inoculation of maize leaf sheaths with pathogenic fungi for assessing fungal pathogenicity

Visualization of Cellular Interactions Between the Maize Sheaths and Fungi

Spatial and temporal analyses at the cellular level are critical for understanding the physiology and cytology of fungal-plant interactions. Foliar tissues that have been chemically fixed1,2,3or cleared and stained4, as well as artificial membranes5, have been used in the past to investigate the cytology of foliar pathogen development and plant-fungal interactions. However, investigation of infection events in living host tissues in real-time without fixation or clearing is challenging due to technical issues related to the preparation of optically transparent samples for imaging.
A detached leaf sheath inoculation protocol was developed in the late 1940s for bright field microscopic investigation of resistance of living rice epidermal cells to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryza6. More recently, detailed molecular, physiological, and cytological observations of host colonization by Colletotrichum and Magnaporthe species have been greatly facilitated by combining modified versions of this leaf sheath method with fungal transformants expressing fluorescent proteins, and high-performance live-cell imaging protocols, including epifluorescence and confocal microscopy7,8,9,10,11,12,13.
This paper details an optimized inoculation protocol using detached maize leaf sheaths for observation of infection processes by hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic foliar fungal pathogens. We have specifically used it to study Colletotrichum graminicola (C. graminicola), the causal agent of anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot, and Stenocarpella maydis, which causes Diplodia leaf blight and stalk rot. However, the method should be applicable to other hemibiotrophic and necrotrophic foliar fungal pathogens. Cytological and physiological responses during infection and colonization events in these excised leaf sheaths are similar to those in entire leaf blades12,14,15. Furthermore, hemibiotrophic colonization of sheath epidermal cells by C. graminicola is similar to colonization of stalk pith cells16,17. Detached sheaths show greater synchronicity and experimental reproducibility of fungal penetration and colonization than leaf blades or stalk pith tissues14,16,17,18. Most maize varieties can be used for this protocol. However, inbreds or hybrids with excessive purple pigments in the sheaths are less suitable since the pigments interfere with imaging. Golden Jubilee sweet corn has been particularly useful for our studies because untreated seeds are commercially available, the plants are highly susceptible to many foliar diseases, and they grow well in the greenhouse. The first epidemics of anthracnose stalk rot in the United States resulted in the total loss of sweet corn crops in Indiana in the 1970s19,20. This leaf sheath inoculation method can be applied to directly observe and quantify fungal growth and development in living vs. locally killed plant cells, to demonstrate resistance reactions in compatible/incompatible responses to fungal infection, and to test interactions between fungal strains on the same sheath in real-time.

Author Spotlight: Investigating Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms in Maize 

Detached Maize Sheaths for Live-Cell Imaging of Infection by Fungal Foliar Maize Pathogens

So our team aims to understand fungal pathogenicity mechanisms in plants to improve disease management. We are currently exploring how the maize autochthonous fungus regulates protein secretion beyond its housekeeping function. Our protocol shows high synchronicity across replications and reproducibility of fungal colonization.Also, with our assays, there is no need for clearing or fixating samples before imaging them in real-time. The method offers a variety of applications in plant-pathogen interactions and contributed to detailed studies on the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity in maize and comparative genomic analysis.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Inoculation of Maize Leaf Sheaths with Pathogenic Fungi for Assessing Fungal Pathogenicity at JoVE.com

Inoculation of Maize Leaf Sheaths with Pathogenic Fungi for Assessing Fungal Pathogenicity  

To begin, use heavy duty scissors or shears to cut off the cap end 0.5 millimeters from the conical bottom of a 1.5-milliliter micro-centrifuge tube. Place a piece of glass wool in the cut tube to cover the center hole. Place one assembled glass wool filter unit into a sterile 1.5-milliliter micro-centrifuge tube and label the tube.Next, cut a non-skirted 96-well PCR plate into six two-column support racks. Flip the two-column racks so the conical bottoms of the wells face upwards. Place the rack in a glass Petri dish containing moist filter paper and cover it with the lid to create a humidity chamber for the leaf sheaths.To harvest conidia from the sporulating Colletotrichum graminicola, add three to four milliliters of sterile deionized water into the plate. Using a sterile conical tip pestle, scrape evenly across the entire plate to loosen the spores from the agar. Aseptically add one milliliter of spore suspension onto a glass wool filter unit and allow the spores to flow into the collection tube by gravity.Centrifuge the filtered spore suspension at 3, 500 G for five minutes and pour off the liquid into an autoclavable container. Add one milliliter of sterile deionized water into the collection tube and gently agitate to resuspend the pelleted spores. Again, centrifuge the suspension and resuspend the spores for quantification in 300 to 500 microliters of deionized water.Use a hemocytometer under a compound microscope at 100 times magnification to determine the spore concentration. Then prepare 500, 000 spores per milliliter suspension with deionized water. To remove the sheath from the first true leaf of week two stage seedlings.Run a thumbnail along the overlapping margin of the sheath and gently loosen it from the chute. Cut the recovered leaf sheath into three to five-centimeter segments. Carefully unroll each segment to expose the inner epidermal layer.Apply 20 microliters of fungal spore suspension on the inner surface at the center of the sheath above the mid-rib. Place the inoculated leaf sheaths horizontally, with a mid-rib positioned at the bottom, in a glass Petri plate containing moistened filter paper. Next place the small humidity chambers into a clear storage box lined with moistened germination paper, cover the storage box with a lid, and incubate at 23 degrees Celsius under continuous illumination for the intended time course.Regularly check the boxes for signs of disease on the sheaths.

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138 Views.  University of Kentucky. To begin, use heavy duty scissors or shears to cut off the cap end 0.5 millimeters from the conical bottom of a 1.5-milliliter micro-centrifuge tube. Place a piece of glass wool in the cut tube to cover the center hole. Place one assembled glass wool filter unit into a sterile 1.5-milliliter micro-centrifuge tube and label the tube.Next, cut a non-skirted 96-well PCR plate into six two-column support racks. Flip the two-column racks so the conical bottoms of the wells face upwards. Pla...