fabrication of multi-layered silicone vocal fold models

Stampa 3D di modelli di corde vocali in silicone multistrato

Vocal fold models are used to simulate and investigate human voice production under normal and pathological conditions1,2. One of the biggest challenges in creating vocal fold models is to achieve a realistic softness and flexibility that closely approximates those of humans. To achieve these properties, silicone elastomers are often used, which are diluted with high amounts of silicone oil to achieve the corresponding elasticity moduli3,4. Another crucial factor in creating realistic vocal fold models is layering, as vocal folds consist of multiple layers of varying softness, which determine the pattern of flow-induced vibration and the frequency at which vibration is possible.
In this study, we created a typical vocal fold model. We used the common geometry provided by Scherer5, which represents typical dimensions for male vocal folds with 17 mm length according to Zhang6 and consists of three layers: one layer for the vocalis muscle (body layer), one for the entire mucosal layer (cover layer), and one for the epithelium. This structure can be seen in the coronal cross-section view in Figure 1.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Coronal cross-section of the larynx modules. Coronal cross-section of the larynx modules illustrating the widest width of the vocal folds (8.5 mm). Each vocal fold comprises a body layer, a cover layer, and an epithelium layer. This figure has been modified from13. Reproduced from H&#228;sner, P., Prescher, A., Birkholz, P. Effect of wavy trachea walls on the oscillation onset pressure of silicone vocal folds. J Acoust Soc Am.149 (1), 466-475 (2021) with the permission of the Acoustical Society of America. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Other publications use partially only one layer7, two layers without epithelium layer2 or model the mucosa with multiple layers3. Usually, the layers are cast from the inside out, i.e., starting with the deepest layer. The epithelium, which is very thin with 30 &#181;m thickness, is cast at the end over the entire body to envelop it with a sturdy skin8.
The cover layer in the model is the softest part, with Young&#39;s modulus of about 1.1 kPa9. For the body layer, the approximate Young&#39;s modulus in the transverse direction using in vitro measurements10 is 2 kPa. In vivo, the Young&#39;s modulus of the thyroarytenoid muscle may be higher due to the presence of fibers in the longitudinal direction as well as the possible tensing of the muscle. To achieve this extremely low Young&#39;s modulus, it is necessary to add a high amount of silicone oil to the silicone mixture (approximately 72%). However, the manufacturer strongly advises against using an oil proportion greater than 5%. In general, the addition of silicone oil to the elastomer is intended to increase flow and drip time, as well as reduce the shrinkage of the cured silicone polymer. It helps the silicone to cure more uniformly, thereby reducing stress in the material. Its purpose is to optimize the moldability and properties of the cured material, rather than to increase its softness, although this is also a consequence. This is because silicone oil is chemically inert, meaning that it cannot polymerize itself and is not integrated into the network of the silicone polymer11. Instead, it remains as a liquid phase in the polymer matrix, weakening the polymer structure at higher levels and potentially causing it to dissolve out of the cured material and adhere to the surface. As a result, other negative properties such as curing disorders, uneven vulcanization, chemical shrinkage, and brittleness are possible. Vocal fold models with high silicone oil contents were investigated with regard to aging and reproducibility, and it was found that there is a high variability in the properties of different models and a change in their properties over time11.
When producing vocal fold models in the conventional way7,12, the stickiness of the epithelial layer can be a problem as it can affect the homogeneity of vibration and lead to rupture of the epithelium. Although the silicone used to make the epithelium is undiluted, it can be assumed that the oil that leaks from the neighboring mucosa layer has similar effects on the silicone as if it had been diluted. The problem of stickiness was addressed by adding various powders such as talcum or carbon powder as an intermediate layer between the mucosa and the epithelial layer12. This approach may have been successful because the oil was partially absorbed by the powder and, as a result, the stickiness of the epithelial surface could be reduced.
In this publication, we show that the problem of stickiness can be circumvented by a slight modification of the process of vocal fold manufacturing. By changing the order of layering and starting with the undiluted epithelial silicone (so-called closed silicone), non-sticky super-soft vocal fold models can be produced. This change involves unusual types of molds and methods that are best presented and explained in the form of a video. In this paper, we describe our manufacturing process in detail and demonstrate how the properties of the vocal fold models can be characterized in an application.

Autore in primo piano: Progressi nella fabbricazione di modelli sintetici di corde vocali per applicazioni fonetiche e robotiche

Processo di produzione per modelli di corde vocali super-morbide non adesive

Our research aims at improving the manufacturing process of synthetic vocal folds. Such models can be used in basic phonetic and voice research, in medical research, and to create models of the human vocal tract that produce speech like human beings. Synthetic vocal fold models are usually made of multiple layers of soft silicone with different degrees of softness.They correspond to the properties of human vocal fold tissue. The technologies used to make these models include computer-aided design, 3D printing, and silicone casting. Highly diluted silicone vocal fold models have reduced quality due to stickiness and rapid aging.This decreases the reproducibility of research using these models. This protocol addresses the issue of vocal fold stickiness. We have reversed the order of producing the silicone layers in our fabrication process.We started with the epithelium layer. This allowed us to create a very soft mucosal layer from diluted silicone without causing the epithelium layer to become sticky.

Fabbricazione di modelli di corde vocali in silicone multistrato 

Per creare uno strato del corpo vocale, raccogliere il positivo delle corde vocali, il cappuccio dello stampo vocalis, la parte principale dello stampo vocalis, il foro dello stampo vocalis, il silicone primario, l'agente distaccante e il diluente. Applicare il distaccante sulle superfici interne di tutte le parti dello stampo. Assemblare la parte principale e il tappo dello stampo sopra il positivo.Quindi posizionare il pacchetto dello stampo nell'apposita pentola. Assicurarsi che il foro nel positivo per versare il silicone sia rivolto verso l'alto e che lo stampo abbia una base stabile su una superficie piana. Preparare 6 grammi di miscela di silicone primario con tre parti di diluente.Per evitare la formazione di bolle, aspirare la miscela in una camera a vuoto ad una sottopressione minima di 1 bar. Versare con cautela la miscela di silicone aspirata nella cavità dello stampo, riempiendo le aree circostanti la pentola dello stampo per evitare che la sottile miscela di silicone affondi attraverso i giunti dello stampo. Dopo aver indurito per un giorno, rimuovere lo stampo, compreso il positivo dalla pentola.Togliete il silicone tra lo stampo e la pentola. Ora, rimuovi con cautela il coperchio partendo dal retro del positivo. Quindi rimuovere il corpo principale dello stampo.Utilizzando un bisturi o un taglierino laterale, rimuovere con cura il silicone in eccesso dallo stampo. Assemblare le due parti dello stampo e posizionarle nello scafo. Rivestire le pareti interne degli stampi con un distaccante e lasciarli asciugare all'aria.Preparare una miscela siliconica secondaria senza diluente, aspirare la miscela in una camera a vuoto a 1 bar di sottopressione per evitare la formazione di bolle. Versare la miscela di silicone nello stampo e agitarla fino a quando tutte le superfici interne non sono ricoperte di silicone. Fissare lo stampo su una griglia e lasciare che il silicone si indurisca.Capovolgere lo stampo e far scolare il silicone in eccesso. Preparare 4 grammi di miscela di silicone primario con cinque parti di diluente. Per evitare la formazione di bolle, aspirare la miscela di silicone in una camera a vuoto.Versare la miscela siliconica nello stampo per mucosa preparato con silicone epiteliale. Inclinare lo stampo per coprire le superfici interne del silicone epiteliale con un sottile strato di olio. Inserire con cautela il positivo con il corpo vocale nello stampo.Se necessario, fissare il positivo con un morsetto. Riempire lo stampo con una miscela di silicone per la colata dello strato vocalis. Dopo 24 ore di indurimento, rimuovere lo stampo dal guscio.Quindi, partendo dalla sezione posteriore, apri lo stampo e rimuovi la parte principale dello stampo. Rimuovere il modello di corda vocale dallo stampo. Rimuovere con cautela il silicone in eccesso dal corpo vocale.Infine, lavare la superficie del corpo vocale e lasciarla asciugare.

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of Multi-Layered Silicone Vocal Fold Models

Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models

This study aims to develop super-soft, non-sticky vocal fold models for voice research. The conventional manufacturing process of silicone-based vocal ...

Ricerca

Ingegneria

3D Printing and Design of Multi-Layered Silicone Vocal Fold Models

Stampa 3D e progettazione di modelli di corde vocali in silicone multistrato