fabrication of multi-layered silicone vocal fold models

Impresión 3D de modelos de cuerdas vocales de silicona multicapa

Vocal fold models are used to simulate and investigate human voice production under normal and pathological conditions1,2. One of the biggest challenges in creating vocal fold models is to achieve a realistic softness and flexibility that closely approximates those of humans. To achieve these properties, silicone elastomers are often used, which are diluted with high amounts of silicone oil to achieve the corresponding elasticity moduli3,4. Another crucial factor in creating realistic vocal fold models is layering, as vocal folds consist of multiple layers of varying softness, which determine the pattern of flow-induced vibration and the frequency at which vibration is possible.
In this study, we created a typical vocal fold model. We used the common geometry provided by Scherer5, which represents typical dimensions for male vocal folds with 17 mm length according to Zhang6 and consists of three layers: one layer for the vocalis muscle (body layer), one for the entire mucosal layer (cover layer), and one for the epithelium. This structure can be seen in the coronal cross-section view in Figure 1.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Coronal cross-section of the larynx modules. Coronal cross-section of the larynx modules illustrating the widest width of the vocal folds (8.5 mm). Each vocal fold comprises a body layer, a cover layer, and an epithelium layer. This figure has been modified from13. Reproduced from H&#228;sner, P., Prescher, A., Birkholz, P. Effect of wavy trachea walls on the oscillation onset pressure of silicone vocal folds. J Acoust Soc Am.149 (1), 466-475 (2021) with the permission of the Acoustical Society of America. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66222/66222fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Other publications use partially only one layer7, two layers without epithelium layer2 or model the mucosa with multiple layers3. Usually, the layers are cast from the inside out, i.e., starting with the deepest layer. The epithelium, which is very thin with 30 &#181;m thickness, is cast at the end over the entire body to envelop it with a sturdy skin8.
The cover layer in the model is the softest part, with Young&#39;s modulus of about 1.1 kPa9. For the body layer, the approximate Young&#39;s modulus in the transverse direction using in vitro measurements10 is 2 kPa. In vivo, the Young&#39;s modulus of the thyroarytenoid muscle may be higher due to the presence of fibers in the longitudinal direction as well as the possible tensing of the muscle. To achieve this extremely low Young&#39;s modulus, it is necessary to add a high amount of silicone oil to the silicone mixture (approximately 72%). However, the manufacturer strongly advises against using an oil proportion greater than 5%. In general, the addition of silicone oil to the elastomer is intended to increase flow and drip time, as well as reduce the shrinkage of the cured silicone polymer. It helps the silicone to cure more uniformly, thereby reducing stress in the material. Its purpose is to optimize the moldability and properties of the cured material, rather than to increase its softness, although this is also a consequence. This is because silicone oil is chemically inert, meaning that it cannot polymerize itself and is not integrated into the network of the silicone polymer11. Instead, it remains as a liquid phase in the polymer matrix, weakening the polymer structure at higher levels and potentially causing it to dissolve out of the cured material and adhere to the surface. As a result, other negative properties such as curing disorders, uneven vulcanization, chemical shrinkage, and brittleness are possible. Vocal fold models with high silicone oil contents were investigated with regard to aging and reproducibility, and it was found that there is a high variability in the properties of different models and a change in their properties over time11.
When producing vocal fold models in the conventional way7,12, the stickiness of the epithelial layer can be a problem as it can affect the homogeneity of vibration and lead to rupture of the epithelium. Although the silicone used to make the epithelium is undiluted, it can be assumed that the oil that leaks from the neighboring mucosa layer has similar effects on the silicone as if it had been diluted. The problem of stickiness was addressed by adding various powders such as talcum or carbon powder as an intermediate layer between the mucosa and the epithelial layer12. This approach may have been successful because the oil was partially absorbed by the powder and, as a result, the stickiness of the epithelial surface could be reduced.
In this publication, we show that the problem of stickiness can be circumvented by a slight modification of the process of vocal fold manufacturing. By changing the order of layering and starting with the undiluted epithelial silicone (so-called closed silicone), non-sticky super-soft vocal fold models can be produced. This change involves unusual types of molds and methods that are best presented and explained in the form of a video. In this paper, we describe our manufacturing process in detail and demonstrate how the properties of the vocal fold models can be characterized in an application.

Autor destacado: Avances en la fabricación de modelos de cuerdas vocales sintéticas para aplicaciones fonéticas y robóticas

Proceso de fabricación para modelos de cuerdas vocales supersuaves no adhesivas

Our research aims at improving the manufacturing process of synthetic vocal folds. Such models can be used in basic phonetic and voice research, in medical research, and to create models of the human vocal tract that produce speech like human beings. Synthetic vocal fold models are usually made of multiple layers of soft silicone with different degrees of softness.They correspond to the properties of human vocal fold tissue. The technologies used to make these models include computer-aided design, 3D printing, and silicone casting. Highly diluted silicone vocal fold models have reduced quality due to stickiness and rapid aging.This decreases the reproducibility of research using these models. This protocol addresses the issue of vocal fold stickiness. We have reversed the order of producing the silicone layers in our fabrication process.We started with the epithelium layer. This allowed us to create a very soft mucosal layer from diluted silicone without causing the epithelium layer to become sticky.

Fabricación de modelos de cuerdas vocales de silicona multicapa 

Para crear una capa del cuerpo vocal, recoja el positivo de las cuerdas vocales, la tapa del molde vocalis, la parte principal del molde vocalis, el orificio del molde vocalis, la silicona primaria, el agente desmoldante y el diluyente. Aplique el agente desmoldante a las superficies internas de todas las piezas del molde. Ensamble la parte principal y la tapa del molde sobre el positivo.Luego coloque el paquete de moldes en la olla designada. Asegúrese de que el orificio en el positivo para verter la silicona mire hacia arriba y que el molde tenga una base estable sobre una superficie plana. Prepara 6 gramos de mezcla de silicona primaria con tres partes de diluyente.Para evitar la formación de burbujas, aspire la mezcla en una cámara de vacío a un mínimo de 1 bar de subpresión. Vierta con cuidado la mezcla de silicona aspirada en la cavidad del molde, llenando las áreas circundantes de la olla del molde para evitar que la mezcla delgada de silicona se hunda a través de las juntas del molde. Después de curar durante un día, retire el molde, incluido el positivo de la olla.Retira la silicona entre el molde y la olla. Ahora, retire con cuidado la tapa comenzando por la parte posterior del positivo. A continuación, retire el cuerpo principal del molde.Con un bisturí o un cortador lateral, retire con cuidado el exceso de silicona del molde. Ensamble las dos piezas del molde y colóquelas en el casco. Cubra las paredes internas de los moldes con un agente desmoldante y déjelos secar al aire.Prepare una mezcla secundaria de silicona sin diluyente, aspire la mezcla en una cámara de vacío a 1 bar de subpresión para evitar la formación de burbujas. Vierte la mezcla de silicona en el molde y gírala hasta que todas las superficies interiores estén cubiertas de silicona. Asegure el molde sobre una rejilla y deje que la silicona se seque.Dale la vuelta al molde y deja que el exceso de silicona se escurra. Prepare 4 gramos de mezcla de silicona primaria con cinco partes de diluyente. Para evitar la formación de burbujas, aspire la mezcla de silicona en una cámara de vacío.Verter la mezcla de silicona en el molde de mucosa preparado con silicona epitelial. Inclina el molde para cubrir las superficies interiores de la silicona epitelial con una fina capa de aceite. Inserte con cuidado el positivo con el cuerpo vocal en el molde.Si es necesario, asegure el positivo con una abrazadera. Rellena el molde con una mezcla de silicona para el moldeado de la capa vocalis. Después de 24 horas de curado, retire el molde de la cáscara.Luego, comenzando con la sección trasera, abra el molde y retire la parte principal del molde. Retira el modelo de las cuerdas vocales del molde. Retira con cuidado el exceso de silicona del cuerpo vocal.Por último, lava la superficie del cuerpo vocal y deja que se seque.

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Fabrication of Multi-Layered Silicone Vocal Fold Models

Manufacturing Process for Non-Adhesive Super-Soft Vocal Fold Models

This study aims to develop super-soft, non-sticky vocal fold models for voice research. The conventional manufacturing process of silicone-based vocal ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

3D Printing and Design of Multi-Layered Silicone Vocal Fold Models

Impresión 3D y diseño de modelos de cuerdas vocales de silicona multicapa