extracellular electrophysiology in modular neuronal cell culture

3D 打印在微型神经元细胞培养设备中的应用

Investigating neuronal activity in behaving organisms presents several challenges. For instance, physical access to the brain tissue is limited by the need to maintain its integrity, so the brain&#39;s superficial regions are more easily considered. Isolating specific targets within the intact tissue is often a daunting task and sometimes impossible. Although dissociated homogeneous neuronal cultures offer convenient access to the molecular, biochemical, and biophysical properties of individual (sub)cellular components of a neural circuit, a realistic connectivity and anatomical organization of the intact brain is lost. These fundamental constraints inspired research efforts to achieve a middle ground, where in vivo complexity is avoided while the structure can be constructed in vitro, which is on demand1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. In particular, modular neuronal cultures have been a subject of extensive research over the past decades, aiming to tackle key questions of brain physiology as described below.
Organization:&#160;In vivo studies show that the brain is structured anatomically in layers with precise cell types and arrays of projections. Functional assays revealed the organization of the neuronal networks in node assemblies and modules, with precise connectivity schemes10,11. The role of connectivity and microcircuit motifs cannot, however, be studied adequately in vivo due to the sheer number of synapses that are involved, as well as the interwoven effects of development and activity-dependent plasticity.
Signal transfer: In in vivo or random in vitro cultures, it is challenging to assess signal transfer. Examining the axonal conduction and action potential along its length requires guiding neurite outgrowth by surface functionalization or chemical patterning, providing a high signal-to-noise ratio in extracellular readouts of electrical activity12.
Translational relevance: Deciphering the exclusive role of pre- versus post-synaptic elements across pathological conditions requires having access to these elements individually. Modular cultures with constrained connectivity, effectively segregating the pre-and post-synaptic elements, are indispensable tools to this end13.
Several methods exist to obtain some form of structure in neuronal culture. They can be broadly categorized as chemical and physical surface manipulation9. The former methods14,15 rely on the propensity of neuronal cells to attach to certain (bio)chemical compounds. This requires depositing adhesive or attractive molecules on a surface with micro-scale precision and following a detailed pattern. While this allows a partial coverage of the surface of the cells, following the desired pattern, chemical methods are inherently limited and have a relatively low success rate in neurite growth guidance16. Full control over axon directionality requires establishing a spatial gradient of ad-hoc chemicals to shape axonal guidance17. The latter methods involve physical surface manipulation and are more commonly used to structure the neuronal networks in vitro. Neuronal cells are physically constrained at desired locations by geometrical confinements, such as microscopic chambers, walls, channels, etc., shaping a biocompatible polymer such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)3,5,6,7,18,19,20 cured and solidified into a microfluidic device. The de facto method for PDMS microfluidic fabrication is soft photolithography21, where a two-dimensional mask is patterned at a micro-scale and employed to selectively etch a silicon-based material upon UV exposure. In a nutshell, a UV-curable resin (i.e., photoresist) is coated onto a silicon wafer through spin-coating, reaching a specific height determined by its viscosity and spinning speed. Then, the patterned mask is positioned over the photoresist and exposed to UV light. Transparent areas within the mask, corresponding to regions of interest, will let UV light induce localized crosslinking of the photoresist molecules. The areas of unexposed photoresist are washed away using a solvent, resulting in the formation of a master mold. This is repeatedly used to bake an elastomer of the choice (i.e., PDMS), which is then engraved with the desired geometries in as many replicas as desired. Such a manufacturing method is the most common method to fabricate microfluidic devices22. Perhaps the main limitations of soft photolithography are the prerequisite of notable capital investment and the unfamiliarity of biological labs with the required techniques and expertise. The preparation of the mask and the steps of soft photolithography required to design complex multiple-height high aspect ratio geometries are non-trivial23 and often require outsourcing. Even though alternative and low-budget methods have been proposed, they do not always satisfy the high precision requirements of biological prototyping24.
Here, an alternative manufacturing method is presented, relying on two-photon polymerization (2PP) and additive manufacturing. It is straightforward and does not require per se advanced microfabrication and microphotolitography expertise. The research field of 2PP micromanufacture emerged in the late 90&#39;s25, and since then, it has witnessed exponential growth26. More about the fundamental principles of this technique can be found elsewhere26. Briefly, by focusing the excitation light impulse in three-dimensional space, 2PP leverages the nonlinear dependence of multiphoton absorption on intensity. This grants the capability of confined absorption, ensuring precise and selective excitation within very localized regions. In essence, a negative-tone photoresist, a material with decreased solubility upon light exposure, is subjected to a focused beam of femtosecond laser pulses at a low duty-cycle27. This allows for impulses with high intensities at low average powers, enabling polymerization without harming the material. The interaction of photo-induced radical monomers gives rise to radical oligomers, initiating polymerization that extends throughout the photoresist up to a distinct volume, i.e., voxel, whose size depends on the intensity and duration of the laser pulses28.
In this work, two components are presented: A) the design and rapid fabrication of a 3D-printed mold, reusable many times to produce disposable polymeric neuronal cell culture devices (Figure 1), and B) their mechanical coupling onto the surface of planar neuronal cell culture substrates, or even of substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays capable of multisite recordings of bioelectric signals.
Computer Assisted Design of a 3D mechanical model is very briefly described here and accompanied by the steps leading to a 3D-printed mold and fabricating PDMS devices is also detailed.
A variety of computer-aided design software applications can be used to generate the starting 3D object model and produce a STL file to control the 2PP printing process. Within the Table of Materials, the first and the last applications listed are free-of-charge or provided with a free license. Constructing a 3D model always requires creating a 2D sketch, which is then extruded in subsequent modelling steps. To demonstrate this concept, a generic 3D CAD software design process is highlighted in protocol section, leading to a structure made of overlapping cubes. For more comprehensive information, a number of online tutorials and free training resources are available, as indicated in the Table of Materials.
The resulting STL file is then translated into a series of commands to be executed by the 3D-printer (i.e., slicing procedure). For the specific 2PP 3D-printer in use, the software DeScribe is used to import the STL file and convert it into the proprietary General Writing Language (GWL) format. The success of 2PP printing process hinges on various parameters, notably, laser power and its scan speed, stitching, and hatching-slicing distances. The choice of these parameters, along with the selection of objective and photoresist, depends on the design&#39;s smallest features, as well as the intended application. Thus, parameter optimization becomes essential to meet the requirements of different design scenarios and use cases. For this work, the recommended recipe IP-S 25x ITO Shell (3D MF) has been considered as a configuration for the printing parameters. Ultimately, a mechanically stable printed part is printed with the necessary resolution while minimizing its 3D-printing time.
The mold design and related STL file, demonstrated in this work, comprises a square frame to segregate the space of a cell culture in two compartments: an outer area (i.e., referred to as Source subsequently) and an inner area (i.e., referred to as Target subsequently). These two compartments are connected through sets of microchannels, each characterized by sharp-angle borders, designed to specifically hinder the growth of neurites from the Target to the Source, but not vice versa, and as such promote a directional synaptic connectivity between neurons growing on the two areas.
Earlier studies employed different geometries of microchannels to encourage the directional growth of neurites. Examples include triangular shapes18, channel barbed structures19, and tapering channels20. Here, a design featuring sharp angle barriers across the microchannel&#39;s borders is employed, characterized also by asymmetric entrances. These microchannels serve to establish continuity between an enclosed interior, the Target compartment, and the external area, the Source compartment. The funnel shape of the initial part of the microchannels, from the Source side, is designed to promote the formation of axonal bundles and their growth along the shortest, i.e., straight line, path connecting the Source to the Target. The triangular space realized by facing sharp angles have larger volume at the Target side to aim at effectively delaying neurites&#39; pathfinding while favoring the rapid shooting of bundles originating from the Source and occupation of the available space. The choice of 540 &#181;m for the length of the microchannels effectively filters out the generally shorter dendritic outgrowth39. In addition, their 5 &#181;m height prevents cell somata from penetrating through the microchannels. Overall, this configuration proved to promote unidirectional connectivity between the outer, Source, and inner, Target modules, and it is presented here as a proof-of-principle among the many alternative choices.
While the PDMS devices, fabricated by the 2PP mold, can be attached to the surface of common cell culture substrates, such as glass coverslips or Petri dishes, in this work commercially available substrate-integrated microelectrode arrays were used. No effort has been made to optimize the 3D design to the microelectrode array layout, and the mechanical coupling was performed under stereomicroscopy guidance aiming only at positioning the device across the array, leaving some microelectrode uncovered in both sides, the Source and the Target. This enables the preliminary assessment of the functional consequences of the constrained connectivity in neuronal cell cultures.

作者聚焦：用于分析大脑功能的模块化神经元网络

微尺度神经元细胞培养装置的双光子聚合3D打印

We are broadly interested in the relationship between structural and functions in the brain, particularly at the level of micro-circuits. We often employ reduced experimental preparations such as dissociated neuron cell culture because they are a precious model to investigate electrical activity, synaptic transmission, and overall, the emergence of collective states. The method we propose is ideal for rapid fabrication of microscale, polymeric devices.This can be immediately used for the experimental study of modular neural networks in a dish, and it do not requires a high level of technical expertise in soft photolithography. This method and our simple proof of concept allow the designing of modular neuronal networks where we can define the structure, and control the flow of biological signals. Drug screening and investigation of pathological conditions immediately benefit from these sophisticated in vitro neuronal networks.

模块化神经元细胞培养中的细胞外电生理学

首先，在安装到PDMS的MEA中培养的神经元细胞中，用3D打印的模具制造PDMS设备。轻轻地将 MEA 安装在多通道电子放大器的头部平台内，放置在干燥的 37 摄氏度内并孵育 10 分钟。启动 Experimenter 软件，将采样率设置为 25 kHz，然后按开始数据采集开始数据采集。在数据显示面板中，将显示每个通道的细胞外记录活动的原始痕迹。转到软件的刺激器面板。选择在网络范围突发期间处于活动状态的三对相邻微电极，并选择双相脉冲波形。将峰值幅度设置为 800 毫伏，将脉冲持续时间设置为 200 微秒。要实现双极配置，请选择并设置相邻电极的值。最后，将记录器设置为刺激前 300 毫秒和刺激后 1000 毫秒。然后按开始数据采集开始记录。实时成像显示，荧光标记的神经突在PDMS设备的微通道中显示出从源到靶的生长。电生理学分析表明，模块化神经元网络中源和靶的诱发反应是不对称的，而没有PDMS的对照组则没有表现出这种模式。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Extracellular Electrophysiology in Modular Neuronal Cell Culture

Two-Photon Polymerization 3D-Printing of Micro-scale Neuronal Cell Culture Devices

Neuronal cultures have been a reference experimental model for several decades. However, 3D cell arrangement, spatial constraints on neurite outgrowth, ...

科研

神经科学

Generating CAD Files to Obtain 3D Printed Neuronal Culture Device Using Two-Photon Polymerization

生成 CAD 文件以获得使用双光子聚合的 3D 打印神经元培养装置

3D Mold Preparation by Two-Photon Polymerization to Design Neuronal Cell Culture Device

双光子聚合三维模具制备设计神经元细胞培养装置

PDMS Device Fabrication for Culturing Neuronal Cells

用于培养神经元细胞的PDMS器件制造

Culturing Neuronal Cells in Micro-Scale 3D-Printed PDMS Device for Electrophysiology Studies

在用于电生理学研究的微尺度 3D 打印 PDMS 装置中培养神经元细胞