We express our gratitude to the patients, surgeons, anesthesiologists, scrub nurses, and technicians who actively participated in this study. Without their cooperation, this research would not have been possible.

This prospective observational study, involving outpatient hysteroscopy surgery patients, was conducted from March to December 2023. It was approved by the hospital&#39;s ethics committee of Shanghai JiAi Genetics &#38; IVF Institute (ethics file number: JIAI E2020-09). All participants provided informed consent prior to inclusion in the study.
1. Patient selection and preparation
<ol>
	<li>Patient eligibility
	<ol>
		<li>Inclusion criteria: include patients with primary or secondary infertility, aged 18-45, with at least one transvaginal ultrasound suggesting uneven endometrial thickening or suspicion of endometrial polyps.</li>
		<li>Exclusion criteria: exclude individuals aged below 18 or above 45 years, those with severe internal medical comorbidities, unstable hemodynamics, acute pelvic inflammatory diseases, untreated infections, body temperature exceeding 37.5 &#176;C on the day of surgery, pregnant women, individuals with suspected endometrial or cervical cancer, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, uterine enlargement with uterine cavity exceeding 12 cm, and those unwilling to provide informed consent.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preoperative patient preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Perform a thorough assessment covering tests for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis, alongside evaluations such as an electrocardiogram, liver and kidney function tests, blood coagulation function analysis, complete blood count, vaginal discharge examination, and preoperative transvaginal ultrasound.</li>
		<li>Schedule surgery within 10 days following the cessation of menstrual bleeding. Prepare the following surgical instruments: a speculum, Hegar dilators, sponge holder, cervical forceps, sterilized gauze, probes, and curettes, as illustrated in Figure 1A.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Surgical preparation
<ol>
	<li>Pre-operative preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Gather comprehensive medical history records encompassing the patient&#39;s age, obstetric and menstrual history, underlying medical conditions, history of uterine and abdominal procedures, and pertinent clinical symptoms such as irregular vaginal bleeding. Additionally, document uterine size, position (anteverted or retroverted), endometrial thickness, endometrial echo, and the presence of other uterine diseases such as uterine fibroids or adenomyosis through transvaginal ultrasound examinations during the follicular phase preceding the surgery.</li>
		<li>Determine the surgical risks to the patient and obtain their signed informed consent. Furthermore, prior to the surgical procedure, evaluate the patient&#39;s anesthesia risks, obtain their signed informed consent, and allow the patient to choose between local anesthesia and no anesthesia based on their individual condition.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Operation field
	<ol>
		<li>Ask the surgical team to be positioned as follows: the surgeon is situated at the foot of the patient, the first assistant stands to the right of the surgeon, the anesthesiologist is located on the left side at the head end of the patient, and the scrub nurse is positioned on the left side of the patient (refer to Figure 1B).</li>
		<li>Position the endoscopic equipment on the right side at the foot of the patient, place the anesthesia equipment on the right side at the head end of the patient, and situate the monitoring equipment at the head end of the patient. Place the patient in the lithotomy position, with the lower legs secured by bandages on both sides to ensure immobilization during the procedure.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Disinfection
	<ol>
		<li>Perform disinfection according to the principle of disinfecting from top to bottom and inside to outside. Use iodine gauze to disinfect the external genitalia, labia, perineum, inner thighs, and perianal skin three times. Perform iodine gauze disinfection of the vagina 3 times. Complete the surgical draping with sterile surgical drapes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Surgical procedure
<ol>
	<li>Perform the following tasks as per the personnel&#39;s specialization: the anesthesiologist establishes peripheral venous access; the primary surgical assistant is responsible for assembling the hysteroscope lens, cleaning the lens, adjusting focus, and setting the white balance. 
	NOTE: All surgeries are performed using a 5.2-mm-diameter hysteroscope by the same experienced hysteroscopic surgeon.</li>
	<li>Set the hysteroscope pressure at 100 mmHg, with a flow rate of 300 mL/min. Use 0.9% saline solution as the distension media. Evacuate gas from the uterine cavity using the hysteroscope. Use cervical forceps to grasp the lower right lip of the cervix and carry out iodine disinfection again for the vagina, fornix, and cervix.</li>
	<li>Introduce the hysteroscope into the uterine cavity through the cervical canal. In case of encountering difficulties, retract the hysteroscope and use a measuring probe with a scale to evaluate the uterine cavity&#39;s positioning and depth. Then, pull the cervical clamp to flatten the overly curved uterus to facilitate the hysteroscope to enter the uterine cavity.</li>
	<li>Perform cervical dilation using Hegar dilators ranging from No. 3.5 to No. 5.5. Administer Phloroglucinol (80 mg intravenous injection) to relax the cervical smooth muscle if required.</li>
	<li>Keep detailed records during hysteroscopy surgeries upon introducing the hysteroscope into the uterine cavity, documenting the presence or absence of endometrial polyps, along with their location, size, morphology (pedunculated or broad-based), and any other notable endometrial conditions.</li>
	<li>Polyp removal
	<ol>
		<li>For patients with a single uterine polyp, perform the following steps.
		<ol>
			<li>Carry out individual removal using micro-forceps. Use the blunt end of the micro-forceps to pinpoint the basal layer of the endometrium (refer to Figure 2A). An anatomical gap exists between the endometrial polyp and the basal layer (as illustrated in Figure 2B); place the forceps here to grasp the basal portion of the endometrial polyp.</li>
			<li>Swiftly withdraw the micro-forceps to ensure complete separation of the polyp base from the endometrial base (as depicted in Figure 2C). Carry out the procedure incrementally until the polyp is entirely excised. Collect the excised polyp tissue for pathological examination. The typical pre- and post-operative images are shown in Figure 3A, B.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>For patients with multiple endometrial polyps, perform the following steps.
		<ol>
			<li>In patients presenting with multiple endometrial polyps causing obstructive effects during surgery, employ micro-scissors initially to excise most of the polyps (refer to Figure 2D). This strategy is intended to increase the surgical space and enhance visibility within the operative field. Following this, remove any remaining polyp bases utilizing step 3.6.1. 
			NOTE: Special caution should be exercised when using micro-scissors to avoid cutting too deeply during the procedure to prevent injury to the basal layer of the endometrium.</li>
			<li>Start the sequence for polyp excision with the posterior uterine wall, followed by the uterine lateral wall and corners, and then the anterior uterine wall. This surgical order is designed to optimize the clarity of the surgical field.</li>
			<li>Once the complete excision of all polyp bases is confirmed, withdraw the hysteroscope and use a small curette or sponge forceps to ensure complete removal of the polyp tissue. The typical pre- and post-operative images are shown in Figure 3C-E. 
			NOTE: To minimize the heightened risk of infection associated with repeated hysteroscope insertions, it is generally advisable not to conduct further hysteroscopic exploration after the tissue removal.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Following the retrieval of all surgical instruments, clean the cervix and vagina by iodine disinfection.</li>
</ol>
4. Postoperative procedures
<ol>
	<li>Following the surgical procedure, thoroughly document all observations and surgical interventions performed. After this, submit the specimens for pathological evaluation.</li>
	<li>Carry out postoperative monitoring for 1 h to assess the patient&#39;s condition. In the absence of any complications, discharge patients without the need for additional medication. 
	NOTE: The surgery process does not require any electronic devices and only requires the use of micro-scissors and micro-forceps. If electronic devices are used during surgery, it will be documented as a failure of the surgical procedure. All surgical complications should be documented, and postoperative pathological reports should also be recorded.</li>
</ol>
5. Statistical analysis
<ol>
	<li>For quantitative data, use descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, median, and confidence interval; for qualitative data, use frequency and percentage for description.</li>
</ol>

Hysteroscopic Technique with Micro-Scissors and Forceps for Polyp Removal

<ol>
	<li>Kim, K. R., Peng, R., Ro, J. Y., Robboy, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+diagnostically+useful+histopathologic+feature+of+endometrial+polyp:+the+long+axis+of+endometrial+glands+arranged+parallel+to+surface+epithelium.">A diagnostically useful histopathologic feature of endometrial polyp: the long axis of endometrial glands arranged parallel to surface epithelium.</a> Am J Surg Pathol. 28 (8), 1057-1062 (2004).</li><li>Check, J. H., Bostick-Smith, C. A., Choe, J. K., Amui, J., Brasile, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matched+controlled+study+to+evaluate+the+effect+of+endometrial+polyps+on+pregnancy+and+implantation+rates+following+in+vitro+fertilization-embryo+transfer+(IVF-ET).">Matched controlled study to evaluate the effect of endometrial polyps on pregnancy and implantation rates following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET).</a> Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 38 (3), 206-208 (2011).</li><li>Afifi, K., Anand, S., Nallapeta, S., Gelbaya, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+endometrial+polyps+in+subfertile+women:+a+systematic+review.">Management of endometrial polyps in subfertile women: a systematic review.</a> Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 151 (2), 117-121 (2010).</li><li>Taylor, E., Gomel, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+uterus+and+fertility.">The uterus and fertility.</a> Fertil Steril. 89 (1), 1-16 (2008).</li><li>Spiewankiewicz, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effectiveness+of+hysteroscopic+polypectomy+in+cases+of+female+infertility.">The effectiveness of hysteroscopic polypectomy in cases of female infertility.</a> Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 30 (1), 23-25 (2003).</li><li>Yan, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+estrogen+and+progesterone+receptor+expression+on+the+incidence+of+endometrial+polyps.">Impact of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression on the incidence of endometrial polyps.</a> Biomark Med. 17 (21), 881-887 (2023).</li><li>Shveiky, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complications+of+hysteroscopic+surgery:+&amp;#34;Beyond+the+learning+curve&amp;#34.">Complications of hysteroscopic surgery: &amp;#34;Beyond the learning curve&amp;#34.</a> J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 14 (2), 218-222 (2007).</li><li>Raz, N., Feinmesser, L., Moore, O., Haimovich, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+polyps:+Diagnosis+and+treatment+options-A+review+of+literature.">Endometrial polyps: Diagnosis and treatment options-A review of literature.</a> Minim. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pain+and+operative+technologies+used+in+office+hysteroscopy:+A+systematic+review+of+randomized+controlled+trials.">Pain and operative technologies used in office hysteroscopy: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.</a> J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 28 (10), 1699-1711 (2021).</li><li>Sharon, A., Zidane, M., Aiob, A., Apel-Sarid, L., Bornstein, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonelectric+shaving+of+endometrial+polyp+by+hysteroscopy+-+A+new+technique+to+eliminate+thermal+damage.">Nonelectric shaving of endometrial polyp by hysteroscopy - A new technique to eliminate thermal damage.</a> Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 285, 170-174 (2023).</li><li>Mencaglia, L., Lugo, E., Consigli, S., Barbosa, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bipolar+resectoscope:+the+future+perspective+of+hysteroscopic+surgery.">Bipolar resectoscope: the future perspective of hysteroscopic surgery.</a> Gyneco Surg. 6 (1), 15-20 (2009).</li><li>Qu, D., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., Wang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+endometritis+increases+the+recurrence+of+endometrial+polyps+in+premenopausal+women+after+hysteroscopic+polypectomy.">Chronic endometritis increases the recurrence of endometrial polyps in premenopausal women after hysteroscopic polypectomy.</a> BMC Womens Health. 23 (1), 88 (2023).</li><li>Clark, T. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endometrial+polypectomy+using+tissue+removal+device+or+electrosurgical+snare:+a+randomised+controlled+trial.">Endometrial polypectomy using tissue removal device or electrosurgical snare: a randomised controlled trial.</a> Facts Views Vis Obgyn. 14 (3), 235-243 (2022).</li><li>Noventa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrauterine+morcellator+devices:+The+icon+of+hysteroscopic+future+or+merely+a+marketing+image?+A+systematic+review+regarding+safety,+efficacy,+advantages,+and+contraindications.">Intrauterine morcellator devices: The icon of hysteroscopic future or merely a marketing image? 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The authors declare no competing interests.

Our research presents a novel surgical technique for removing endometrial polyps without cutting or causing electrical damage to the uterine endometrium, which is especially beneficial for women with fertility concerns. Sharon et al. introduced a similar technique using a non-electric loop for polyp excision11, demonstrating its efficacy and safety. However, the traditional resectoscope has a larger diameter12, necessitating cervical dilation and potentially increasing the ...

Endometrial polyps are abnormal tissue growths in the uterine lining with significant implications for fertility and reproductive health1. The estimated incidence rate of endometrial polyps is approximately 35% among patients with infertility2, though this figure may vary. These polyps can disrupt embryo implantation by inducing structural deformities in the uterine cavity and impacting the endometrium&#39;s ability to support implantation3,4,5,6. While hysteroscopic surgery is a common procedure for removing endometrial polyps, it is not without risks, with uterine perforation being the primary complication, particularly during the removal of multiple polyps7. Hysteroscopy with resectoscopes and classic mechanical resection with scissors and/or graspers remain standard for evaluating and treating the pathology of the cervical canal and endometrial cavity8. The application of electric energy during the procedure can result in endometrial damage, especially in cases involving anatomical variations such as a unicornuate uterus9. Mechanical technology such as morcellators and scissors are less painful than electrical devices when eliminating structural lesions in the office10.
In response to these challenges, a novel approach is proposed involving the combined use of micro-scissors and forceps during hysteroscopy. This technique aims to minimize the risk of injury to the endometrium, particularly the basal layer while ensuring the complete excision of polyps to enhance fertility outcomes for women. The technique is easy to learn and requires two doctors to perform the operation. Doctors with experience in hysteroscopy are capable of executing this procedure. It is a new and unique technique that eliminates thermal damage in a very common gynecologic indication.
Overall, this innovative approach presents a safer and more precise method for eliminating endometrial polyps, particularly in women with fertility concerns, offering a valuable alternative to traditional hysteroscopic procedures and potentially enhancing outcomes for patients requiring treatment for endometrial polyps.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Grasping Forceps</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>X5164B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hysteroscope Lens</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>J0122A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hysteroscopic Infusion Set</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>T7511&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMAGE 1 S CONNECT</td>
			<td>KARL STORZ</td>
			<td>TC200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMAGE1 HD</td>
			<td>KARL STORZ</td>
			<td>H3-Z</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMAGE1 S H3-LINK</td>
			<td>KARL STORZ</td>
			<td>TC300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monitor</td>
			<td>NDS surgical imaging, LLC</td>
			<td>N-90X0568-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Cable</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>U8724</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>X5261A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sealing Cap</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>T7303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uterine Balloon Dilator</td>
			<td>ShenDa</td>
			<td>U9522 DG-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XENON NOVA 300</td>
			<td>KARL STORZ</td>
			<td>201340 20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improved hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps using 6-fr micro-scissors and forceps

Endometrial polyps commonly contribute to female infertility, and hysteroscopic resection is the established surgical approach for their treatment. Numerous resection methods are available, with the most used and cost-effective options being cold resection employing micro-scissors or hot resection using an electric loop. However, both methods involve sharp resection, posing a challenge in achieving complete polyp removal while avoiding damage to the uterine endometrium. To address this issue, this study proposes an innovative approach: the combined use of the 6 Fr micro-scissors and forceps under hysteroscopy. The method entails utilizing 6 Fr micro-scissors to initially remove large polyps, followed by using 6 Fr micro-forceps to extract the remaining polyp tissue expeditiously and bluntly near the basal layer of the endometrium. This approach not only prevents surgical damage to the basal layer of the endometrium but also mitigates the risk of residual polyps resulting from incomplete resection. This method is particularly suitable for women with fertility requirements, offering additional considerations for the selection of treatment options for endometrial polyp resection.

A total of 114 patients suspected of having endometrial polyps based on transvaginal ultrasound findings participated in this study (Figure 4). All patients underwent hysteroscopy, with 15 patients diagnosed without endometrial polyps. The remaining 99 patients underwent endometrial polyp resection using the hysteroscopy technique. Among these 99 patients, aged between 26 and 44 years (Table 1), the average parity was 0.54 &#177; 0.78, and the median diameter of endometrial ...

Author Spotlight: A Reproductive Hysteroscopy Approach for Complete Endometrial Polyp Removal and Enhanced Endometrial Receptivity

The novel technique presented here employs a combination of 6-Fr micro-scissors and forceps for hysteroscopic treatment of endometrial polyps, demonstrating encouraging outcomes for infertile patients afflicted with this condition.

Improved Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps Using 6-Fr Micro-Scissors and Forceps

Endometrial polyps commonly contribute to female infertility, and hysteroscopic resection is the established surgical approach for their treatment. ...

Our research is mainly about reproductive hysteroscopy, and the main problem we want to solve is how to ensure that the uterine environment of endometrial patients achieves optimal pregnancy conditions. The main challenge now is how to completely remove endometrial polyps while protecting the patient's fertility and not damaging the basal layer of the endometrium. Our surgical protocol can ensure the total removal of polyps and at the same time maximize the patient's endometrial receptivity in order to improve the patient's fertility.

improved-hysteroscopic-resection-endometrial-polyps-using-6-fr-micro

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

442 Views.  Shanghai Geriatrics Medical Center. Our research is mainly about reproductive hysteroscopy, and the main problem we want to solve is how to ensure that the uterine environment of endometrial patients achieves optimal pregnancy conditions. The main challenge now is how to completely remove endometrial polyps while protecting the patient's fertility and not damaging the basal layer of the endometrium. Our surgical protocol can ensure the total removal of polyps and at the same time maximize the patient's endometrial receptivity i...

Video: Author Spotlight: A Reproductive Hysteroscopy Approach for Complete Endometrial Polyp Removal and Enhanced Endometrial Receptivity

Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer being two common examples. Despite the frequency of these procedures, a significant knowledge gap remains in describing the inherent effects of intestinal resection on host physiology and disease pathophysiology. This article provides detailed instructions for an ileocolic resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis in mice, as well as essential aspects of peri-operative care to maximize post-operative success. When followed closely, this procedure yields a 95% long-term survival rate, no failure to thrive, and minimizes post-operative complications of bowel obstruction and anastomotic leak. The technical challenges of performing the procedure in mice are a barrier to its wide spread use in research. The skills described in this article can be acquired without previous surgical experience. Once mastered, the murine ileocolic resection procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the effects of intestinal resection in models of human disease.

Ileocolic resection is commonly performed in several human diseases; however, little is known regarding the impact of intestinal resection on surgical illnesses. This article provides instruction on executing the procedure in mice with high success, providing a means to study the effects of ileocolic resection in models of disease.

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer ...

Calibrated Forceps Model of Spinal Cord Compression Injury

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The calibrated forceps model of compression injury is a convenient, low cost, and very reproducible animal model for SCI. We used a pair of modified forceps in accordance with the method published by Plemel et al. (2008) to laterally compress the spinal cord to a distance of 0.35 mm. In this video, we will demonstrate a dorsal laminectomy to expose the spinal cord, followed by compression of the spinal cord with the modified forceps. In the video, we will also address issues related to the care of paraplegic laboratory animals. This injury model produces mice that exhibit impairment in sensation, as well as impaired hindlimb locomotor function. Furthermore, this method of injury produces consistent aberrations in the pathology of the SCI, as determined by immunohistochemical methods. After watching this video, viewers should be able to determine the necessary supplies and methods for producing SCI of various severities in the mouse for studies on SCI and/or treatments designed to mitigate impairment after injury.

Spinal cord injury models should be highly reproducible. We demonstrate that the calibrated forceps compression model of spinal cord injury is an easy to use surgical method for generating reproducible injuries to the murine spinal cord.

Compression injuries of the murine spinal cord are valuable animal models for the study of spinal cord injury (SCI) and spinal regenerative therapy. The ...

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Transaxillary First Rib Resection for Treatment of the Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a common disorder that causes a significant loss of productivity. The transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) protocol has been used for the decompression of trapped neurovascular structures in the TOS. Among the other surgical procedures, the advantage of the TFRR is that it has the smallest rate of recurrence and better cosmetic outcomes. The disadvantage of TFRR is that it provides a narrow, and deep working corridor that makes obtaining vascular control challenging.

Here, we present a protocol of the transaxillary resection of the first rib for treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome caused by compression of the brachial plexus, subclavian vein and artery.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a common disorder that causes a significant loss of productivity. The transaxillary first rib resection (TFRR) protocol ...

Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction

This article shows the technique of robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy, including resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, for cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The patient is placed supine with the legs parted and a pneumoperitoneum is established and maintained at 10 mmHg. To use the surgical system, four 8 mm ports and one 12 mm port are required. The optic port is placed at the umbilicus. The other ports are placed, on either side, along the pararectal line and the anterior axillary line at the level of the umbilical line. The assistant port (12 mm) is placed along the right pararectal line. Dissection begins by detaching the gastrocolic ligament, thus opening the lesser sac, and by a wide mobilization of the splenic flexure of the colon. The superior mesenteric vein is identified along the inferior border of the pancreas. Lymph node number 8a is removed to permit clear visualization of the common hepatic artery. A tunnel is then created behind the neck of the pancreas. To permit safe resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, further preemptive dissection is required before dividing the pancreatic neck to bring in clear view all relevant vascular pedicles. Next, the splenic artery is ligated and divided, and the pancreatic neck is divided, with selective ligature of the pancreatic duct. After vein resection and reconstruction, dissection proceeds to complete the clearance of peripancreatic arteries that are peeled off from all lympho-neural tissues. Both celiac ganglia are removed en-bloc with the specimen. The Gerota fascia covering the upper pole of the left kidney is also removed en-bloc with the specimen. Division of short gastric vessels and splenectomy complete the procedure. A drain is left near the pancreatic stump. The round ligament of the liver is mobilized to protect the vessels.

The robotic technique shown herein aims at faithfully reproducing the open procedure for radical treatment of cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The protocol also demonstrates the ability to master involvement of major peripancreatic vessels without conversion to open surgery.

This article shows the technique of robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy, including resection and reconstruction of the ...

Endoscopy Guided Photoablation of Endometrial Cysts using a 980 nm Laser with a Contact Fiber in Mares

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. Historical treatments were invasive and had adverse effects on the endometrium. Hysteroscopically guided laser therapy is easy and effective for endometrial cysts resection, with no deleterious effects for the endometrium.
A 110 cm long and 1.0 cm wide endoscope is sterilely introduced in the uterus through the open cervix of an estrous mare after vulvar cleaning. The uterus is slowly infused with less than 1 L of physiologic solution and the laser fiber is inserted in the biopsy canal of the endoscope. Cysts are then cauterized with the 980 nm diode laser with a contact fiber set at 20&#8210;2 5W in continuous mode. Each cyst is punctured&#160;until complete voiding of the cyst and shrinking of the cyst wall around the fiber. Uterine lavages with sterile saline solution are performed directly after the surgery and for one or two days as non-inflammatory fluid can be observed.
This procedure is easy and quickly performed, with no obvious deleterious effects. Cysts resection makes ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis easier and, in some cases, could restore proper embryo migration in the uterine horns between day 6.5 and 17. However, this treatment does not improve the underlying histological lesions related to endometriosis. These considerations should be clearly expressed to the breeder before this procedure.

The aim of this report is to describe the photoablation of endometrial cysts in the mare using an endoscopic laser device, and to discuss the interest and limitations of this new approach to deal with low fertility issues.

In mares, endometrial cysts are associated with endometriosis and can cause maternal recognition failure or compromise and delay pregnancy diagnoses. ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

Anesthesia is a routine component of cancer care that is used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The anesthetic technique has recently been implicated in impacting long-term cancer outcomes, possibly through modulation of adrenergic-inflammatory responses that impact cancer cell behavior and immune cell function. Emerging evidence suggests that propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) may be beneficial for long-term cancer outcomes when compared to inhaled volatile anesthesia. However, the available clinical findings are inconsistent. Preclinical studies that identify the underlying mechanisms involved are critically needed to guide the design of clinical studies that will expedite insight. Most preclinical models of anesthesia have been extrapolated from the use of anesthesia in in vivo research and are not optimally designed to study the impact of anesthesia itself as the primary endpoint. This paper describes a method for delivering propofol-TIVA anesthesia in a mouse model of breast cancer resection that replicates key aspects of clinical delivery in cancer patients. The model can be used to study mechanisms of action of anesthesia on cancer outcomes in diverse cancer types and can be extrapolated to other non-cancer areas of preclinical anesthesia research.

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

This paper describes a method for modeling total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) during cancer resection surgery in mice. The goal is to replicate key features of anesthesia delivery to patients with cancer. The method allows investigation of how anesthetic technique affects cancer recurrence after resection surgery.

Anesthesia is a routine component of cancer care that is used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The anesthetic technique has recently been ...

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) does not prevent reperfusion injury. There is still no ideal animal model for MIRI. This study aims to improve the MIRI model in rats to make surgery easier and more feasible. A unique method for establishing MIRI is developed by using a soft tube during a key step of the ischemic period. To explore this method, thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n = 10); experimental model group (n = 10); and existing model group (n = 10). Findings of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, electrocardiography, and percent survival are compared to determine the accuracies and survival rates of the operations. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that the improved surgery method is associated with a higher survival rate, elevated ST-T segment, and larger infarct size, which is expected to mimic the pathology of MIRI better.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence ...

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Epididymal cysts mostly occur in men aged 20-40 years old. Previous reports have covered concerns about postoperative complexes, including postoperative asoedema, hematoma, sustaining pain, and seminal tract obstruction in patients who have undertaken nonmicroscopic epididymal cyst resection or epididymal resection. Nonmicroscopic epididymal cyst surgery is suggested for patients with childbirth plans as a precaution. The treatment of male epididymal cysts via microtechnology is obviously a beneficial option; we took the lead in carrying out microscopic epididymal exploration and cyst resection surgery in China. From September 2017 to April 2021, 41 young and middle-aged male patients diagnosed with epididymal cysts underwent microtechnology treatment in a program titled &#34;microscopic epididymal exploration and cystectomy&#34;. The postoperative follow-up lasted for 3-50 months. The results confirmed that, as microscopic manipulation largely improved visualization of the subtle tissue structures of the epididymis, the cyst could be clearly dissected apart and completely removed intact under the microscope. Bleeding during the operation was significantly reduced (2-3 mL) and wound drainage was not required. According to follow-up data, microscopic treatment significantly reduced the incidence of postoperative scrotal hematoma, edema, and long-term postoperative pain, thereby promising a higher surgical success rate as well as recurrence prevention. Besides, preliminary experience and reflection suggest that microscopic epididymal exploration and cystectomy provide efficient preservation of the epididymal patency through refined treatment, while a better prognosis can be achieved. We recommend that surgery be carried out before the epididymal cyst develops to 0.8 cm in diameter, for fear that a larger epididymal cyst (&#62;0.9 cm in diameter) could cause the complete destruction of all tubules of the ipsilateral epididymis - a more severe case with damage to the testicular output network.

Here, we present a protocol to treat patients diagnosed with an epididymal cyst using microscopic cyst resection. Based on microscopic manipulation, a largely improved visualization of the subtle tissue structures of the epididymis was obtained, so the cyst could be clearly dissected apart and completely removed intact.

Epididymal cysts mostly occur in men aged 20-40 years old. Previous reports have covered concerns about postoperative complexes, including postoperative ...

Rat Jackets to Enhance Suspension Fixation During Electroacupuncture on Rats

Improved Suspension Fixation Using Rat Jacket in Rat Acupuncture Experiments

In basic experimental acupuncture research, rats are commonly used as laboratory animals. However, it is difficult for them to maintain a fixed posture. During electroacupuncture procedures, proper immobilization of rats is essential. Various methods of rat fixation are currently used, including anesthesia fixation, high-platform fixation, binding fixation, and fixation with a self-made rat coat. However, these methods have their limitations, which may affect the efficiency and operability of the experiment to some extent. This protocol introduces a method of suspending and fixing rats using rat clothes. Firstly, rats are clothed with rat jackets that match their body shape, taking advantage of their preference for darkness and burrowing. The needling operation can then be carried out after the rats have worn rat clothes. When suspended, the rats are relatively still, as their limbs cannot move. This fixation method offers not only economical and user-friendly benefits but also ensures a stable and reliable fixation of the rats in a comfortably relaxed position. It also effectively minimizes time consumption, experimental space, and manpower resources. Additionally, this method allows for the exposure of most acupoints used for acupuncture in rats. This article primarily concentrates on the device's composition, encompassing a specially designed rat jacket, an elevated fixation rack, and their connecting structures. Additionally, an illustrative example will be presented to demonstrate the application of the rat clothing-based suspension fixation method in rat electroacupuncture procedures.

Author Spotlight: Efficient Rat Clothing for Improved Rat Fixation During Electroacupuncture 

Here, we present an improved suspension fixation method using a rat jacket to effectively immobilize rats during acupuncture experiments. Furthermore, the structure and application of this fixation apparatus, as well as instructions and evaluation for its utilization in electroacupuncture therapy, is elucidated.

In basic experimental acupuncture research, rats are commonly used as laboratory animals. However, it is difficult for them to maintain a fixed posture. ...

Methods Article

Improved Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps Using 6-Fr Micro-Scissors and Forceps