Name: Sagittal Suture Expansion Surgery to Prepare Mouse Suture Expansion Model
Uploaded: 2023-08-18T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sagittal Suture Expansion Surgery to Prepare Mouse Suture Expansion Model at JoVE.com

sagittal suture expansion surgery to prepare mouse suture expansion model

Visualización 3D de la remodelación ósea bajo carga de tracción en ratones de expansión de sutura

Craniofacial sutures are fibrous tissues that connect craniofacial bones and play essential roles in the growth and remodeling of craniofacial bones. The structure of the suture resembles a river, providing a flow of cell resources to nourish and build the &#34;river bank&#34;, known as the osteogenic fronts, which contribute to the formation of craniofacial bones via intramembranous osteogenesis1.
Interest in craniofacial sutures has been driven by clinical needs to understand premature closure of cranial sutures and facial suture dysfunction, which may lead to craniofacial deformities and even life-threatening conditions in children. Open suturectomy is routinely used in clinical treatment, but long-term follow-up has shown incomplete re-ossification recurrence in some patients2. Minimally invasive craniotomy assisted by expansion springs or endoscopic stripe craniectomy may provide a safer approach to preserving the potential suture rather than discarding the tissues3. Similarly, orthopedic therapies such as facemasks and expansion appliances have been widely used to treat sagittal or horizontal maxillary hypoplasia, with some studies extending the age limitation to treat adult patients via miniscrew-assisted palatal expanders4,5,6. Additionally, cranial suture regeneration with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with biodegradable materials is a potential therapy in the future, offering a novel direction for the treatment of related diseases7. However, the function process or regulatory mechanism of sutures remains elusive.
Bone remodeling mainly consists of a balance between bone formation conducted by osteoblasts and bone resorption conducted by osteoclasts, where osteogenic differentiation of stem cells stimulated by mechanical signals plays an important role. After decades of research, it has been found that craniofacial sutures are highly plastic mesenchymal stem cell niches8. Suture stem cells (SuSCs) are a heterogeneous group of stem cells, belonging to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or bone stem cells (SSCs). SuSCs are labeled in vivo by four markers, including Gli1, Axin2, Prrx1, and Ctsk. Gli1+ SuSCs, in particular, have strictly verified the biological characteristics of stem cells, not only exhibiting high expression of typical MSC markers but also demonstrating excellent osteogenic and chondrogenic potential9. Previous research has shown that Gli1+ SuSCs actively contribute to new bone formation under tensile force, identifying them as the suture stem cell source supporting distraction osteogenesis10.
In the past, extensive mechanical characteristics of stem cells were studied in vitro via Flexcell, four-point bending, micro-magnet loading system, and others. Although mouse cranial suture-derived mesenchymal cells have been identified in vitro11, and human suture mesenchymal stem cells have also been isolated recently12, the biomechanical response of suture cells remains unclear in the in vitro system. To further investigate the bone remodeling process, a suture expansion model based on isolated calvaria organ culture has been established, paving the way for establishing a useful in vivo suture expansion model1,13. Rabbits14 and rats15 have been the most widely used animals in basic research for suture expansion. However, mice are preferred animal models for exploring human disease due to their highly homologous genome with humans, numerous gene modification lines, and strong reproductive hybridization ability. Existing mouse models of cranial suture expansion typically rely on stainless steel orthodontic spring wires to apply tensile force to the sagittal suture16,17. In these models, two holes are made in each side of the parietal bones to fix the expansion device, and the wires are embedded under the skin, which may affect the cell activation mode.
Regarding the visualization method, the two-dimensional observation of slices in the sagittal direction has been generally adopted for decades. However, considering that bone remodeling is a complex three-dimensional dynamic process, obtaining complete three-dimensional information has become an urgent need. The PEGASOS tissue transparency technique emerged to meet this requirement18,19. It offers unique advantages for the transparency of hard and soft tissues, enabling the complete bone remodeling process to be reproduced in three-dimensional space.
To gain a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the physiological changes in the bone remodeling periods, a standard sagittal suture expansion mouse model with a spring setting between the handmade holders was established10. With a standardized acid etching and bonding procedure, the expansion device could be firmly bonded to the cranial bone, generating a tensile force perpendicular to the sagittal suture. Furthermore, the PEGASOS tissue clearing method was applied after double labeling of the mineralized bone post-expansion to fully visualize the bone modeling changes after suture expansion.

Autor destacado: Técnica de limpieza de tejidos PEGASOS para visualizar la remodelación ósea 

Una técnica de visualización en 3D para la remodelación ósea en un modelo de ratón de expansión de sutura

The interest in craniofacial sutures has been driven by the clinical needs to understand the mechanisms of orthodontic and the orthopedic treatment. The scope of our study is to establish a standardized suture expansion mouse model, and the 3D visualization method to study the mechanobiological changes of suture and bone remodeling upon expansion. PEGASOS tissue clearing technique has been combined with various labeling methods to obtain versatile information of suture and bond remodeling in space perspective.This model is suitable for various strengths of transgenic mice of different age. It is convenient to adjust the magnitude of tensile stress and withdraw force at any time. With the PEGASOS technique, we can observe the three dimensional spatial temporal distribution of cranial suture stem cells during bone remodeling.With the PEGASOS technique, we will further explore the relationship between suture stem cells and mechanical stress, as well as its specific mechanisms.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sagittal Suture Expansion Surgery to Prepare Mouse Suture Expansion Model at JoVE.com

Sagittal Suture Expansion Surgery to Prepare Mouse Suture Expansion Model  

Cirugía de expansión de sutura sagital para preparar un modelo de expansión de sutura de ratón

Comience por preparar dos titulares de retención. Use alicates de alambre liviano y un alambre australiano de 0.014 pulgadas para hacer un bucle helicoidal. Luego, prepare resortes de acero inoxidable personalizados y corte el resorte en una longitud adecuada.También prepare un alambre australiano recto o un alambre de acero recto de siete milímetros de longitud y corte dos trozos de papel con diámetros de dos milímetros para usarlos como barreras. A continuación, coloque un ratón anestesiado en la mesa de operaciones y retire con cuidado el pelaje de la parte superior de la cabeza con crema depilatoria o una afeitadora. A continuación, desinfecte el cuero cabelludo del ratón utilizando rondas alternas de yodoformo y alcohol al 75%.Coloque el mouse con la cabeza en la parte superior y use cintas quirúrgicas para fijar las extremidades en la mesa de operaciones. Ahora, use unas tijeras quirúrgicas para realizar un colgajo arqueado a lo largo del cuero cabelludo cerca del cuello del ratón, exponiendo completamente la sutura sagital y el cráneo circundante. A continuación, fije el colgajo del cuero cabelludo con una sutura 6-0 en la mesa de operaciones.Secar el cráneo y grabarlo con ácido fosfórico al 37% durante 20 segundos. A continuación, utilice solución salina normal para limpiar el grabado ácido. Coloque los dos soportes a ambos lados de los huesos parietales, a tres milímetros de las suturas sagitales y péguelos con un adhesivo fotopolimerizable.A continuación, vuelva a colocar el colgajo del cuero cabelludo. Etiquete la posición de los soportes y corte dos pequeños agujeros en el cuero cabelludo en las posiciones correspondientes. Restablezca el cuero cabelludo con colgajo pasando simultáneamente los pequeños bucles a través de los orificios para exponer la superficie de la piel.Para instalar el resorte y el alambre guía, corte el resorte un milímetro más largo que la distancia entre los dos soportes. Comprima el resorte de presión y colóquelo entre las pequeñas bobinas a ambos lados. Pase el alambre de acero inoxidable a través de las pequeñas bobinas y el resorte y suelte el resorte para obtener un empuje inicial de aproximadamente 30 G.A continuación, coloque dos trozos de papel entre el resorte y los soportes y péguelos con un adhesivo fotopolimerizable para colocar barreras en ambos extremos del resorte. Después de la expansión, se utilizó micro TC para visualizar los cambios en la sutura craneal. En comparación con los controles, la sutura craneal se expandió gradual y significativamente después de aplicar fuerza durante un día y aparecieron protuberancias óseas esponjosas en el borde óseo después del quinto día.Además, la visualización de la mineralización mediante el método de doble etiquetado, mostró que la carga de fuerza activó significativamente la osteogénesis. Se observó hueso recién mineralizado después de siete días, lo que indica el proceso de remodelación ósea después de la expansión de la sutura.

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Biology

Sagittal Suture Expansion Surgery to Prepare Mouse Suture Expansion Model

A 3-D Visualization Technique for Bone Remodeling in a Suture Expansion Mouse Model

Craniofacial sutures play a crucial role beyond being fibrous joints connecting craniofacial bones; they also serve as the primary niche for calvarial and ...