image processing and ultrasound simulation pipeline for human transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation experimentation

High-Precision TUS: planning en uitvoering met akoestische en thermische simulaties

Commonly used non-invasive neurostimulation techniques include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). However, both have limited penetration depth and low precision1,2. By contrast, transcranial ultrasound (TUS) is an emerging non-invasive technique capable of enhancing or suppressing neuronal activity3,4,5 and targeting cortical or subcortical structures at millimeter precision6,7. Animal models using rodents4,8,9, rabbits10, sheep5,11, swine6, and nonhuman primates7,12,13,14 have shown the efficacy and safety of TUS. Studies have demonstrated that targeting various brain regions can elicit limb movements8 in rats, somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) in swine6, and changes in visuomotor activity12, cognitive, and motivational decision-making in nonhuman primates13 among other changes in behavior. In humans, TUS has been observed to change motor evoked potentials (MEPs)&#160;and performance on a reaction time task when targeting the primary motor cortex15,16 and altered performance on a tactile discrimination task and SSEPs when targeting the somatosensory cortex17 and sensory thalamus18. Histological analyses have revealed no gross or microscopic structural changes associated with TUS in swine6, sheep5,11, rabbits10, and nonhuman primates14, and no side effects have been seen that significantly differ from other non-invasive neurostimulation techniques19.
TUS uses pulsed low-intensity focused ultrasound at a frequency between 200 kHz and 700 kHz to produce a transient neuromodulatory effect. The typical spatial-peak pulse-average intensity (Isppa) in situ is 10 W/cm2 or less, with reported duty cycles (percentage of time when ultrasound is on) ranging from 0.5% to 70% in humans20,21,22,23,24. Although the mechanisms of TUS neuromodulation have been proposed to mainly involve mechanical agitation of lipid membranes leading to the opening of ion channels25,26,27, possible thermal and cavitation effects cannot be ignored. They are assessed through mechanical (MI) and thermal (TI) indices. The MI describes the predicted cavitation-related bioeffects that will occur with TUS, whereas the TI describes the potential temperature increase within tissues following ultrasound application28,29. Furthermore, changing the frequency and input intensity also causes the MI and TI to change. Higher frequencies have better spatial resolution and decrease the probability of mechanical bio-effects; however, they have stronger absorption in the tissue, which increases the potential for temperature rise28. Alternatively, lower frequencies at the same intensity increase the MI. Similarly, increasing the intensity tends to increase the magnitude of mechanical and thermal bio-effects30. It is, therefore, imperative that careful planning and simulation be performed before experimentation sessions for all TUS parameters that will be implemented.
Planning a TUS experiment requires the identification of the target and trajectory of interest and the performance of thermal and acoustic simulations. Simulations assist in optimizing mechanical effects and mitigating the thermal effects of TUS on tissues. They require understanding the prediction of skull heating, pressure amplitude of the ultrasound at the focal point, focal correction, and other heating within the skull and skin. Adequate simulation ensures the focal point will reach the target of interest and safety parameters for ultrasound use set out by the safety guidelines on biophysical safety as recommended by the International Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation Safety and Standards Consortium (ITRUSST)31, which are based on FDA and Health Canada recommendations, are followed. Recent studies have also highlighted an auditory confounding effect accompanied by TUS32,33,34 in animals and humans, whereby TUS stimulation can activate auditory pathways in the brain to elicit responses32,33,34. Transection of the auditory nerves32, removal of cochlear fluid32, or chemical deafness33 in rodents have been employed to diminish these effects in animals. In humans, administering an auditory tone through headphones has been used to effectively mask auditory noise from TUS, controlling for the TUS-induced auditory activity confound34. This highlights the need to control for auditory noise in sham stimulation conditions, which must be incorporated into protocol planning, design, and implementation.
Here, we present a guide on how to appropriately complete the preparation (step 1, step 2), planning (step 3), simulations (step 4), and TUS delivery (step 5) required to perform TUS neuromodulation experiment in humans.

Auteur in de schijnwerpers: Voortschrijdende modulatie van het menselijk brein - Geoptimaliseerde protocollen voor experimenten met transcraniële ultrasone stimulatie

Pijplijn voor planning en uitvoering van transcraniële ultrasone neuromodulatie-experimenten bij mensen

Our research aims to understand the details of transcranial ultrasound stimulation to cause measurable effects in humans, including parameter specifications and its ability to modulate deep brain structures. Our protocol streamlines the planning steps required to complete transcranial ultrasound stimulation experiments in humans. It is efficient, easy to use, and involves using open source accessible planning tools.Our recent findings have shed light on the effect of optimal parameter selection in transcranial ultrasound stimulation to achieve neuronal inhibition. This will help in developing and designing future experiments in humans, significantly contributing to our understanding and advancement of this technology.

Pijplijn voor beeldverwerking en echografiesimulatie voor experimenten met menselijke transcraniële ultrasone neuromodulatie

image-processing-ultrasound-simulation-pipeline-for-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Image Processing and Ultrasound Simulation Pipeline for Human Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation Experimentation

43 Views. After performing the high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, convert T1 weighted, T2 weighted, and zero time echo DICOM scan files from DICOM to NIfTI format using the dcm2niix tool. Using SimNIBS Charm tool, execute co-registration and tissue mask extraction. Next, open Brainsight.Click on New Empty Project, and load the participant's T1 weighted NIfTI image. Click on the Reconstructions tab, then on the New Reconstruction dropdown menu. Click on Skin, followed by Compute Skin in ...