determination of the in vitro release capacity of lignin particles

Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particle Synthesis for Bioflavonoid Release

Nowadays inclination towards biopolymers such as cellulose, chitosan, collagen, dextran, gelatin, and lignin as precursors for the design of micro-/submicron carriers with customizable size, physicochemical properties, and biofunctionalities has increased in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food technology industries due to their applicability in tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting, in vitro disease modeling platforms, packaging industry, emulsion preparation, and nutrient delivery among others1,2,3.
Novel studies highlight the aspects of lignin-based hydrogels as well as micro- and nano- formulations4 as advantageous vehicles used for food packaging materials5, energy storage6, cosmetics7, thermal/light stabilizers, reinforced materials, and drug-carrier matrices8 for the delivery of hydrophobic molecules, improvement of UV barriers9, as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites, and as an alternative to inorganic nanoparticles due to some recent safety issues10,11,12. The reason behind this tendency is the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity of the natural hetero biopolymer, as well as its proven bioactivities of lignin-antioxidant potential and radical scavenging, anti-proliferative, and antimicrobial activities13,14,15,16,17.
Scientific literature reports various methods for synthesis (self-assembly, anti-solvent precipitation, acid precipitation, and solvent shifting)18 and characterization of lignin-based micro-/nano- scaled formulations, including the application of expensive or harmful solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and acetone, and complicated, indirect, and tedious processes that use a lot of equipment and toxic substances12,19,20.
To overcome the latter disadvantages, the following protocols present novel methodologies for the synthesis of lignin-based micro-/submicron particles using cheap and green solvents; easy, straightforward, quick, and sensitive processes requiring little equipment, non-toxic substances, and simple methods for their characterization and the determination of encapsulation capacity towards poorly water-soluble bioactive compounds and in vitro release potential of the lignin matrices. The presented lab-scale production methods are advantageous for the manufacture of functional lignin carriers with tunable sizes, high encapsulation capacity, and sustainable in vitro release behavior utilizing simple characterization procedures and eco-friendly chemicals that can find application in various areas of biomedical sciences and food technology. Two flavonoids were applied as target molecules encapsulated into the lignin particles: morin-into the microparticles, and quercetin-into the submicron particles. The difference in the structures of both flavonoids Is only the position of the second -OH group in the B-aromatic ring: the -OH group is on the 2&#39; position in morin and on the 3&#39; position in quercetin, thus both organic compounds are positional isomers. The latter fact presumes similar behavior of both bioactive natural compounds in the processes of encapsulation and/or release.

Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Lignin-Based Microparticles for Enhanced Delivery of Bioflavonoids

Green Synthesis, Characterization, Encapsulation, and Measurement of the Release Potential of Novel Alkali Lignin Micro-/Submicron Particles

Determination of the In Vitro Release Capacity of Lignin Particles

Neem om te beginnen 50 milliliter van het gesimuleerde enzymvrije maagmedium in een glazen batchreactor, voorzien van een mechanische roering. Voeg er 25 milligram flavonoïde ingekapselde micro- of submicrondeeltjes aan toe. Plaats de reactor in een thermaal waterbad, ingesteld op een constante temperatuur van ongeveer 37 graden Celsius.Dompel de roer onder tot een diepte van tweederde van het vloeistofvolume om een grondige menging van de vaste en vloeibare fasen te garanderen. Extraheer elke 10 minuten tot de 90e minuut een milliliter van het monster uit de reactor en pipetteer onmiddellijk een milliliter verse gesimuleerde vloeistofoplossing in de reactor om het totale volume te behouden en synchronisatieomstandigheden te garanderen. In vitro afgifte van morin en quercetine werd bestudeerd in enzymvrije gesimuleerde maag-, kleine darm- en darmvloeistoffen.Het medium in de dunne darm vertoonde twee keer zoveel afgifte van flavonoïden in vergelijking met de dikke darm en drievoudig in vergelijking met de maag. De afgifte van quercetine piekte na 70 tot 90 minuten met 34% in dunne darmvloeistof bij pH 7,4, en overtrof de afgifte in maagvocht en dunne darmvloeistof bij pH 6,8.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

The applicability of biopolymer micro-/nano- technology in human, veterinary medicine, pharmaceutical, and food technology is rapidly growing due to the ...

Synthesis of Lignin Submicron Particles for Bioflavonoid Delivery

Characterization of Lignin Micro- and Submicron Particles to Determine the Encapsulation and In Vitro Release Potential