー

Quantifying Artemia Nauplii Density Pre- and Post-Feeding of Pocillopora acuta

アルテミア・ノープリウス密度の定量化:Pocillopora acutaの給餌前および給餌後

Pocillopora acuta Larvae Collection and Enumeration from Culture Tank

Pocilloporaのacuta 培養水槽からの幼虫の採集と列挙